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BACKGROUND: Training physiotherapists require substantial experience and a lengthy period of time to achieve proficiency. However, establishing an objective method for quantifying the degree of force applied during treatment remains elusive, making training difficult. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to clarify the difference in the degree of force application between novice and expert physiotherapists using muscle deformation sensors and to assist in teaching. METHODS: A muscle deformation sensor array was utilized to capture the muscle bulging (muscle deformation), and the degree of force was visualized. The experiment involved two types of physiotherapy: upper and lower extremity exercises. Subsequently, the muscle deformation value and standard deviations of the muscle deformation data obtained were compared. RESULTS: Significant differences between novices and experts were observed in forearm muscle deformation values and standard deviations across both types of physiotherapies (p<0.05). Additionally, a distinction was observed in the left lower limb flexor muscles during upper extremity exercise (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this survey showed notable differences in the degree of force application between novices and experts, as demonstrated by our findings. Moreover, these implications extend beyond physiotherapy to sports, hobbies, and the teaching of traditional skills.
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INTRODUCTION: It has been believed that isolated, mild trigonocephaly rarely presents with clinical symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We diagnosed and operated on 65 patients with mild trigonocephaly and developmental delay up to July 2000. There were 47 boys and 18 girls in our series. All patients had symptoms such as delay in language development, hyperactivity, autistic tendencies, and motor dysfunctions. Their facial features were characterized by a metopic ridge, depressed temples, heel-shaped rather than keel-shaped forehead, and slight hypotelorism. The most important physical sign was the palpable metopic ridge. Most patients did not exhibit any symptoms until they were more than 1 year old. Fifteen patients showed regression in language acquisition and use. Three-dimensional computed tomography revealed the metopic ridge, depressed pterional regions, hypotelorism, and small anterior fossae. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on all patients and demonstrated no abnormal findings in the brain. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed on 83% of patients and revealed decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the frontal lobes of 76% of those patients. Decompressive cranioplasty of the frontal bone involving the skull base was performed on all patients. RESULTS: In most (61 out of 65) patients a degree of postoperative improvement in clinical symptoms was noted, especially in behavioral problems. Postoperative SPECT demonstrated increased CBF in the frontal lobes in 95% of the patients. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, it can be postulated that mild trigonocephaly is frequently associated with developmental delays and that these symptoms can be improved to a certain degree by decompressive cranioplasty.