Endoscopic findings in the soft palatal mucosa are associated with the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: We investigated endoscopic findings of the soft palatal mucosa to identify factors associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS: This study was conducted during endoscopic examinations of subjects at Osaka International Cancer Institute from January 2020 through May 2020. We took endoscopic images of the soft palate under non-magnifying and mild-magnifying observations. Subjects with ESCC or a history of ESCC were defined as the ESCC group. Two endoscopists who were blinded to subjects' clinical information interpreted 10 endoscopic findings: melanosis, brownish changes, whitish epithelium, vasodilation, circular alignment of dilated vessels, uneven surface, uneven epithelial color, uneven vessel visibility, palate ridge, and erosion. Subjects were interviewed about their alcohol use, smoking, and flushing reactions. RESULTS: Two hundred eighty-two subjects, including 151 in the ESCC group and 131 in the non-ESCC group, were included in the analysis. Univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that melanosis, whitish epithelium, and vasodilation were significantly associated with ESCC. The positive likelihood ratios (PLRs) of melanosis, whitish epithelium, and vasodilation were 3.3, 4.2, and 2.8, respectively. Additionally, the PLRs for three of the endoscopic findings in subjects with drinking and smoking habits were higher than in those without these habits-PLRs ranging from 7.23 to 19.1. High PLRs for three endoscopic findings suggested a high possibility of ESCC. Interobserver agreement was substantial for whitish epithelium, moderate for melanosis, and fair for vasodilation. CONCLUSIONS: Three endoscopic findings in soft palate were considered to be useful as alarming signs that indicate ESCC risk.

Curative value of underwater endoscopic mucosal resection for submucosally invasive colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Occasionally, colorectal tumors without characteristics of deep submucosal invasion are found to be invasive upon pathological evaluation after endoscopic resection (ER). Because the resection depth for underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR) has not been clarified, we evaluated the feasibility of UEMR for pathologically invasive colorectal cancer (pT1-CRC). METHODS: We retrospectively investigated data on the backgrounds and outcomes of patients with pT1-CRC who underwent UEMR between January 2014 and June 2019 at our institute. As a reference standard, the backgrounds and outcomes of pT1-CRCs that had undergone conventional EMR (CEMR) were also investigated. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients (median age, 68 years [range, 32-88 years]; 22 men [71%]) were treated with UEMR. Median lesion size was 17 mm (range, 6-50 mm). The endoscopic complete resection rate was 100%. The overall en bloc resection rate was 77%, and the VM0, HM0, and R0 resection rates were 81%, 58%, and 55%, respectively. In cases of pT1a (invasion <1000 µm)-CRC (n = 14), the en bloc, VM0, and R0 resection rates were 92%, 100%, and 71%, respectively. Seventeen patients (five with risk factors for lymph node metastasis and 12 without) were followed up, and no local recurrence and distant metastasis were observed during the follow-up period (median follow-up period, 18 months [range, 6-62 months]) after UEMR. The outcomes of UEMR seemed to be comparable with those of CEMR (n = 32). CONCLUSIONS: The VM0 rate of UEMR for pT1-CRC, especially for pT1a-CRC, without characteristics of deep submucosal invasion seems feasible.

Diagnosis of pharyngeal cancer on endoscopic video images by Mask region-based convolutional neural network.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) system for the real-time diagnosis of pharyngeal cancers. METHODS: Endoscopic video images and still images of pharyngeal cancer treated in our facility were collected. A total of 4559 images of pathologically proven pharyngeal cancer (1243 using white light imaging and 3316 using narrow-band imaging/blue laser imaging) from 276 patients were used as a training dataset. The AI system used a convolutional neural network (CNN) model typical of the type used to analyze visual imagery. Supervised learning was used to train the CNN. The AI system was evaluated using an independent validation dataset of 25 video images of pharyngeal cancer and 36 video images of normal pharynx taken at our hospital. RESULTS: The AI system diagnosed 23/25 (92%) pharyngeal cancers as cancers and 17/36 (47%) non-cancers as non-cancers. The transaction speed of the AI system was 0.03 s per image, which meets the required speed for real-time diagnosis. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the detection of cancer were 92%, 47%, and 66% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our single-institution study showed that our AI system for diagnosing cancers of the pharyngeal region had promising performance with high sensitivity and acceptable specificity. Further training and improvement of the system are required with a larger dataset including multiple centers.

