Sperm morphology: Evaluating its clinical relevance in contemporary fertility practice.

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends reporting sperm morphology in a standard semen analysis. However, the clinical utility and prognostic value of morphology is often debated. Methods: We reviewed and summarized studies that assessed both the benefits and limitations of sperm morphology in the context of natural fertility, assisted reproductive technologies, and recurrent pregnancy loss. We additionally describe possible environmental and anatomical etiologies of teratozoospermia. Results: Sperm morphology evaluation has continuously evolved since the release of the first WHO manual in 1980. Initially, several large studies reported significant inverse associations between fertility outcomes and teratozoospermia. Most recent studies, however, fail to show an association between sperm morphology and natural or assisted fertility outcomes. Conclusion: Sperm morphology analysis may have limited diagnostic and prognostic value. Providers should be aware of these limitations when counseling or managing infertile patients.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Men: AUA/ASRM Guideline Part I.

PURPOSE: The summary presented herein represents Part I of the two-part series dedicated to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Men: AUA/ASRM Guideline. Part I outlines the appropriate evaluation of the male in an infertile couple. Recommendations proceed from obtaining an appropriate history and physical exam (Appendix I), as well as diagnostic testing, where indicated. MATERIALS/METHODS: The Emergency Care Research Institute Evidence-based Practice Center team searched PubMed®, Embase®, and Medline from January, 2000 through May, 2019. When sufficient evidence existed, the body of evidence was assigned a strength rating of A (high), B (moderate), or C (low) for support of Strong, Moderate, or Conditional Recommendations. In the absence of sufficient evidence, additional information is provided as Clinical Principles and Expert Opinions (table 1[Table: see text]). This summary is being simultaneously published in Fertility and Sterility and The Journal of Urology. RESULTS: This Guideline provides updated, evidence-based recommendations regarding evaluation of male infertility as well as the association of male infertility with other important health conditions. The detection of male infertility increases the risk of subsequent development of health problems for men. In addition, specific medical conditions are associated with some causes for male infertility. Evaluation and treatment recommendations are summarized in the associated algorithm (figure[Figure: see text]). CONCLUSION: The presence of male infertility is crucial to the health of patients and its effects must be considered for the welfare of society. This document will undergo updating as the knowledge regarding current treatments and future treatment options continues to expand.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Men: AUA/ASRM Guideline PART II.

PURPOSE: The summary presented herein represents Part II of the two-part series dedicated to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Men: AUA/ASRM Guideline. Part II outlines the appropriate management of the male in an infertile couple. Medical therapies, surgical techniques, as well as use of intrauterine insemination (IUI)/in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are covered to allow for optimal patient management. Please refer to Part I for discussion on evaluation of the infertile male and discussion of relevant health conditions that are associated with male infertility. MATERIALS/METHODS: The Emergency Care Research Institute Evidence-based Practice Center team searched PubMed®, Embase®, and Medline from January 2000 through May 2019. When sufficient evidence existed, the body of evidence was assigned a strength rating of A (high), B (moderate), or C (low) for support of Strong, Moderate, or Conditional Recommendations. In the absence of sufficient evidence, additional information is provided as Clinical Principles and Expert Opinions (table[Table: see text]). This summary is being simultaneously published in Fertility and Sterility and The Journal of Urology. RESULTS: This Guideline provides updated, evidence-based recommendations regarding management of male infertility. Such recommendations are summarized in the associated algorithm (figure[Figure: see text]). CONCLUSION: Male contributions to infertility are prevalent, and specific treatment as well as assisted reproductive techniques are effective at managing male infertility. This document will undergo additional literature reviews and updating as the knowledge regarding current treatments and future treatment options continues to expand.

