Outcomes of a cementless onlay short stem reverse shoulder arthroplasty in elderly patients: a comprehensive analysis of clinical and radiological findings.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical and radiological outcomes of a short stem reverse shoulder prosthesis with metaphyseal fixation specifically in older patients. METHODS: All patients, older than 70 years, submitted to a Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty (RSA) using a cementless onlay short stem (Aequalis Ascend™ Flex Convertible Shoulder System (Stryker®)) from January 2017 to December 2021, with a minimum follow-up of 2 years, were included. Postoperative radiographs were assessed for stem loosening, subsidence, and varus-valgus tilt. Range of motion, visual analogue scale for pain, constant score, complication rate and revision rate were also analysed. RESULTS: A total of 34 patients with a mean age of 75 years (range 71-83 years) were submitted to a cementless onlay short stem RSA with a Bone Increased Off-Set (BIO-RSA) construct. The mean follow-up period was 61 months (range 54-87). Significant improvements (p < 0.001) were observed for the constant score and range of motion from the preoperative state to final follow-up. One case exhibited a significant varus deviation (> 5˚) during the follow-up period. No case of stem loosening was identified. There was only one case of complication because of post-traumatic dislocation, but the stem didn't need revision. CONCLUSION: Short stem RSA, even in patients older than 70 years, can yield a stable fixation with a good clinical and radiological outcome at short-medium term follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III; Retrospective Study.

Septic arthritis of the lumbar facet joint presenting as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a rare case requiring surgical intervention.

PURPOSE: To report and discuss a rare case of septic arthritis of a lumbar facet joint presenting as septic bacterial peritonitis and requiring surgical debridement. METHODS: A 55-year-old man, with a history of intravenous drug usage and hepatitis C, presented to the emergency department with fever, abdominal and lumbar pain. Examination showed ascites. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were elevated. A paracentesis was performed, and a diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was assumed as acute on chronic liver failure. The patient was admitted for antibiotic treatment with cefotaxime. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in blood cultures. Despite directed treatment, there were persistent fever, back pain and continuous elevation of serum inflammatory markers. An MRI of the lumbar spine was performed 14 days after presentation and identified septic arthritis of the left L4-L5 facet joint. In the absence of a response to the medical treatment, surgical debridement of the facet joint was performed. After surgery, back pain resolved and inflammatory markers started to decline. One year after surgery, the patient is asymptomatic and has normalization of the inflammatory markers of infection. Follow-up MRI shows complete resolution of the infection. CONCLUSIONS: Septic arthritis of the lumbar facet joints is a rare condition with no more than 50 cases reported in the literature. This infection, which can cause significant morbidity, can result from local or systemic inoculation. MRI is the diagnostic method of choice. While antibiotic therapy is the first line of treatment, when it fails, surgical debridement may be necessary.

Measuring adherence to inhaled control medication in patients with asthma: Comparison among an asthma app, patient self-report and physician assessment.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using an asthma app to support medication management and adherence but failed to compare with other measures currently used in clinical practice. However, in a clinical setting, any additional adherence measurement must be evaluated in the context of both the patient and physician perspectives so that it can also help improve the process of shared decision making. Thus, we aimed to compare different measures of adherence to asthma control inhalers in clinical practice, namely through an app, patient self-report and physician assessment. METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of three prospective multicentre observational studies with patients (≥13 years old) with persistent asthma recruited from 61 primary and secondary care centres in Portugal. Patients were invited to use the InspirerMundi app and register their inhaled medication. Adherence was measured by the app as the number of doses taken divided by the number of doses scheduled each day and two time points were considered for analysis: 1-week and 1-month. At baseline, patients and physicians independently assessed adherence to asthma control inhalers during the previous week using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS 0-100). RESULTS: A total of 193 patients (72% female; median [P25-P75] age 28 [19-41] years old) were included in the analysis. Adherence measured by the app was lower (1 week: 31 [0-71]%; 1 month: 18 [0-48]%) than patient self-report (80 [60-95]) and physician assessment (82 [51-94]) (p < 0.001). A negligible non-significant correlation was found between the app and subjective measurements (ρ 0.118-0.156, p > 0.05). There was a moderate correlation between patient self-report and physician assessment (ρ = 0.596, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Adherence measured by the app was lower than that reported by the patient or the physician. This was expected as objective measurements are commonly lower than subjective evaluations, which tend to overestimate adherence. Nevertheless, the low adherence measured by the app may also be influenced by the use of the app itself and this needs to be considered in future studies.

Symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with persistent asthma: a cross-sectional analysis of the INSPIRERS studies.

OBJECTIVES: Anxiety and depression are relevant comorbidities in asthma, but, in Portugal and Spain, data on this topic are scarce. We assessed, in patients with asthma, the frequency of anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the European Quality of Life Five Dimension Questionnaire (EQ-5D); the level of agreement between these questionnaires, and the factors associated with these symptoms. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of the INSPIRERS studies. A total of 614 adolescents and adults with persistent asthma (32.6±16.9 years, 64.7% female) were recruited from 30 primary care centres and 32 allergy, pulmonology and paediatric clinics. Demographic and clinical characteristics, HADS and EQ-5D were collected. A score ≥8 on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety/Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression or a positive answer to EQ-5D item 5 indicated the presence of these symptoms. Agreement was determined by Cohen's kappa. Two multivariable logistic regressions were built. RESULTS: According to HADS, 36% of the participants had symptoms of anxiety and 12% of depression. According to EQ-5D, 36% of the participants had anxiety/depression. The agreement between questionnaires in identifying anxiety/depression was moderate (k=0.55, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.62). Late asthma diagnosis, comorbidities and female gender were predictors of anxiety/depression, while better asthma control, health-related quality of life and perception of health were associated with lower odds for anxiety/depression. CONCLUSION: At least 1/3 of the patients with persistent asthma experience symptoms of anxiety/depression, showing the relevance of screening these disorders in patients with asthma. EQ-5D and HADS questionnaires showed a moderate agreement in the identification of anxiety/depression symptoms. The identified associated factors need to be further investigated in long-term studies.

Profiling Persistent Asthma Phenotypes in Adolescents: A Longitudinal Diagnostic Evaluation from the INSPIRERS Studies.

We aimed to identify persistent asthma phenotypes among adolescents and to evaluate longitudinally asthma-related outcomes across phenotypes. Adolescents (13-17 years) from the prospective, observational, and multicenter INSPIRERS studies, conducted in Portugal and Spain, were included (n = 162). Latent class analysis was applied to demographic, environmental, and clinical variables, collected at a baseline medical visit. Longitudinal differences in clinical variables were assessed at a 4-month follow-up telephone contact (n = 128). Three classes/phenotypes of persistent asthma were identified. Adolescents in class 1 (n = 87) were highly symptomatic at baseline and presented the highest number of unscheduled healthcare visits per month and exacerbations per month, both at baseline and follow-up. Class 2 (n = 32) was characterized by female predominance, more frequent obesity, and uncontrolled upper/lower airways symptoms at baseline. At follow-up, there was a significant increase in the proportion of controlled lower airway symptoms (p < 0.001). Class 3 (n = 43) included mostly males with controlled lower airways symptoms; at follow-up, while keeping symptom control, there was a significant increase in exacerbations/month (p = 0.015). We have identified distinct phenotypes of persistent asthma in adolescents with different patterns in longitudinal asthma-related outcomes, supporting the importance of profiling asthma phenotypes in predicting disease outcomes that might inform targeted interventions and reduce future risk.

Long-term Behavior of Single-level Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures Treated With Pedicle Screw Fixation.

STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study to objectively analyze the behavior of single-level thoracic (T), thoracolumbar (TL), and lumbar (L) fractures treated with posterior instrumentation alone and to understand which factors influence the ability to restore and maintain normal spinal alignment. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Posterior screw fixation of dorsal and lumbar spine fractures allows fracture stabilization, correction of kyphotic deformity and restoration of vertebral height. The load-sharing classification identifies fractures that may need anterior instrumentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients submitted to pedicle screw fixation of single-level T, TL, and L fractures were retrospectively analyzed. Data on patient demographics, neurological injury [American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) score], and comorbidities were collected. Fractures were classified according to their anatomic region (T, TL, or L) and using the AO Spine and the load-sharing classifications. Local kyphosis angle, Cobb angle (CA), and changes in anterior vertebral height (AVH) were measured, to quantify intraoperative correction and loss of correction at 6 weeks and at last follow-up. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify the factors influencing the intraoperative correction and the loss of correction over time. RESULTS: From a total of 230 fractures, 115 patients with a mean age of 51.48 years were included. Pedicle screw fixation achieved a significant intraoperative correction of the CA, local kyphosis angle, and AVH. This correction was partially lost over time, but, at last follow-up, radiographic parameters were still significantly better than preoperatively. A regression model identified that age and body mass index influenced the correction of CA; ASIA classification influenced the correction of AVH. CONCLUSION: Posterior screw fixation allows for the restoration of spinal alignment, but this correction is less effective in elderly people and in patients with higher body mass index and higher degree of neurological injury.Level of Study: Level III.

Asthma management with breath-triggered inhalers: innovation through design.

BACKGROUND: Asthma affects the lives of hundred million people around the World. Despite notable progresses in disease management, asthma control remains largely insufficient worldwide, influencing patients' wellbeing and quality of life. Poor patient handling of inhaling devices has been identified as a major persistent problem that significantly reduces inhaled drugs' efficacy and is associated with poor adherence to treatment, impairing clinical results such as asthma control and increasing disease-related costs. We herein review key research and development (R&D) innovation in inhaler devices, highlighting major real-world critical errors in the handling and inhalation technique with current devices and considering potential solutions. Furthermore, we discuss current evidence regarding breath-triggered inhalers (BTI). MAIN BODY: The two most common significant problems with inhalers are coordinating actuation and inhalation with pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs), and the need to inhale forcibly with a dry powder inhaler. BTI R&D plans were designed to overcome these problems. Its newest device k-haler® has several other important features, generating a less forceful aerosol plume than previous pMDIs, with efficient drug delivery and lung deposition, even in patients with low inspiratory flow. The local and systemic bioavailability of fluticasone propionate and formoterol (FP/FORM) administered via k-haler® has been shown to be therapeutically equivalent when administered via the previous FP/FORM pMDI. This device requires very few steps and has been considered easy to use (even at first attempt) and preferred by the patients in a randomized crossover study. In our country, FP/FORM k-haler is available without additional costs compared to FP/FORM pMDI. All devices continue to require education and regular checking of the correct inhalation technique. CONCLUSION: BTI R&D can bring advantage over current available inhalers, avoiding the two most common identified critical errors in inhalation technique. K-haler® BTI is currently available, without an increased cost, and approved for adolescents and adults with asthma in whom treatment with inhaled combined therapy with long-acting beta2-agonists and corticosteroids is indicated. Its attractive and practical design to facilitate its use has been awarded. K-haler® represents added value through innovation to fulfill actual asthma patient needs, thus with potential relevant impact in asthma management and effective control.

Horner Syndrome After Anterior Revision Surgery for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: A Very Rare Complication: A Case Report.

CASE: We report a case of postoperative left-sided Horner syndrome (blepharoptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis) after revision surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. A C4 corpectomy and an anterior cervical fusion from C3 to C5 were performed through a left longitudinal approach in a patient with a surgical history of an anterior discectomy and a fusion from C5 to C6. One year after the revision surgery, the patient had recovered from the anhidrosis and the miosis, but the blepharoptosis was not fully resolved. CONCLUSION: Horner syndrome resulting from surgical injury to the ipsilateral cervical sympathetic chain is a very rare complication of anterior spine surgery that has been reported when the lower cervical levels have been approached. Awareness of this important cervical structure may help to avoid this complication.

