Nutritional significance and promising therapeutic/medicinal application of camel milk as a functional food in human and animals: a comprehensive review.

Camel milk (CM) is the key component of human diet specially for the population belongs to the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. CM possess unique composition as compare to the cow milk with abundant amount of medium chain fatty acids in fat low lactose and higher concentration of whey protein and vitamin C. Besides the nutritional significance of CM, it also contains higher concentration of bioactive compounds including bioactive peptides, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), lactoferrin (LF), lactoperoxidase, lysozyme casein and immunoglobulin. Recently, CM and their bioactive compounds gaining more attention toward scientific community owing to their multiple health benefits, especially in the current era of emerging drug resistance and untold side effects of synthetic medicines. Consumption of fresh or fermented CM and its products presumed exceptional nutraceutical and medicinal properties, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Moreover, CM isolated LAB exhibit antioxidant and probiotic effects leading to enhance the innate and adaptive immune response against both gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. The main objective of this review is to highlight the nutritional significance, pharmaceutical potential, medicinal value and salient beneficial health aspect of CM for human and animals.

Effect of early feeding of L-arginine and L-threonine on hatchability and post-hatch performance of broiler chicken.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in ovo feeding (IOF) of L-arginine (Arg) and L-threonine (Thr) in the broiler. For this purpose, 500 embryonated eggs were randomly allocated into five treatment groups of four replicates 25 eggs/replicate. The five treatments were arranged as (1) non-injected control, (2) 0.75% NaCl injected group, (3) 25 mg/egg Arg 4) 25 mg/egg Thr, and (5) Arg + Thr25 mg/egg. On the 17th day of incubation, 0.5 ml of treatment solution was injected into the amniotic fluid of all treatment groups. The result showed that the supplementation group of Arg + Thr significantly (P < 0.05) improved the hatchability, post-hatch growth performance, organ weight, and organ development in compression to sham control and other treatment groups. The antibiotic titer of NDV was improved in Arg + Thr group. Moreover, hematological indices were improved significantly in Arg + Thr group. The plasma concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were noted to decrease in Arg + Thr group. Histopathological investigation revealed that IOF of Arg + Thr increased the villi length and crypt depth of the intestine. Conclusively, the IOF Arg and Thr could be an effective way to optimize the health and productive performance of broilers.

Bovine lactoferrin alleviates aflatoxin B1 induced hepatic and renal injury in broilers by mediating Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) a mycotoxin found in chicken feed that possess a global hazard to poultry health. However different potent compounds like bovine lactoferrin (bLF) may prove to be protective effects against AFB1. This study aims to explore the protective effect of bLF against AFB1-induced injury in the liver and kidney in broiler. For this purpose, 600 broilers chicks were randomly alienated into 5 groups (n = 120 each): negative control; positive control (3 mg/kg AFB1), and bLF high, medium, and low dosage groups (600 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 150 mg/kg, respectively). The results highlight that AFB1 toxicity in birds exhibited low feed intake, reduction in weight gain, and a decrease in FCR while, bLF regulated these adverse effects. Meanwhile, AFB1 group showed higher levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lower levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSHpx) in liver, while urea and creatinine were decline in kidney. Supplementation with bLF effectively controlled these biomarkers and control the negative effects of toxicity. Furthermore, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining exhibited normal morphological structures within liver and kidney in the bLF treated groups, while degenerative changes were observed in AFB1 group. Similarly, bLF, decreased oxidative stress and thus prevented apoptosis in the liver and kidney cells of the birds. Whereas, mRNA level of mitochondrial apoptosis related gene including Bcl-2 (Bak and Bax), caspase-3 and caspase-9 was upregulated, while bcl2 gene were downregulated in AFB1 group. Dietary supplementation of bLF effectively normalizes the expression of these genes. AFB1 exposed birds shown to decrease gene expression level of the crucial component of Nrf2 pathway, responsible to regulate antioxidant defense. Interestingly, bLF reverse these detrimental effects of and restore the normal expression levels of Nrf2 pathway. Conclusively, our findings demonstrate that bLF mitigates the detrimental effects of AFB1, besides regulation of the apoptosis-related genes via mitochondrial pathways. These findings validate that the bLF (600 mg/kg) could be used as protective agent against AFB1-induced liver and kidney damage.