Prednisone after vasectomy reversal may improve semen parameters: one institution's experience.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with suboptimal semen parameters following vasectomy reversal represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This may be caused by either partial or complete anastomotic obstruction. Despite the relatively common clinical use of corticosteroids in this patient population, data remain sparse. Thus, we set out to evaluate the safety and efficacy of prednisone after vasectomy reversal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A chart review was performed from January 1, 2008 to September 30, 2018 to identify men in which prednisone was used for suspected anastomotic obstruction after vasectomy reversal. Obstruction was based on sub-optimal or decreasing semen parameters and physical exam findings. A course consisted of 2 weeks of 20 mg PO daily followed by 2 weeks of 10 mg PO daily. RESULTS: A total of 89 patients were identified in which prednisone was used postoperatively. Total motile sperm counts were found to increase in the overall cohort by 10.5 million (p < 0.0002) after a course of prednisone. On sub-group analysis, men who had a bilateral vasovasostomy (VV) or VV/vasoepididymostomy experienced an increase in total motile sperm counts by 13.4 million (p < 0.0012) and 6.2 million (p < 0.014), respectively. Patients who were patent at the time of prednisone treatment were more likely to see an improvement in total motile sperm counts (76.9% versus 33.3%, p < 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Prednisone seems to be safe and potentially efficacious in men with suspected anastomotic obstruction following vasectomy reversals. Further studies are needed to more conclusively determine the treatment's effectiveness in this patient cohort.

Time to improvement of semen parameters after microscopic varicocelectomy: When it occurs and its effects on fertility.

While ligation of clinical varicoceles has been clearly shown to improve semen parameters in subfertile men, evidence describing when to expect improvement and the potential effects on fertility following surgery are sparse. A chart review was undertaken to identify men who had undergone a microscopic subinguinal varicocelectomy from January 1, 2006, to June 30, 2018. Semen analyses were reviewed to determine if a significant improvement occurred post-operatively and when the improvement was seen. Pregnancy data were reviewed to determine if fecundity rates were affected by semen parameter improvement or the interval at which improvement occurred. A total of 170 men met criteria for inclusion, including pregnancy data on 140. 69.4% of patients experienced a significant improvement in total progressive sperm count (TPSC), 78.8% of which occurred after 3 months. The overall pregnancy rate was 40.7%. When comparing men whose TPSC improved to those who did not, there was an odds ratio (OR) of 5.89 (2.28-15.28, 0.0003) for achieving pregnancy, while an OR of 2.05 (0.80-5.28, 0.13) was found when comparing pregnancy rates between early and late improvement in semen parameters. Pregnancy rates were not affected by time to improvement, but were higher in men who had a significant improvement in TPSC after surgery.

Sperm agglutination: Prevalence and contributory factors.

Agglutination is a finding noted in semen analyses (SAs) that often causes confusion as to its significance. While some have attributed agglutination to antisperm antibodies (ASAs), there are other causes as well, such as genital tract infection and ascorbic acid deficiency. Additionally, it is known that patients with ASAs often have risk factors such as a history of scrotal trauma or surgery. Therefore, we sought to determine the prevalence of agglutination in our patient population and correlate it with these risk factors, regardless of the presence/absence of ASAs. A retrospective study was conducted on the SAs of men seen at a single academic Reproductive Center. Of the 1,095 SAs identified, 133 (12.1%) patients experienced agglutination (61.7% scant, 21.8% moderate and 16.5% excessive). Of patients who underwent multiple SAs, 24 (12.2%) showed variability. Furthermore, patients who underwent scrotal surgery carried 3.4 times the risk of agglutination (X2 p < 0.01) and 5.5 times the risk of variability (X2 p < 0.01) as compared to those patients without a history significant for scrotal surgery. Agglutination is a relatively common finding in men presenting to a reproductive clinic with little intrapatient variability. Scrotal surgery confers a higher risk of agglutination and variability.

Relating economic conditions to vasectomy and vasectomy reversal frequencies: a multi-institutional study.

PURPOSE: It was theorized that the use of permanent contraceptive methods may vary with economic conditions. We evaluated the relationship between vasectomy/vasectomy reversal frequencies at several large referral centers and national economic indicators during 2 recessions spanning 2001 to 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed an institutional review board approved, retrospective chart review to identify the number of vasectomies/vasectomy reversals per month at several large referral centers from January 2001 to July 2011. The rates of these procedures were pooled, correlated with national economic data and analyzed in a multivariate linear regression model. RESULTS: A total of 4,599 vasectomies and 1,549 vasectomy reversals were performed at our institutions during the study period. The number of vasectomies per month positively correlated with the unemployment rate (r=0.556, p<0.001) and personal income per capita (r=0.276, p=0.002). The number of reversals per month negatively correlated with the unemployment rate (r=-0.399, p<0.001) and personal income per capita (r=-0.305, p<0.001). Neither vasectomy nor vasectomy reversal frequency significantly correlated with the inflation rate or the S&P 500®. Regression models confirmed that the unemployment rate explained more of the variance in vasectomy/vasectomy reversal frequencies than other indicators. CONCLUSIONS: We noted a correlation between the number of vasectomies/vasectomy reversals performed at our institutions and national economic indicators. The strongest association was with the unemployment rate. This points to the importance of financial pressure on family planning decisions.