Usefulness of an artificial intelligence system for the detection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma evaluated with videos simulating overlooking situation.

OBJECTIVES: Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have shown favorable performance in the detection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, previous studies were limited by the quality of their validation methods. In this study, we evaluated the performance of an AI system with videos simulating situations in which ESCC has been overlooked. METHODS: We used 17,336 images from 1376 superficial ESCCs and 1461 images from 196 noncancerous and normal esophagi to construct the AI system. To record validation videos, the endoscope was passed through the esophagus at a constant speed without focusing on the lesion to simulate situations in which ESCC has been missed. Validation videos were evaluated by the AI system and 21 endoscopists. RESULTS: We prepared 100 video datasets, including 50 superficial ESCCs, 22 noncancerous lesions, and 28 normal esophagi. The AI system had sensitivity of 85.7% (54 of 63 ESCCs) and specificity of 40%. Initial evaluation by endoscopists conducted with plain video (without AI support) had average sensitivity of 75.0% (47.3 of 63 ESCC) and specificity of 91.4%. Subsequent evaluation by endoscopists was conducted with AI assistance, which improved their sensitivity to 77.7% (P = 0.00696) without changing their specificity (91.6%, P = 0.756). CONCLUSIONS: Our AI system had high sensitivity for the detection of ESCC. As a support tool, the system has the potential to enhance detection of ESCC without reducing specificity. (UMIN000039645).

Validity of endoscopic resection for clinically diagnosed T1a-MM/T1b-SM1 N0 M0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Previous guidelines have not described clear recommendations for performing endoscopic resection (ER) of T1a-muscularis mucosa (MM)/T1b-submucosal (SM1) cancers that have invaded ≤ 200 µm because these are considered to have a non-negligible risk of metastasis based on previous analyses of pathologically diagnosed (p)MM/SM1 cancers. Considering that the indication for ER is determined based on a clinical diagnosis, the applicability of ER should be investigated in clinical (c)MM/SM1 but not pMM/SM1 cancers. This study aimed to evaluate validity of ER for cMM/SM1 cancers. METHODS: In total, 175 cMM/SM1 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases that were endoscopically or surgically resected between January 2008 and December 2018 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. We histologically evaluated resected specimens and divided them into low- (n = 92) and high-risk (n = 83) cancers for metastasis. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that longer tumor length and larger circumferential extent were significantly correlated with high-risk cancer (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that tumor circumference was an independent predictor of high-risk cancer (P = 0.036). The proportion of low-risk cancers among cases with ≤ 3/4, > 3/4 and < 1, and whole circumferential extent were 59, 17, and 14%, respectively, and the post-ER stricture rates of these groups were 12, 33, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: ER is the first-line treatment for cMM/SM1 cancers with ≤ 3/4 circumferential extent considering that 59% of cMM/SM1 cancers were low-risk cancers for which ER is mostly curative. ER is not recommended for whole circumferential cMM/SM1 cancers given the low proportion of low-risk cancers and the high risk of stricture after ER.

Delineating the extent of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Lugol chromoendoscopy has been conventionally used for the detection and delineation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, the boundaries of some lesions are unclear even with Lugol chromoendoscopy, and there is a risk of residual lesions or over-excision. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of narrow-band imaging (NBI) for the delineation of esophageal SCC in endoscopic resection. METHODS: Among 367 esophageal SCCs endoscopically resected between January and December 2019 at our institute, this retrospective study included consecutive lesions, which were first marked with NBI, followed by Lugol chromoendoscopy. The proportion of residual cancer, which was defined as histologically proven cancer confirmed adjacent to the scar within 1 year after endoscopic resection, was evaluated. To evaluate whether the marks added by Lugol chromoendoscopy after NBI marking were more reliable, we evaluated the presence of cancer in the iodine-unstained area outside the NBI-determined marks, i.e., the cancerous area missed by NBI. The presence of cancer in the iodine-stained areas inside the NBI-determined marks, i.e., the cancerous area missed by Lugol, was also evaluated. These were compared to assess the risk of residual cancer in endoscopic resection with NBI and Lugol chromoendoscopy. RESULTS: Among 304 lesions, 2 (0.7%) residual cancers were detected. The cancerous area missed by NBI and the cancerous area missed by Lugol were identified in 18 (6%) and 43 (14%) lesions, respectively (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: NBI might be acceptable for delineating the extent of esophageal SCCs that are difficult to delineate with Lugol chromoendoscopy.