The OXIMAPA Study: Hypertension Control by ABPM and Association with Sleep Apnea Syndrome by Pulse Oximetry.

INTRODUCTION: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring by automatic device is the best blood pressure evaluation method and sleep apnea syndrome is the leading cause of poor control. Oximetry allows screening these individuals but its usefulness has been poorly explored in Primary Health Care. The aim was to evaluate the blood pressure control at the office and with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring by automatic device and to relate it to sleep apnea syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We selected a sample of 50 participants, representative of 3036 hypertensive patients. The variables were: blood pressure value at the office and blood pressure with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring by automatic device; presence of criteria of sleep apnea syndrome in oximetry. RESULTS: The prevalence of uncontrolled blood pressure was 56% on office evaluation and 68% on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring by automatic device. It was found: 36% of daytime hypertension, 52% nocturnal hypertension, 40% non-dipper profile, 16% of white coat hypertension and 28% masked hypertension. The prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome was 16%. Blood pressure in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring by automatic device and blood pressure in office showed no statistically significant association (p = 0.761). We found a statistically significant association between sleep apnea syndrome and daytime hypertension (p = 0.019) and non-dipper profile (p = 0.005). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring by automatic device detected more 12% of uncontrolled hypertension than office blood pressure. Sleep apnea syndrome is strongly associated with uncontrolled hypertension and oximetry may be a good screening method, but should be studied further.

Introdução: A monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial é o melhor método de avaliação da pressão arterial e a síndrome da apneia do sono é a principal causa de mau controlo. A oximetria permite rastrear estes indivíduos mas a sua utilidade tem sido pouco explorada em Cuidados de Saúde Primários. O objectivo foi avaliar o controlo da pressão arterial no consultório e na monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial, e relacioná-la com a síndrome da apneia do sono. Material e Métodos: Selecionou-se uma amostra de 50 participantes, representativa de 3036 doentes hipertensos. As variáveis avaliadas foram: valor de pressão arterial no consultório e na monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial; presença de critérios de síndrome da apneia do sono na oximetria. Resultados: A prevalência de pressão arterial não controlada foi de 56% no consultório e 68% na monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial. Encontrou-se: 36% de hipertensão diurna, 52% de hipertensão nocturna, 40% de perfil não-dipper, 16% de hipertensão da bata-branca e 28% de hipertensão mascarada. A prevalência de síndrome da apneia do sono foi 16%. A pressão arterial no consultório e na monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial não mostrou associação estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,761). Encontrou-se uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre síndrome de apneia do sono e hipertensão diurna (p = 0,019) e perfil não-dipper (p = 0,005). Discussão e Conclusão: A monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial detetou mais 12% de casos de hipertensão não controlada do que o consultório. A síndrome da apneia do sono está fortemente associada a hipertensão não controlada e a oximetria pode ser um bom método de rastreio, mas deve ser mais estudada.

Methoxylated xanthones in the quality control of small centaury (Centaurium erythraea) flowering tops.

In the course of a phytochemical study of the bitter tonic plant, small centaury (Centaurium erythraea), six methoxylated xanthones (1,5-hydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone, 1-hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethoxyxanthone, 1-hydroxy-3,5,6,7-tetramethoxyxanthone, 1-hydroxy-3,5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyxanthone, 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone and 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5,6,7-tetramethoxyxanthone) were isolated and identified by spectroscopic means (nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and UV). Subsequently, a high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method was developed for the determination of these and other methoxylated xanthones occurring in the chloroform extract of small centaury aerial parts. The methodology developed was applied to twelve samples, and in all of them, nine xanthones were identified and quantified. This methodology can be considered complimentary to the one proposed by the European Pharmacopoeia.

Adult Wilms tumor during gestational period.