Vasectomy Regret Among Childless Men.

OBJECTIVE: To address historical concerns surrounding vasectomy in childless men, we sought to evaluate for the level of regret in this unique cohort. METHODS: The records of patients who underwent vasectomy via single surgeon between 2006 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed and those who had not fathered children in any capacity at time of vasectomy were selected. We devised a 6-question survey inquiring about regret and thoughts on vasectomy reversal and assisted reproductive technology (ART). The questions are listed in Table 1. Patients were queried via a telephone call to rate their level of regret, both immediately after vasectomy and present day. The cohort was analyzed via age at time of vasectomy, time since vasectomy and marital status. RESULTS: There were 4812 overall patients who underwent vasectomy in this interval, with 205 (4.3%) who were childless. The response rate was 33.2% (68/205). Average age was 36.6 years with average time since vasectomy at time of phone call was 5.51 years. Regret rate was 4.4% immediately following vasectomy and 7.4% at time of telephone interview. A confirmatory, second consultation before vasectomy was present in 6.8% (14/205). The majority of patients 150/205 (73.1%) were married. When patients were stratified by marital status, there was no significant difference in any of the questions. The majority of patients were satisfied with their decision, with few contemplating or pursuing reversal or ART (Table 1). CONCLUSION: Regret in childless patients who undergo vasectomy is very rare, with the majority of patients feeling that their life was improved.

An Online Investigation Into Direct-to-Consumer Men's Health Clinics: The Who, What, and Where.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize direct-to-consumer (DTC) men's health clinics by reviewing their online content. Increasing numbers of patients are seeking treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED) and hypogonadism from DTC "men's health" clinics. Treatments are often used off-label, with lack of transparency of provider credentials and qualifications. METHODS: We identified DTC Men's Health Clinics in the United States by internet search by state using the terms, "Men's Health Clinic," and "Low T Center." All stand-alone clinics were reviewed. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-three clinics were reviewed, with 147 (65.9%) offered ED treatments and 196 (87.9%) offering testosterone replacement, and 120 (53.8%) offering both ED treatment and testosterone replacement. Of those clinics offering ED treatments, 93 (63.3%) advertised shockwave therapy and 84 (57.1%) PRP therapy. There were 56 (38%) who offered shockwave therapy and PRP. ICI was significantly more likely to be offered if there was a urologist on staff (p <.001). Clinic providers represented 20 different medical and alternative medicine specialties. Internal medicine was most common (17.4%), followed by family medicine (11.1%). A nonphysician (nurse practitioner or physician assistant) was listed as the primary provider in 10 clinics (4.5%) and 45 clinics (20.1%) did not list their providers. Urologists were listed as the primary provider in 10.3% of clinics. A naturopathic provider was listed as a staff member in 22 (11.6%) of clinics. CONCLUSION: There is significant heterogeneity and misinformation available to the public regarding men's health. Familiarity with and insight into practice patterns of "men's health" clinics will help provide informed patient care and counseling.

The effect of body mass index on the outcomes of varicocelectomy.

PURPOSE: Obesity is recognized as a potential contributor to male factor infertility. There are no studies to date to our knowledge that have examined the success of varicocelectomy in obese men. We determined if body mass index significantly affects the outcome of varicocelectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed for all patients who underwent varicocelectomy from September 2003 to December 2009. Patients were placed into 3 groups based on body mass index, and categorized as normal weight (group 1-38 patients, body mass index 18.5 to 24.9), overweight (group 2-59 patients, body mass index 25 to 29.9) or obese (group 3-46 patients, body mass index 30 or greater). Significant improvement was defined as a greater than 50% increase in the total motile per ejaculate parameter on postoperative semen analysis. RESULTS: A total of 143 patients were available for analysis. There were no significant differences among patients in the 3 groups except for body mass index. Significant improvement in total motile/ejaculate on semen analyses was 71.1% (group 1), 61.0% (group 2) and 58.7% (group 3). Pregnancy rates were 43.8% (group 1), 43.5% (group 2) and 46.3% (group 3). There were no significant differences in improvement in total motile per ejaculate (p = 0.21, p = 0.17) or pregnancy rate (p = 0.60, p = 0.51) between the normal body mass index group, and the overweight and obese groups. CONCLUSIONS: Varicocelectomy for men with clinically palpable varicoceles has a significant chance of improving semen parameters and pregnancy rates regardless of preoperative body mass index. The outcomes of varicocelectomy in overweight and obese patients were similar to those of normal weight men. Therefore, varicocelectomy can be performed effectively and safely in overweight and obese men.

