Social norms and social opportunities: a qualitative study of influences on tobacco use among urban adolescent girls in Ghana.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is a global public health threat and a leading preventable cause of death in the world. While cigarette use among youth has been decreasing in high-income countries, low- and middle-income countries have contrastingly high rates of adolescent smoking. In Ghana, smoking prevalence is lower than in other parts of the African continent and more common among men than women; however the gender gap in tobacco use among adolescents has narrowed, with shisha use among girls recently surpassing boys. These trends toward increased relative use among adolescent girls are a cause for concern and highlight the need for interventions to prevent and/or reduce tobacco use in this population. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews with girls aged 13-20 (n = 148) and their parents (n = 7) in Ghana's largest two cities - Accra and Kumasi, to explore the physical, social, and psychological context underlying smoking perceptions and behavior. RESULTS: We identified 11 key insights into influences on smoking behavior, organized into the broader themes of perceptions of smoking, environmental factors, and internal factors. Findings underscore that perceptions around smoking are very much driven by girls' social world, which is generally small and parent-centric for non-smokers at younger ages but can start to expand as girls get farther along in school or leave school entirely. After what may have been a sheltered adolescence, many older girls in Ghana look for ways to express their independence in decision-making and a few may use their developing agency to rationalize limited or infrequent tobacco use if they perceive the benefits to them outweigh the potential consequences. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight strong social influences on girls' perceptions, exposure to opportunities, and decision-making in ways that can often be protective against smoking, particularly at younger ages, but may also leave girls unprepared to manage challenging situations later in life. Understanding this context in Ghana will be important for any future programming aiming to prevent smoking initiation among adolescents.

Promoting respectful maternity care using a behavioral design approach in Zambia: results from a mixed-methods evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Respectful maternity care (RMC) has been elevated in the global discourse, however, instances of disrespect and abuse remain prevalent. While several studies have highlighted promising approaches to promote RMC, this body of literature is still limited and few approaches have been scaled outside the initial study sites. Building on formative research conducted through a behavioral science lens, we sought to develop and test evidence-based, low-cost solutions to promote RMC which would be well-positioned for scale-up. Our study highlights the effectiveness of the solution package on provider provision of respectful care and client satisfaction, as well as intermediary outcomes and behavioral mechanisms. METHODS: A quasi-experimental evaluation, informed by the behavioral design approach, was completed to test the effectiveness of a 5-component solution package in Chipata, Zambia. Quantitative surveys were collected from health facility providers and postpartum clients at baseline and endline in intervention and comparison facilities. Additional qualitative interviews were conducted with health facility providers and postpartum clients at endline. We also conducted interviews with health facility in-charges and observed labor and delivery practices at intervention facilities over the course of implementation. RESULTS: Evidence suggested that at endline, clients at implementation facilities were less likely to experience disrespect and abuse compared to clients at comparison facilities (ß = - 0.15 p = 0.01). Clients at intervention facilities were more likely to request pain management compared to clients at comparison facilities (ß = 0.33, p = 0.003). The solutions were simple for providers to implement and were easily integrated into existing services by providers during labor and delivery. Providers at intervention facilities also described the pain management toolkit as helpful in expanding the types of pain management techniques used during labor. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this small-scale study act as a proof of concept, demonstrating that the behavioral design approach can lead to solutions that show potential for impact. In other settings where providers face similar barriers to providing RMC, an adaptation of this solution package might lead to similarly positive results. Given the global scale of disrespectful care, these low-cost solutions hold promise for improving the quality of care women receive during labor and delivery.

Instances of disrespect and abuse during childbirth are prevalent around the world, particularly in low-resource settings. Few interventions have been designed and evaluated in these settings and even fewer in Southern Africa. This study aimed to understand the effects of a behaviorally informed intervention on the provision of respectful maternity care. We performed an evaluation of a health facility-based intervention, in Chipata District, Zambia. The study included quantitative and qualitative surveys with health care providers and women who recently delivered, as well as health facility observations and qualitative interviews with health facility supervisors. Our results show that clients who delivered at a facility where our intervention took place had a decreased likelihood of experiencing disrespect and abuse and an increased provision of pain management support. Our findings suggest that facility-based approaches informed by behavioral science have the potential to increase provision of respectful care and decrease the prevalence of mistreatment in low-resource settings. A large-scale evaluation of these interventions across settings could contribute valuable evidence around low-cost solutions to promote respectful maternity care.