We present a case of a 17-year-old pregnant girl, with hematuria. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a solid left renal mass. The patient had a radical nephrectomy during the 20th week gestation and the diagnosis was nephroblastoma. She gave birth to a healthy child at term and refused adjuvant treatment. She is disease-free after 24 months of follow-up. Based on the excellent results achieved while treating children with Wilms' tumor using surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, adults with the same disease should be treated similarly. This treatment must be instituted early, even in pregnant women.

Artrodese Cervical C1-C2 pelas técnicas de Harms e Magerl / Harms and Magerl types of C1-C2 cervical artrodesis / Artrodesis cervical C1-C2 por las técnicas de Harms y Magerl

INTRODUÇÃO: A instabilidade atlantoaxial pode resultar em alterações neurológicas, dor e limitação da mobilidade cervical. É uma situação grave pelo risco de tetraparésia ou morte súbita. Na literatura estão descritas várias técnicas de estabilização cirúrgica C1-C2 e neste artigo foram comentadas com maior ênfase as técnicas de Harms e Magerl, as mais utilizadas em nossa instituição. OBJETIVO: Descrever a casuística das artrodeses atlantoaxiais realizadas nos últimos cinco anos no Centro Hospitalar do Porto, particularmente, taxa de consolidações, complicações observadas, reintervenções e comparação com os estudos publicados. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, com cinco anos, dos doentes submetidos a artrodese atlantoaxial no Centro Hospitalar do Porto. RESULTADOS: Foram operados 11 doentes no período do estudo, a maioria com instabilidade de causa traumática. O método de artrodese mais utilizado foi o descrito por Magerl. Não foram observadas lesões vasculares. Foram registradas complicações infecciosas em quatro doentes, sendo que essas infecções foram mais comuns em doentes com patologias inflamatórias de base. Obteve-se uma taxa de consolidação da artrodese de 100 por cento; não foram necessárias cirurgias de revisão. CONCLUSÃO: Em nossa série, as artrodeses posteriores pelas técnicas de Harms e de Magerl resultaram em um ótimo controle da instabilidade C1-C2. Doentes com indicação de artrodese por instabilidade reumática apresentaram alta taxa de complicações infecciosas.

INTRODUCTION: The atlantoaxial instability may result in neurological disorders, pain and limitation of neck mobility. It is associated with serious risks of quadriplegia or sudden death. There are several techniques of C1-C2 surgical stabilization described in literature, and the most commonly used in our department and emphasized in this article are those of Harms and Magerl. OBJECTIVE: To describe the cases of the atlantoaxial arthrodesis performed in the last five years at Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Portugal, regarding the rate of consolidation, observed complications, re-intervention and comparison with published studies. METHODS: A five years retrospective study of patients who underwent atlantoaxial arthrodesis at Centro Hospitalar do Porto. RESULTS: Eleven patients were operated during the study period, most of them with traumatic causes of instability. The most common used method of arthrodesis was described by Magerl. There were no vascular lesions. There were infectious complications in four patients, and these infections were more common in patients with inflammatory disease. We obtained a rate of arthrodesis consolidation of 100 percent; revision surgeries were not necessary. Conclusion: The Harms and Magerl techniques of atlantoaxial posterior arthrodesis resulted in excellent treatment for the control of C1-C2 instability in our series. Patients submitted to arthrodesis because of rheumatoid instability had a high rate of infectious complications.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la inestabilidad atlantoaxial puede resultar en alteraciones neurológicas, dolor y limitación de la movilidad cervical. Es una situación grave por el riesgo de tetraparesia o muerte súbita. En la literatura están descritas varias técnicas de estabilización quirúrgica C1-C2 y en este artículo serán comentadas con mayor énfasis las técnicas de Harms y Magerl, las más utilizadas en nuestra institución. OBJETIVO: describir la casuística de las artrodesis atlantoaxiales realizadas en los últimos cinco años del Centro Hospitalario del Porto, particularmente, la tasa de consolidaciones, complicaciones observadas, reintervenciones y comparación con los estudios publicados. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, con cinco años, de los pacientes sometidos a la artrodesis atlantoaxial en el Centro Hospitalario del Porto. RESULTADOS: fueron operados 11 pacientes en el periodo del estudio, la mayoría con inestabilidad de causa traumática. El método de la artrodesis más utilizado fue descrito por Magerl. No fueron observadas lesiones vasculares. Fueron registradas complicaciones infecciosas en cuatro pacientes, siendo que estas infecciones fueron más comunes en pacientes con patologías inflamatorias de base. Se obtuvo una tasa de consolidación de la artrodesis de 100 por ciento, no fueron necesarias cirugías de revisión. CONCLUSIÓN: en nuestra serie, las artrodesis posteriores por las técnicas de Harms y Magerl resultaron en un excelente control de la inestabilidad C1-C2. Pacientes con indicación de artrodesis por inestabilidad reumática presentaron una tasa alta de complicaciones infecciosas.