Effects of in ovo supplementation of selenium (Se) and zinc (zn) on hatchability and production performance of broiler chickens.

The current research was conducted to assess the effect of in ovo feeding (IOF) of selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) on hatchability, production performance, liver, intestinal morphology, antioxidant levels and expression levels of immune-related genes in broiler chickens. A total of 400 fertilized eggs were equally divided into four groups: control (non-injected), sham (in ovo injection of 0.75% NaCl), Se (@ 1.5 µg/egg in ovo injection) and Zn (500 µg/egg in ovo injection) groups respectively. On the seventeenth day of incubation, treatment solutions were administered into amniotic fluid of fertilized eggs. The results revealed that Se and Zn supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced hatchability, post-hatch growth, organ development, and liver antioxidant capability. Histopathological examination revealed a typical hepatocyte morphology, well-arranged cells, and a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in apoptosis in both selenium and zinc groups. Additionally, selenium and zinc produced auspicious effects on intestinal epithelium and villi surface area. Interestingly, our results revealed that IOF of Se and Zn modulated the expression of immune-related genes in comparison to the control and sham groups. Conclusively, IOF of Se and Zn augmented health and productivity by enhancing the cellular immunity in the broiler chickens, thus IOF can be utilized as an effective strategy to promote health and immunity in broiler chickens.

Nutraceutical and Health-Promoting Potential of Lactoferrin, an Iron-Binding Protein in Human and Animal: Current Knowledge.

Lactoferrin is a natural cationic iron-binding glycoprotein of the transferrin family found in bovine milk and other exocrine secretions, including lacrimal fluid, saliva, and bile. Lactoferrin has been investigated for its numerous powerful influences, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-osteoporotic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and other beneficial health effects. Lactoferrin demonstrated several nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potentials and have a significant impact on improving the health of humans and animals. Lactoferrin plays a critical role in keeping the normal physiological homeostasis associated with the development of pathological disorders. The current review highlights the medicinal value, nutraceutical role, therapeutic application, and outstanding favorable health sides of lactoferrin, which would benefit from more exploration of this glycoprotein for the design of effective medicines, drugs, and pharmaceuticals for safeguarding different health issues in animals and humans.

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on Broiler Health: Integrated Microbial and Metabolomics Analysis.

Given China's prohibition on the utilization of antibiotics as feed additives in 2020, we aim to investigate nutrition additives that are both efficient and safe. Lactobacillus, a well-recognized beneficial probiotic, has explicitly been investigated for its effects on health status of the host and overall impact on food industry. To evaluate effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LW) supplementation on broiler chicken, we conducted comprehensive multi-omics analysis, growth performance evaluation, RT-qPCR analysis, and immunofluorescence. The findings revealed that LW supplementation resulted in a substantial progress in growth performance (approximately 205 g increase in final body weight in comparison to the control group (p < 0.01)). Additionally, LW exhibited promising potential for enhancing antioxidant properties of serum and promoting gut integrity and growth as evidenced by improved antioxidant indices (p < 0.01), intestinal villus morphology (p < 0.01), and enhanced gut barrier function (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, the multi-omics analysis, including 16S rRNA sequencing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, revealed an enrichment of beneficial microbes in the gut of broilers that were supplemented with LW, while simultaneously depleting harmful microorganisms. Moreover, a noteworthy modification was observed in gut metabolic profiling subsequent to the execution of the probiotic strategy. Specifically, variations were noticed in the levels of metabolites and metabolic pathways such as parathyroid hormone synthesis, inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, oxidative phosphorylation, and mineral absorption. Taken together, our findings validate that LW administration produces valuable effects on the health and growth performance of broilers owing to its capability to boost the gut microbiota homeostasis and intestinal metabolism. Present findings signify the potential of LW as a dietary additive to promote growth and development in broiler chickens.

Ameliorative effects of supranutritional selenium on TLR-4-NF-kB-TNF-α-mediated hepatic oxidative injury and inflammation in goats fed high concentrate diet.