Barriers inhibiting effective detection and management of postpartum hemorrhage during facility-based births in Madagascar: findings from a qualitative study using a behavioral science lens.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality in low-income countries, and is the most common direct cause of maternal deaths in Madagascar. Studies in Madagascar and other low-income countries observe low provider adherence to recommended practices for PPH prevention and treatment. Our study addresses gaps in the literature by applying a behavioral science lens to identify barriers inhibiting facility-based providers' consistent following of PPH best practices in Madagascar. METHODS: In June 2019, we undertook a cross-sectional qualitative research study in peri-urban and rural areas of the Vatovavy-Fitovinany region of Madagascar. We conducted 47 in-depth interviews in 19 facilities and five communities, with facility-based healthcare providers, postpartum women, medical supervisors, community health volunteers, and traditional birth attendants, and conducted thematic analysis of the transcripts. RESULTS: We identified seven key behavioral insights representing a range of factors that may contribute to delays in appropriate PPH management in these settings. Findings suggest providers' perceived low risk of PPH may influence their compliance with best practices, subconsciously or explicitly, and lead them to undervalue the importance of PPH prevention and monitoring measures. Providers lack clear feedback on specific components of their performance, which ultimately inhibits continuous improvement of compliance with best practices. Providers demonstrate great resourcefulness while operating in a challenging context with limited equipment, supplies, and support; however, overcoming these challenges remains their foremost concern. This response to chronic scarcity is cognitively taxing and may ultimately affect clinical decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals how perception of low risk of PPH, limited feedback on compliance with best practices and consequences of current practices, and a context of scarcity may negatively affect provider decision-making and clinical practices. Behaviorally informed interventions, designed for specific contexts that care providers operate in, can help improve quality of care and health outcomes for women in labor and childbirth.

Barriers to provision of respectful maternity care in Zambia: results from a qualitative study through the lens of behavioral science.

BACKGROUND: Recently, a growing body of literature has established that disrespect and abuse during delivery is prevalent around the world. This complex issue has not been well studied through the lens of behavioral science, which could shed light on the psychological dimensions of health worker behavior and how their micro-level context may be triggering abuse. Our research focuses on the behavioral drivers of disrespect and abuse in Zambia to develop solutions with health workers and women that improve the experience of care during delivery. METHODS: A qualitative study based on the behavioral design methodology was conducted in Chipata District, Eastern Province. Study participants included postpartum women, providers (staff who attend deliveries), supervisors and mentors, health volunteers, and birth companions. Observations were conducted of client-provider interactions on labor wards at two urban health centers and a district hospital. In-depth interviews were audio recorded and English interpretation from these recordings was transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis and findings were synthesized following the behavioral design methodology. RESULTS: Five key behavioral barriers were identified: 1) providers do not consider the decision to provide respectful care because they believe they are doing what they are expected to do, 2) providers do not consider the decision to provide respectful care explicitly since abuse and violence are normalized and therefore the default, 3) providers may decide that the costs of providing respectful care outweigh the gains, 4) providers believe they do not need to provide respectful care, and 5) providers may change their mind about the quality of care they will provide when they believe that disrespectful care will assist their clinical objectives. We identified features of providers' context - the environment in which they live and work, and their past experiences - which contribute to each barrier, including supervisory systems, visual cues, social constructs, clinical processes, and other features. CONCLUSIONS: Client experience of disrespectful care during labor and delivery in Chipata, Zambia is prevalent. Providers experience several behavioral barriers to providing respectful maternity care. Each of these barriers is triggered by one or more addressable features in a provider's environment. By applying the behavioral design methodology to the challenge of respectful maternity care, we have identified specific and concrete contextual cues that targeted solutions could address in order to facilitate respectful maternity care.

