RESUMEN
Adoptive transfer of tumor epitope-reactive T cells has emerged as a promising strategy to control tumor growth. However, chronically-stimulated T cells expanded for adoptive cell transfer are susceptible to cell death in an oxidative tumor microenvironment. Because oxidation of cell-surface thiols also alters protein functionality, we hypothesized that increasing the levels of thioredoxin (Trx), an antioxidant molecule facilitating reduction of proteins through cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange, in T cells will promote their sustained antitumor function. Using pre-melanosome protein (Pmel)-Trx1 transgenic mouse-derived splenic T cells, flow cytometry, and gene expression analysis, we observed here that higher Trx expression inversely correlated with reactive oxygen species and susceptibility to T-cell receptor restimulation or oxidation-mediated cell death. These Trx1-overexpressing T cells exhibited a cluster of differentiation 62Lhi (CD62Lhi) central memory-like phenotype with reduced glucose uptake (2-NBDGlo) and decreased effector function (interferon γlo). Furthermore, culturing tumor-reactive T cells in the presence of recombinant Trx increased the dependence of T cells on mitochondrial metabolism and improved tumor control. We conclude that strategies for increasing the antioxidant capacity of antitumor T cells modulate their immunometabolic phenotype leading to improved immunotherapeutic control of established tumors.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Tiorredoxinas/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 1/metabolismo , Selectina L/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Fenotipo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/biosíntesis , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Linfocitos T/citología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Tiorredoxinas/genética , Microambiente Tumoral , Antígeno gp100 del Melanoma/genética , Antígeno gp100 del Melanoma/metabolismoRESUMEN
Mechanisms that alter protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-dependent lung tumour suppression via the I2PP2A/SET oncoprotein are unknown. We show here that the tumour suppressor ceramide binds I2PP2A/SET selectively in the nucleus and including its K209 and Y122 residues as determined by molecular modelling/simulations and site-directed mutagenesis. Because I2PP2A/SET was found overexpressed, whereas ceramide was downregulated in lung tumours, a sphingolipid analogue drug, FTY720, was identified to mimick ceramide for binding and targeting I2PP2A/SET, leading to PP2A reactivation, lung cancer cell death, and tumour suppression in vivo. Accordingly, while molecular targeting of I2PP2A/SET by stable knockdown prevented further tumour suppression by FTY720, reconstitution of WT-I2PP2A/SET expression restored this process. Mechanistically, targeting I2PP2A/SET by FTY720 mediated PP2A/RIPK1-dependent programmed necrosis (necroptosis), but not by apoptosis. The RIPK1 inhibitor necrostatin and knockdown or genetic loss of RIPK1 prevented growth inhibition by FTY720. Expression of WT- or death-domain-deleted (DDD)-RIPK1, but not the kinase-domain-deleted (KDD)-RIPK1, restored FTY720-mediated necroptosis in RIPK1(-/-) MEFs. Thus, these data suggest that targeting I2PP2A/SET by FTY720 suppresses lung tumour growth, at least in part, via PP2A activation and necroptosis mediated by the kinase domain of RIPK1.