Estudo comparativo de técnicas de demonstraçao de amastigotas e isolamento de promastigotas no diagnóstico de leishmanione tegumentar americana

O PCR tem alta sensibilidade no diagnóstico da LTA, mas é caro e distante da prática. A cultura e o esfregaço são práticos, mas pouco sensíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os dois últimos métodos, buscando maior sensibilidade e menor custo.Foram comparados três meios de cultura no isolamento de leishmânia: Difco agar sangue + Schneider + soro bovino fetal (20 por cento); Difco agar sangue + Schneider + urina humana (2por cento); Schneider + urina humana (2por cento). Foram comparadas, também, duas técnicas de pesquisa de amastigotas: esfregaço realizado com biópsia, ou raspado através de palito (matchstick). Os índices de positividade e contaminação (29 a 33por cento e 8 a 11por cento, respectivamente, p>0.05) foram semelhantes na comparação dos cultivos. Os esfregaços com biópsia, ou palito também não tiveram diferenças significativas (14 e 19 por cento, respectivamente, p> 0,05). A Leishmania (Vianna) braziliensis predominou. No Brasil, a urina pode substituir o soro fetal bovino. Há vantagem na relação custo/benefício. A urina não tem custo enquanto 500ml de soro bovino fetal custa 185 dólares

Depressäo: a morbidade oculta em pacientes idosos cirúrgicos / Depression: the hidden comorbidity factor in elderly surgical patients

Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos, no paciente idoso hospitalizado para tratamento cirúrgico, e a associaçäo desses sintomas com as variáveis tempo de internaçäo, doença benigna ou maligna, dor e uso de medicaçäo. Material e métodos: Foram estudados 84 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 69,3 (+ ou - 7 anos), que haviam sido submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico, em 3 hospitais públicos do Distrito Federal, entre maio e julho de 1996. A pesquisa de sintomas depressivos foi realizada com a utilizaçäo da Escala de Depressäo Geriátrica; os dados complementares foram coletados nos prontuários dos participantes. Resultados: Os casos de depressäo mínima e moderada apresentaram prevalência de 37 por cento; os de depressäo grave, de 7 por cento. Nenhum dos pacientes havia sido diagnosticado ou estava em uso de antidepressivos. A ocorrência de depressäo näo esteve associada a dor, natureza da patologia ou uso de medicaçäo. A permanência hospitalar, quando superior a 5 dias, foi acompanhada de elevaçäo significativa dos casos de depressäo. Conclusäo: A depressäo, nos graus mínimo, moderado ou grave, é uma comorbidade frequente nos idosos internados para tratamento cirúrgico, principalmente naqueles com período maior de internaçäo. O näo reconhecimento dessa condiçäo e a consequente ausência de tratamento podem estar associados ao aumento da morbidade pós-operatória, dificultando a recuperaçäo funcional. Assim sendo, independentemente do resultado da cirurgia em si, o bem-estar e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes poderäo estar comprometidos