Harnessing the Power of Behavioral Science: An Implementation Pilot to Improve the Quality of Maternity Care in Rural Madagascar.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading direct cause of maternal deaths worldwide, and women in low-income countries are at particularly high risk of dying from PPH-related consequences. Most deaths can be avoided through consistent provider adherence to prevention protocols and timely, appropriate management, yet providers do not consistently adhere to these best practices. USING BEHAVIORAL DESIGN TO DEVELOP SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE PROVIDER CARE: We applied the behavioral design methodology to identify behavioral drivers, develop solutions, and build a program theory of change. Implementation research was conducted to understand the adoption, desirability, feasibility, and appropriateness of the solutions and explore suggestive findings related to impact. Data were collected through observation and in-depth interviews. Solutions developed included: (1) a timer to remind providers of the 1-minute window to administer oxytocin; (2) a glow-in-the-dark poster illustrating a simplified algorithm for PPH management; (3) badges to assign family members tasks to support providers during labor and delivery; and (4) a risk visualization exercise. Clinical mentors introduced the solutions during facility visits, and providers received orientation using videos. Solutions were piloted in 10 rural facilities in southeastern Madagascar during November-December 2020. RESULTS: Providers reported high adoption of the timers and task badges during routine deliveries. They remarked on the desirability and appropriateness of the timer, task badges, and algorithm poster, as well as the value of the cocreation process. Adoption of the timer solution shows promise in having a potential positive impact on increasing the awareness of and adherence to timely oxytocin administration. CONCLUSION: This work highlights the promise of applying behavioral science to identify underlying drivers of gaps in clinical practice and to develop innovative and desirable solutions to address them.

Behavioural barriers and perceived trade-offs to care-seeking for tuberculosis in the Philippines.

Effective tuberculosis (TB) treatment has existed for more than 50 years, but TB remains a leading cause of death worldwide and in the Philippines, in part because symptomatic individuals delay or avoid seeking care. Through qualitative interviews in Pampanga, Philippines, we investigated barriers to care-seeking using a behavioural science lens. We found barriers to TB care-seeking to be shaped by: (1) ambiguous symptoms; (2) association of TB risk with lifestyle and habits; (3) expectations of stigma, discrimination, and isolation; (4) short-term costs and long-term financial burden of TB; and (5) visibility of care in public sector facilities. Findings suggest that these barriers are deeply intertwined and that, typically, it is a combination of barriers that holds back a particular symptomatic individual from seeking care, as the barriers influence implicit trade-offs related to health, social, and financial consequences of having TB or another serious illness and of seeking care or not seeking care. The findings suggest avenues for more effectively reaching those with symptoms and their family members to encourage care-seeking by elevating the perceived benefits and putting perceived costs in proper perspective.

Promoting sustained diabetes management: Identifying challenges and opportunities in developing an alumni peer support component of the YMCA Diabetes Control Program.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the perspectives of coaches and participant alumni of the YMCA Diabetes Control Program (DCP) to inform the development of a peer support component of the DCP for sustained diabetes self-management. METHODS: Coaches (n = 2) and alumni (n = 38) participated in semi-structured interviews and focus groups regarding their experiences with the DCP and anticipated challenges and strengths of incorporating alumni peer support into the program. Transcripts were analyzed using content analysis to identify topics related to peer support. RESULTS: Six topics emerged related to strengths and weaknesses of the coach and peer roles, including how those roles influenced motivation and accountability in self-management. Both roles provide encouragement for sustained behavior change, particularly in the face of setbacks. Interest in becoming an alumni peer supporter was strongly related to a sense of reciprocity and potential for mutual benefit, while concerns centered on unclear expectations and a desire for formal training. CONCLUSION: Program alumni saw value in continued formal contact not only with their coaches, but with fellow peers, as part of their sustained diabetes self-management and anticipated reciprocal benefits. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Findings illustrate opportunities for, and the value of, incorporating alumni peer support into hierarchical coach-led diabetes self-management programs.