Vasectomy: AUA guideline.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this guideline is to provide guidance to clinicians who offer vasectomy services. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the literature using the search dates January 1949-August 2011 was conducted to identify peer-reviewed publications relevant to vasectomy. The search identified almost 2,000 titles and abstracts. Application of inclusion/exclusion criteria yielded an evidence base of 275 articles. Evidence-based practices for vasectomy were defined when evidence was available. When evidence was insufficient or absent, expert opinion-based practices were defined by Panel consensus. The Panel sought to define the minimum and necessary concepts for pre-vasectomy counseling; optimum methods for anesthesia, vas isolation, vas occlusion and post-vasectomy follow up; and rates of complications of vasectomy. This guideline was peer reviewed by 55 independent experts during the guideline development process. RESULTS: Vas isolation should be performed using a minimally-invasive vasectomy technique such as the no-scalpel vasectomy technique. Vas occlusion should be performed by any one of four techniques that are associated with occlusive failure rates consistently below 1%. These are mucosal cautery of both ends of the divided vas without ligation or clips (1) with or (2) without fascial interposition; (3) open testicular end of the divided vas with MC of abdominal end with FI and without ligation or clips; and (4) non-divisional extended electrocautery. Patients may stop using other methods of contraception when one uncentrifuged fresh semen specimen shows azoospermia or ≤ 100,000 non-motile sperm/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Vasectomy should be considered for permanent contraception much more frequently than is the current practice in the U.S. and many other nations. The full text of this guideline is available to the public at http://www.auanet.org/content/media/vasectomy.pdf.

Testosterone-Mediated Aggression in Angelman Syndrome Treated With Leuprolide and Orchiectomy.

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic imprinting disorder characterized by a maternal microdeletion of the 15q11q13 locus. It is traditionally associated with intellectual disability, inappropriate laughing, and a happy demeanor. Here, we report a patient with AS who presented with aggression and hypersexuality and was successfully treated with leuprolide injections for nine years until a definitive orchiectomy was performed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of castration as a treatment for refractory behavioral symptoms in a patient with AS.

Diverse monogenic subforms of human spermatogenic failure.

Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is the most severe form of male infertility and typically incurable. Defining the genetic basis of NOA has proven challenging, and the most advanced classification of NOA subforms is not based on genetics, but simple description of testis histology. In this study, we exome-sequenced over 1000 clinically diagnosed NOA cases and identified a plausible recessive Mendelian cause in 20%. We find further support for 21 genes in a 2-stage burden test with 2072 cases and 11,587 fertile controls. The disrupted genes are primarily on the autosomes, enriched for undescribed human "knockouts", and, for the most part, have yet to be linked to a Mendelian trait. Integration with single-cell RNA sequencing data shows that azoospermia genes can be grouped into molecular subforms with synchronized expression patterns, and analogs of these subforms exist in mice. This analysis framework identifies groups of genes with known roles in spermatogenesis but also reveals unrecognized subforms, such as a set of genes expressed across mitotic divisions of differentiating spermatogonia. Our findings highlight NOA as an understudied Mendelian disorder and provide a conceptual structure for organizing the complex genetics of male infertility, which may provide a rational basis for disease classification.

