Clinical officers in Uganda: Training and workforce role.

ABSTRACT: The clinical role of a clinical officer in Uganda is very similar to that of a physician associate/assistant in the United States. This article describes the qualifications and workforce role of clinical officers in Uganda, as well as their use in two primary care programs that provide effective, low-cost medical care to a growing population with an increasing burden of chronic disease.

An educational intervention in rural Uganda: Risk-targeted home talks by village health workers.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effectiveness of home talks (HTs), a novel model of health education delivered by village health workers (VHWs) with primary-level education to rural African mothers. Talk recipients were assessed by health census to be at risk for ill-health in one of 5 ways: malnutrition, diarrhea, respiratory disease, HIV, and poverty due to family size. METHODS: Each participant received a pre-test, immediate post-test and delayed post-test on their assigned HT topic and a pre-test and delayed post-test on a randomly assigned control topic. Differences in scoring were examined against controls and over time using paired t-tests and general linear regression analysis, respectively. RESULTS: Subjects lost knowledge gained from the HTs over time, but what they retained at 3 months was far greater than what they learned about the control topics (p-values <0.0001), independent of subjects' educational level. CONCLUSION: Targeted HTs to people with health census-identified risk factors resulted in learning and significant retention of knowledge. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Positive behavioral change resulting from health education has been shown in diverse contexts. This personal model of home talk education by VHWs targeting vulnerable families is flexible and effective and may be used to improve community health in other impoverished settings worldwide.

Hepatic dysfunction and survival after orthotopic heart transplantation: application of the MELD scoring system for outcome prediction.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of heart failure (HF) is rising and the only corrective treatment is cardiac transplantation. Advanced HF is associated with congestive hepatopathy and progressive functional and ultrastructural changes of the liver. We hypothesized that hepatic dysfunction is associated with impaired clinical outcome after heart transplantation. METHODS: Data of 617 adult patients (75% men, mean age 53 ± 12 years, mean BMI 25 ± 4, mean ejection fraction 19 ± 9%) undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) were analyzed retrospectively. Deviation from institutional normal ranges was used to define abnormal liver function. Standard Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores were calculated and a modified MELD score with albumin replacing INR (modMELD) was created to eliminate the confounding effects of anti-coagulation. RESULTS: Before OHT, AST, ALT and total bilirubin were elevated in 20%, 18% and 29% of the population, respectively. Total protein and albumin were decreased in 25% and 52% of the population, respectively. By 2 months post-transplantation, percentages of individuals with pathologic values decreased significantly, except for ALT, total protein and albumin, all of which took longer to normalize. Individuals with a higher pre-transplantation MELD or modMELD score had worse outcome 30 days post-transplant and reduced long-term survival over a 10-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this large, single-center retrospective study, we demonstrated the dynamics of liver dysfunction after cardiac transplantation and that elevated MELD scores indicating impaired liver function are associated with poor clinical outcome after OHT. Thus, pre-operative liver dysfunction has a significant impact on survival of patients after cardiac transplantation.

Epicardial fat volume in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

Epicardial adipose tissue has been linked to cardiovascular metabolism and inflammation and has been shown to predict prevalence and progression of coronary artery disease. Only limited data are available on the role of epicardial fat in patients with heart failure (HF). We analyzed cardiac adiposity and its relation to markers of morbidity and clinical outcome in patients with normal and impaired left ventricular (LV) function. Epicardial fat volume (EFV) and coronary artery calcium were measured in 381 patients (210 women and 171 men, mean age 55 ± 10 years) who underwent low-dose computed tomography. HF was defined by LV ejection fraction (EF) <55%. Three hundred twenty-one patients had an EF >55% (mean 63 ± 6) and 60 patients had an EF <55% (mean 41 ± 12). Subgroup analysis was performed according to degree of LV dysfunction in patients with HF (LVEF 35% to 55% or <35%). Mean EFVs were 114.5 ± 98.5 cm(3) in patients with normal EF and 83.5 ± 67.1 cm(3) in those with decreased EF (p <0.05). Mean EFVs were 96.1 ± 73.9 cm(3) in patients with moderate HF and 52.2 ± 29.7 cm(3) in patients with severe HF (p <0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed a persistently smaller EFV in patients with HF regardless of coronary artery calcium scores, markers of renal function, lipid metabolism, fasting blood glucose, or body mass index. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a stepwise decrease in EFV in patients with impaired cardiac function.