Engaging Underserved Community Members in Diabetes Self-Management: Evidence From the YMCA of Greater Richmond Diabetes Control Program.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing participant engagement in a community-based diabetes self-management program (DSMP), with a focus on the needs of underserved groups (eg, racial/ethnic minorities, low income). METHODS: Focus groups were conducted with participants (n = 22) from the YMCA of Greater Richmond's Diabetes Control Program, who were recruited using a purposeful sampling frame to capture a range of experiences. In-depth interviews were conducted with lay health coaches (n = 3). The RADaR qualitative analysis technique was used to identify themes related to factors across the continuum of engagement. RESULTS: Fear affected program enrollment and retention in complex ways. Peers and coaches were important for social support and accountability. The length of the program (12 weeks), accessible information, practical skill building, and emphasis on making small, feasible improvements in pursuit of larger goals were identified as critical for engagement and improving diabetes self-management. Health and outside obligations were the major barriers to program attendance. CONCLUSIONS: Participant and coach perspectives provide important insight into existing strengths of community-based DSMPs that can be expanded on to promote engagement as well as potential opportunities for improvement. Actionable recommendations for increasing engagement of underserved groups in community-based DSMPs are provided.

Relationship of opioid analgesic protocols to assessed pain and length of stay in the pediatric postanesthesia unit following tonsillectomy.

After tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children, postoperative pain management is an essential, yet often challenging, task. In addition to discomfort, lack of pain management can lead to delays in oral intake of patients, resulting in extended stays and increased costs. At one North Texas pediatric facility, postoperative coblation tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy pain management orders include the as-needed use of both intravenous fentanyl and intravenous morphine. Both drugs are effective and both have potential side effects that might prolong the recovery period. Nurses in the postanesthesia care unit retrospectively compared a fentanyl and morphine regimen with a morphine-only regimen to determine whether either protocol made a difference in length-of-stay or pain relief. Analysis of available data revealed no statistically significant differences in length of stay between the groups and trivial differences thought to be clinically irrelevant on other variables.

Successfully Managing Diabetes in a Community Setting: Evidence From the YMCA of Greater Richmond Diabetes Control Program.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe how a community-academic partnership developed and implemented a shared goal of evaluating the impact of a large community-based diabetes self-management program on diabetes care and mental health outcomes. Methods Data came from the YMCA of Greater Richmond Diabetes Control Program (DCP), a 12-week, group-format self-management program led by lay health coaches. Adults with type 2 diabetes (N = 312) completed baseline assessments of sociodemographic characteristics, diabetes history, and mental health. Four outcomes were assessed pre- and post-DCP on 141 participants who completed the program: hemoglobin A1C (A1C), weight, depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-8), and glucose monitoring. The team worked with a Community Advisory Board throughout the research process. Results The DCP had wide geographic reach, including lower-income neighborhoods. The average age of the participants was 53.9 years, 71.4% were female, and 69% were African American. During the DCP, A1C declined from 8.4% to 7.6% (P < .001), but weight was unchanged (229.2 vs 227.9, P < .282). During the DCP, the proportion of participants with clinically significant depressive symptoms declined from 32.4% to 15.5% (P < .001), and frequency of glucose monitoring significantly increased. Conclusions The YMCA of Greater Richmond DCP has wide reach into underserved populations throughout the metropolitan area. This program is effective at improving diabetes self-management and mental health. Findings have implications for supporting academic-community partnerships to address diabetes disparities.

Relationship of dysfunctional sport fandom with dislike for rivals in a sample of college students.

The relationships among sport-fandom dysfunctionality (tendencies toward complaining and confrontation as assessed via the Dysfunctional Sport Fandom Scale) and items assessing team identification (assessed via the Sport Spectator Identification Scale) were examined with 87 college students (24 men, 63 women, M age=20.2 yr.). Although positive associations of dysfunction and identification were found, contrary to expectations, the relationship between dysfunction and dislike for rivals was not particularly strong.

Case report: Abortion and disseminated infection by Coccidioides posadasii in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) fetus in Southern California.

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease affecting humans and other mammals caused by the soil-dwelling fungi Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii. Abortion due to Coccidioides spp. infection is rare in domestic animals and transplacental transmission is considered uncommon in women. This report describes a case of placental-fetal infection and abortion in an alpaca with disseminated C. posadasii infection. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing were used to confirm the etiology, C. posadasii, in fetal tissues.

Primary care physicians perceptions and practices regarding fall prevention in adult's 65 years and over.