Impact of Fellowship-Trained Andrology and Sexual Medicine Specialists on Performance on the Annual American Urological Association In-Service Examination.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the distribution and impact of fellowship-trained andrology and/or sexual medicine urological specialists (FTAUS) on resident in-service examination (ISE) performance. METHODS: Residency program websites were accessed to create a database of FTAUS in the United States between 2007 and 2017. This database was reviewed by three separate FTAUS and cross referenced with membership lists to the Sexual Medicine of North America Society and the Society for the Study of Male Reproduction. De-identified ISE scores were obtained from the American Urological Association from 2007-2017 and scores from trainees at programs with a FTAUS were identified for comparison. Resident performance was analyzed using a linear model of the effect of a resident being at a program with an FTAUS, adjusting for post-graduate year. RESULTS: ISE data from 13,757 residents were obtained for the years 2007-2017. The number of FTAUS in the United States increased from 40-102 during this study period. Mean raw scores on the "Sexual Dysfunction, Endocrinopathy, Fertility Problems" (SDEFP) section of the ISE ranged from 52.1% ± 17.7% to 65.7% ± 16% (mean ± SD). Throughout the study period, there was no difference in performance within the SDEFP section (P < .01). Residents at a program with a FTAUS answered 0.95% more questions correctly in the SDEFP than those without a FTAUS (P < .001). For these residents, there was an improvement of approximately 0.66% on the percentage of questions answered correctly on the ISE overall (P < .001). Performance improved significantly as residents progressed from PGY-2-PGY-5. CONCLUSION: There is a small but statistically significant improvement in overall ISE and SDEFP sub-section performance.

Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part II.

PURPOSE: The summary presented herein represents Part II of the two-part series dedicated to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Men: AUA/ASRM Guideline. Part II outlines the appropriate management of the male in an infertile couple. Medical therapies, surgical techniques, as well as use of intrauterine insemination (IUI)/in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are covered to allow for optimal patient management. Please refer to Part I for discussion on evaluation of the infertile male and discussion of relevant health conditions that are associated with male infertility. MATERIALS/METHODS: The Emergency Care Research Institute Evidence-based Practice Center team searched PubMed®, Embase®, and Medline from January 2000 through May 2019. When sufficient evidence existed, the body of evidence was assigned a strength rating of A (high), B (moderate), or C (low) for support of Strong, Moderate, or Conditional Recommendations. In the absence of sufficient evidence, additional information is provided as Clinical Principles and Expert Opinions. (Table 1) This summary is being simultaneously published in Fertility and Sterility and The Journal of Urology. RESULTS: This Guideline provides updated, evidence-based recommendations regarding management of male infertility. Such recommendations are summarized in the associated algorithm. (Figure 1) CONCLUSION: Male contributions to infertility are prevalent, and specific treatment as well as assisted reproductive techniques are effective at managing male infertility. This document will undergo additional literature reviews and updating as the knowledge regarding current treatments and future treatment options continues to expand.

Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part I.

PURPOSE: The summary presented herein represents Part I of the two-part series dedicated to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Men: AUA/ASRM Guideline. Part I outlines the appropriate evaluation of the male in an infertile couple. Recommendations proceed from obtaining an appropriate history and physical exam (Appendix I), as well as diagnostic testing, where indicated. MATERIALS/METHODS: The Emergency Care Research Institute Evidence-based Practice Center team searched PubMed®, Embase®, and Medline from January, 2000 through May, 2019. When sufficient evidence existed, the body of evidence was assigned a strength rating of A (high), B (moderate), or C (low) for support of Strong, Moderate, or Conditional Recommendations. In the absence of sufficient evidence, additional information is provided as Clinical Principles and Expert Opinions. (Table 1) This summary is being simultaneously published in Fertility and Sterility and The Journal of Urology. RESULTS: This Guideline provides updated, evidence-based recommendations regarding evaluation of male infertility as well as the association of male infertility with other important health conditions. The detection of male infertility increases the risk of subsequent development of health problems for men. In addition, specific medical conditions are associated with some causes for male infertility. Evaluation and treatment recommendations are summarized in the associated algorithm. (Figure 1) CONCLUSION: The presence of male infertility is crucial to the health of patients and its effects must be considered for the welfare of society. This document will undergo updating as the knowledge regarding current treatments and future treatment options continues to expand.

One size does not fit all: variations by ethnicity in demographic characteristics of men seeking fertility treatment across North America.