We examined whether surplus dietary selenium (Se) supply could alleviate high concentrate (HC) diet-induced hepatic oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. Eighteen young goats were distributed into three groups; were fed low (LC, concentrate: forage; 35: 65), high concentrate (HC, 65: 35), or Se-supplemented HC (HCSe, 65: 35 + 0.5 mg Se kg-1 diet) diets for 10 weeks. Short chain fatty acids, OS markers and immunoinflammatory genes expressions were assessed through gas chromatograph, kits, and RT-qPCR, respectively. Compared with LC, HC diet increased (p < .05) colonic and serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels and induced hepatic oxidative injury by increasing (p < .05) malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreasing (p < .05) activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. HC diet altered hepatic mRNA expressions of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), cluster of differentiation-14 (CD-14), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TNF receptor-associated factor-6 (TRAF-6), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-10, IL-13, LPS-binding protein (LBP), serum amyloid A (SAA), α-acid glycoprotein (AGP), and albumin (ALB). Conversely, extra-Se supply lowered LPS and attenuated antioxidant status and inflammation in liver. In conclusion, HC diet induced oxidative lesions and TLR-4 pathway-mediated inflammation, whereas supranutritional Se alleviated oxidative and inflammatory lesions through TLR-4 pathway regulation in goat liver.

Screening of Proliferation-Related Genes and Pathological Changes in Thiram-Induced Tibial Dyschondroplasia.

Materials and Methods: Three hundred sixty (n = 360) broiler chickens were equally divided into control (C) and thiram (T) groups. Furthermore, the C and T groups were dividedinto 8-, 9-, 11-, and 13-day-old chickens. Results: Clinically, it was observed that broiler chickens of group T had abnormal posture, gait, and lameness, and histopathological results revealed dead and abnormal chondrocytes of T group on day 6. Real-time qPCR results showed that HDAC1, MTA1, H4, and PCNA genes were significantly expressed (P < 0.05). HDAC1 was upregulated on days 1, 2, 4, and 6 (P < 0.01); MTA1 was upregulated on days 1 and 2 (P < 0.01); H4 was upregulated on days 2 and 4 (P < 0.01), and PCNA was downregulated on days 1, 2, and 4 (P < 0.01). Furthermore, IHC results of HDAC1 protein were significantly (P < 0.01) expressed in proliferative zone of day 1 and hypertrophic zone of day 6. MTA1 protein was significantly (P < 0.01) expressed on days 1, 2, and 6 in all zones, except prehypertrophic zone of day 2. Conclusion: In conclusion, the mRNA expressions of HDAC1, MTA1, H4, and PCNA were differentially expressed in the chondrocytes of thiram-induced TD chickens. HDAC1 and MTA1 protein expression found involved and responsible in the abnormal chondrocytes' proliferation of broiler chicken.

Impact of therapeutic and high doses of florfenicol on kidney and liver functional indicators in goat.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of therapeutic and high doses of florfenicol on kidney and liver functional indicators in goat species. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six mature, healthy goats (combine breed and sex) with average weight 25 kg were selected for this study. The therapeutic (20 mg/kg b.w.) and high doses (40 and 60 mg) of florfenicol were administered for 3 days with 24 h interval. Blood samples were collected at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h following the each administered dose. RESULTS: The results showed that the therapeutic dose of florfenicol produced nonsignificant effect on serum urea, creatinine, total protein (TP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and bilirubin on all timings, and increased (p<0.05) the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels for 48 h. Whereas the high doses of florfenicol (40 and 60 mg) significantly altered the kidney and liver functional indicators in the blood. In contrast with control, the serum urea level was (p<0.01) increased at all timing points. Creatinine values were altered (p<0.01, <0.05) in increasing manner from 24 to 96 h. The high dose of 40 mg decreased the TP (p<0.05) for 72 h and 60 mg persisted same effect (p<0.01) up to 120 h. The indices of ALP, GGT, SGOT, and SGPT were raised (p<0.01, <0.05) at all timings. The bilirubin indexes also (p<0.05) elevated from 48 to 72. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the high doses of florfenicol produced reversible dose-dependent effects on functional indicators of kidney and liver such as urea, creatinine, TP, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, GGT, and bilirubin.