Esophageal metal stent for malignant obstruction after prior radiotherapy.

The association between severe adverse events (SAEs) and prior radiotherapy or stent type remains controversial. Patients with esophageal or esophagogastric junctional cancer who underwent stent placement (2005-2019) were enrolled in this retrospective study conducted at a tertiary cancer institute in Japan. The exclusion criteria were follow-up period of < 1 month and insufficient data on stent type or cancer characteristics. We used Mann-Whitney's U test for quantitative data and Fisher's exact test for categorical data. Multivariate analysis was performed using a logistic regression model. 107 stents were placed. Low radial-force stents (L group) were used in 51 procedures and high radial-force stents (H group) in 56 procedures. SAEs developed after nine procedures, the median interval from stent placement being 6 days (range, 1-141 days). SAEs occurred more frequently in the H (14%: 8/56) than in the L group (2%: 1/51) (P = 0.03). In patients who had undergone prior radiotherapy, SAEs were more frequent in the H (36%: 4/11) than in the L group (0%: 0/13) (P = 0.03). Re-obstruction and migration occurred after 16 and three procedures, respectively; these rates did not differ significantly between groups (P = 0.59, P = 1, respectively). Low radial-force stents may reduce the risk of SAEs after esophageal stenting.

Real-time assessment of video images for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma invasion depth using artificial intelligence.

BACKGROUND: Although optimal treatment of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) requires accurate evaluation of cancer invasion depth, the current process is rather subjective and may vary by observer. We, therefore, aimed to develop an AI system to calculate cancer invasion depth. METHODS: We gathered and selected 23,977 images (6857 WLI and 17,120 NBI/BLI images) of pathologically proven superficial esophageal SCC from endoscopic videos and still images of superficial esophageal SCC taken in our facility, to use as a learning dataset. We annotated the images with information [such as magnified endoscopy (ME) or non-ME, pEP-LPM, pMM, pSM1, and pSM2-3 cancers] based on pathologic diagnosis of the resected specimens. We created a model using a convolutional neural network. Performance of the AI system was compared with that of invited experts who used the same validation video set, independent of the learning dataset. RESULTS: Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity with non-magnified endoscopy (ME) were 87%, 50%, and 99% for the AI system and 85%, 45%, 97% for the experts. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity with ME were 89%, 71%, and 95% for the AI system and 84%, 42%, 97% for the experts. CONCLUSIONS: Most diagnostic parameters were higher when done by the AI system than by the experts. These results suggest that our AI system could potentially provide useful support during endoscopies.

Changes in Perceptions of Opioids Before and After Admission to Palliative Care Units in Japan: Results of a Nationwide Bereaved Family Member Survey.

This study aimed to clarify perspectives of bereaved family members regarding opioids and compare perceptions before admission and after bereavement. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey for bereaved family members in 100 inpatient palliative care units was administered. Participants were 297 bereaved family members of patients who used opioids. Many bereaved family members had misconceptions of opioids before admission. There was improvement after bereavement, but understanding remained low. Respondents less than 65 years old showed significantly greater decreases in misconceptions regarding opioids compared to older generations, after bereavement. Bereaved family members who were misinformed about opioids by physicians were significantly more likely to have misconceptions about opioids. Educational interventions for physicians are needed to ensure that they offer correct information to the general population.

Japanese Bereaved Family Members' Perspectives of Palliative Care Units and Palliative Care: J-HOPE Study Results.

The study purpose was to understand the perspectives of bereaved family members regarding palliative care unit (PCU) and palliative care and to compare perceptions of PCU before admission and after bereavement. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted, and the perceptions of 454 and 424 bereaved family members were obtained regarding PCU and palliative care, respectively. Family members were significantly more likely to have positive perceptions after bereavement (ranging from 73% to 80%) compared to before admission (ranging from 62% to 71%). Bereaved family members who were satisfied with medical care in the PCU had a positive perception of the PCU and palliative care after bereavement. Respondents younger than 65 years of age were significantly more likely to have negative perceptions of PCU and palliative care.