BACKGROUND: Falls are the leading cause of injury deaths and the most common cause of disability, premature nursing home admissions, medical costs, and hospitalizations among people 65 years and over. Interventions targeting multiple fall risk factors can reduce fall rates by 30-40%. Yet, national studies show that screening conducted by physicians for older adult falls is short of acceptable standards. Tri-County Health Department (TCHD) in Colorado conducted a study to examine fall prevention practices among primary care physicians in our jurisdiction. METHODS: TCHD randomly sampled primary care physicians (n=100) obtained from a statewide healthcare provider database and surveyed them about fall prevention screening practices and perceived barriers to screening. Data were examined using single and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The response rate was 67.6%. Only 8% of responding physicians based their fall prevention practices on clinical guidelines from any recognized organizations. Frequently reported barriers included a lack of time during visits, more pressing issues, and a lack of educational materials. Physicians who did not accept Medicare (OR 0.163 [CI 0.03-0.84]) remained significantly less likely to refer patients for home safety assessments than those who did, on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals certain physicians require targeted interventions to improve fall prevention practices and use of clinical guidelines. Recommendations include providing physicians with trainings, screening guides, educational materials, environmental/home safety checklists, and referral resources.

Relation of adipose tissue to metabolic flexibility.

Metabolic flexibility is the capacity for skeletal muscle to shift reliance between lipids and glucose during fasting or in response to insulin. We hypothesized that body fat, adipose tissue characteristics, e.g. larger adipocytes, presence of inflammatory gene markers and impaired suppression of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) during insulin infusion might be related to metabolic flexibility. We measured changes in respiratory quotient (DeltaRQ) before and during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in healthy young males. Body fat by DXA, laboratory measurements, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies and fat cell size (FCS) were obtained after an overnight fast. Gene expression for 17 adipose tissue genes related to lipid synthesis, uptake, oxidation and storage, lipolysis and inflammation were measured. Reduced metabolic flexibility was associated with higher body fat, larger FCS and impaired insulin suppression of NEFAs. Metabolic flexibility was associated with higher serum adiponectin levels. Lower adipose tissue gene expression for inflammation markers was associated with greater NEFA suppression by insulin and metabolic flexibility. Combined, these results indicate that body fat, larger adipocytes, failure of insulin to suppress NEFAs, decreased adiponectin levels and inflammation markers in adipose tissue are associated with decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and oxidation, which is an important component of reduced metabolic flexibility.

The effect of beta-adrenergic and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma stimulation on target genes related to lipid metabolism in human subcutaneous adipose tissue.

OBJECTIVE: The sympathetic nervous system and thiazolidinediones control lipid metabolism and have been implicated in body weight regulation. This study was conducted to determine whether the simultaneous activation of these two signaling systems might synergize to exert beneficial effects on the expression of key genes involved in lipid metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in subcutaneous fat in nondiabetic subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 57 women and men were randomized into four groups: 1) placebo/placebo (PP), 2) ephedrine HCl (25 mg, 3 times daily) plus caffeine (200 mg, 3 times daily)/placebo (ECP), 3) placebo/pioglitazone (45 mg) (PPio), and 4) ephedrine plus caffeine/pioglitazone (ECPio) for 16 weeks. Adipose tissue samples were obtained after 12 weeks of treatment to determine gene expression. RESULTS: Body fat decreased by 6.0 and 4.6% in the ECP and ECPio groups, respectively, while remaining unchanged in the PPio and PP groups. Triglyceride levels decreased by -7.7, -24, -15.2, and -41 mg/dl after 16 weeks treatment in the PP, PPio, ECP, and ECPio groups, respectively. This indicates that pioglitazone groups with or without EC (ephedrine HCl plus caffeine) decreased triglycerides, and EC groups with or without pioglitazone decreased body weight. The mRNA for sirtuin 1 and CD36 increased only in the ECPio group. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase, and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase increased with PPio and ECPio. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase decreased with ECP. CONCLUSIONS: Combined activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and beta-adrenergic receptors has beneficial effects on body weight, plasma triglycerides, and lipid metabolism in subcutaneous fat by increasing the expression of genes required for fatty acid catabolism.