OBJECTIVE: To compare racial differences in male fertility history and treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. SETTING: North American reproductive urology centers. PATIENT(S): Males undergoing urologist fertility evaluation. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Demographic and reproductive Andrology Research Consortium data. RESULT(S): The racial breakdown of 6,462 men was: 51% White, 20% Asian/Indo-Canadian/Indo-American, 6% Black, 1% Indian/Native, <1% Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, and 21% "Other". White males sought evaluation sooner (3.5 ± 4.7 vs. 3.8 ± 4.2 years), had older partners (33.3 ± 4.9 vs. 32.9 ± 5.2 years), and more had undergone vasectomy (8.4% vs. 2.9%) vs. all other races. Black males were older (38.0 ± 8.1 vs. 36.5 ± 7.4 years), sought fertility evaluation later (4.8 ± 5.1 vs. 3.6 ± 4.4 years), fewer had undergone vasectomy (3.3% vs. 5.9%), and fewer had partners who underwent intrauterine insemination (8.2% vs. 12.6%) compared with all other races. Asian/Indo-Canadian/Indo-American patients were younger (36.1 ± 7.2 vs. 36.7 ± 7.6 years), fewer had undergone vasectomy (1.2% vs. 6.9%), and more had partners who underwent intrauterine insemination (14.2% vs. 11.9%). Indian/Native males sought evaluation later (5.1 ± 6.8 vs. 3.6 ± 4.4 years) and more had undergone vasectomy (13.4% vs. 5.7%). CONCLUSION(S): Racial differences exist for males undergoing fertility evaluation by a reproductive urologist. Better understanding of these differences in history in conjunction with societal and biologic factors can guide personalized care, as well as help to better understand and address disparities in access to fertility evaluation and treatment.

Vasectomy reversal versus IVF with sperm retrieval: which is better?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This paper will describe why this review is timely and relevant. Over the past two decades, treatment options for couples with reconstructible obstructive azoospermia have improved tremendously. Advances in assisted reproductive technologies (ART), specifically sperm retrieval techniques for intracytoplasmic sperm injection coupled with in-vitro fertilization, as well as refinements in microsurgical reconstruction have led to improved outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Providing the most up-to-date care based on the most recent data allows for better patient outcomes and satisfaction. RECENT FINDINGS: Microsurgical reconstruction of the vas has remained a cost-effective, reliable and effective means of restoring fertility in the majority of men who have previously undergone vasectomy when the reconstruction is performed by an experienced microsurgeon. However, there are specific instances in which sperm retrieval/IVF/ICSI may be a more appropriate treatment modality as ART techniques continue to improve. SUMMARY: Data comparing surgical reconstruction versus sperm retrieval/ICSI/IVF are neither randomized nor homogenous. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the factors that can affect outcomes, overall cost, and the morbidity associated with each treatment modality, respective of the institution providing the treatment, is strongly recommended.

Extended indications for varicocelectomy.

The relationship between varicoceles and subfertility is well-established, but recent evidence suggests that varicoceles may cause global testicular dysfunction. This has led to exploration into expanding the indications for varicocelectomy. This review examines the literature regarding varix ligation as a treatment for non-obstructive azoospermia, elevated DNA fragmentation, and hypogonadism.

Patient Factors Influencing Decision to Undergo Vasectomy Reversal.

INTRODUCTION: Vasectomy reversal is one of the options for having children following a vasectomy. While previous reports have shown this procedure to be cost-effective, barriers remain preventing some couples from using this method. We determined the factors that influence patients' decision to undergo vasectomy reversal and identified possible barriers. METHODS: A review was conducted of 398 patients who were seen for consultation regarding vasectomy reversal between January 2006 and January 2016. Patients were contacted via mail and asked to fill out an anonymous survey. Medical records of patients who returned surveys were reviewed and de-identified data accrued in our data set. Patient demographics, socioeconomic data, family composition and patient identified barriers to vasectomy reversal were characterized. Data were analyzed with standard comparative and descriptive statistical analysis. RESULTS: Overall 30.9% of patients responded to the survey and chart review was subsequently conducted. Demographics were similar for individuals who did and did not undergo vasectomy reversal. The most common reason for the initial consultation was the patient's and the partner's desire for children (74.0%). The most commonly identified barrier to vasectomy reversal was cost (53.7%), followed by concern about success rate (31.7%). Patients who underwent vasectomy reversal more often had an income greater than $100,000 per year compared to those who did not undergo vasectomy reversal (50.5% vs 21.9%, p=0.004). Individuals who did not undergo vasectomy reversal more often had a new partner since vasectomy (87.5% vs 70.3%, p=0.05) and were unmarried (28.1% vs 8.8%, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The most common reason for presentation for vasectomy reversal was a joint desire for children. The largest barrier to vasectomy reversal was cost. Individuals with lower incomes, a new partner and unmarried status were less likely to undergo vasectomy reversal.