Self-Powered Sensing in Wearable Electronics─A Paradigm Shift Technology.

With the advancements in materials science and micro/nanoengineering, the field of wearable electronics has experienced a rapid growth and significantly impacted and transformed various aspects of daily human life. These devices enable individuals to conveniently access health assessments without visiting hospitals and provide continuous, detailed monitoring to create comprehensive health data sets for physicians to analyze and diagnose. Nonetheless, several challenges continue to hinder the practical application of wearable electronics, such as skin compliance, biocompatibility, stability, and power supply. In this review, we address the power supply issue and examine recent innovative self-powered technologies for wearable electronics. Specifically, we explore self-powered sensors and self-powered systems, the two primary strategies employed in this field. The former emphasizes the integration of nanogenerator devices as sensing units, thereby reducing overall system power consumption, while the latter focuses on utilizing nanogenerator devices as power sources to drive the entire sensing system. Finally, we present the future challenges and perspectives for self-powered wearable electronics.

Regulating Second Coordination Shell of Ce Atom Site and Reshaping of Carrier Enable Single-Atom Nanozyme to Efficiently Express Oxidase-like Activity.

Single-atom nanozymes (SANs) are considered to be ideal substitutes for natural enzymes due to their high atom utilization. This work reported a strategy to manipulate the second coordination shell of the Ce atom and reshape the carbon carrier to improve the oxidase-like activity of SANs. Internally, S atoms were symmetrically embedded into the second coordination layer to form a Ce-N4S2-C structure, which reduced the energy barrier for O2 reduction, promoted the electron transfer from the Ce atom to O atoms, and enhanced the interaction between the d orbital of the Ce atom and p orbital of O atoms. Externally, in situ polymerization of mussel-inspired polydopamine on the precursor helps capture metal sources and protects the 3D structure of the carrier during pyrolysis. On the other hand, polyethylene glycol (PEG) modulated the interface of the material to enhance water dispersion and mass transfer efficiency. As a proof of concept, the constructed PEG@P@Ce-N/S-C was applied to the multimodal assay of butyrylcholinesterase activity.

Unconstrained Piezoelectric Vascular Electronics for Wireless Monitoring of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Health.

The patient-centered healthcare requires timely disease diagnosis and prognostic assessment, calling for individualized physiological monitoring. To assess the postoperative hemodynamic status of patients, implantable blood flow monitoring devices are highly expected to deliver real time, long-term, sensitive, and reliable hemodynamic signals, which can accurately reflect multiple physiological conditions. Herein, an implantable and unconstrained vascular electronic system based on a piezoelectric sensor immobilized is presented by a "growable" sheath around continuously growing arterial vessels for real-timely and wirelessly monitoring of hemodynamics. The piezoelectric sensor made of circumferentially aligned polyvinylidene fluoride nanofibers around pulsating artery can sensitively perceive mechanical signals, and the growable sheath bioinspired by the structure and function of leaf sheath has elasticity and conformal shape adaptive to the dynamically growing arterial vessels to avoid growth constriction. With this integrated and smart design, long-term, wireless, and sensitive monitoring of hemodynamics are achieved and demonstrated in rats and rabbits. It provides a simple and versatile strategy for designing implantable sensors in a less invasive way.

Sustainable paper electronics and neuromorphic paper chip.

Paper electronics have received a lot of attention due to their special properties of mechanical flexibility/foldability, sustainability, biodegradability, light weight, and low cost. It provides a superb on-chip prototype with simple modular design and feasible energy-autonomous features, which can surpass the problems of inconvenience and possible pollution caused by conventional power sources by integrating different functional modules. Commonly, the sustainable operation of integrated paper electronics can be guaranteed by the basic components, including energy-harvesting devices, energy-storage devices, and low-power-consuming functional circuits/devices. Furthermore, sustainable paper electronics are possible to be further extended to develop energy-efficient neuromorphic paper chip by utilizing cutting-edge neuromorphic components based on traditional paper-based transistors, memories, and logic gates toward potential in-memory computing applications. The working process of the sustainable paper electronics implies an energy cycling of surrounding energy conversion, electrochemical energy storage, and energy utilization in functional circuits (in the form of photonic, thermal, electromagnetic, or mechanical energy). Sustainable paper electronics provide a promising path for achieving efficient, cost-effective, and customizable integrated electronics and self-powered systems with complementary features.

Biocompatible Fluorescent Biosensor Reveals the Level and Distribution of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Signals in Plants.

To fully understand the function of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in regulating plant growth and development, we need to monitor their levels and distribution with high spatial and temporal resolution. In this work, an anthracene-based fluorescent biosensor for IAA was prepared using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a bio-template. The single linear oxygen (1O2) specifically produced by IAA catalyzed with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) turns on the fluorescence of the probe, enabling specific trace sensing of IAA in the presence of multiple structural analogues. The presence of the bio-template BSA extends the biocompatibility of the probe, enabling visual monitoring of the level and distribution signal of endogenous IAA of plants in the field of bioimaging. In addition, the strategy has shown potential for application in portable paper-based sensors and in vivo fluorescent flower culture. This work provides a technical and theoretical basis for exploring the growth regulatory mechanisms of IAA in plants at the molecular level.

Emerging MXene-Based Flexible Tactile Sensors for Health Monitoring and Haptic Perception.

Due to their potential applications in physiological monitoring, diagnosis, human prosthetics, haptic perception, and human-machine interaction, flexible tactile sensors have attracted wide research interest in recent years. Thanks to the advances in material engineering, high performance flexible tactile sensors have been obtained. Among the representative pressure sensing materials, 2D layered nanomaterials have many properties that are superior to those of bulk nanomaterials and are more suitable for high performance flexible sensors. As a class of 2D inorganic compounds in materials science, MXene has excellent electrical, mechanical, and biological compatibility. MXene-based composites have proven to be promising candidates for flexible tactile sensors due to their excellent stretchability and metallic conductivity. Therefore, great efforts have been devoted to the development of MXene-based composites for flexible sensor applications. In this paper, the controllable preparation and characterization of MXene are introduced. Then, the recent progresses on fabrication strategies, operating mechanisms, and device performance of MXene composite-based flexible tactile sensors, including flexible piezoresistive sensors, capacitive sensors, piezoelectric sensors, triboelectric sensors are reviewed. After that, the applications of MXene material-based flexible electronics in human motion monitoring, healthcare, prosthetics, and artificial intelligence are discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for MXene-based tactile sensors are summarized.

Recent Progress in Self-Powered Wireless Sensors and Systems Based on TENG.

With the development of 5G, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, diversified sensors (such as the signal acquisition module) have become more and more important in people's daily life. According to the extensive use of various distributed wireless sensors, powering them has become a big problem. Among all the powering methods, the self-powered sensor system based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) has shown its superiority. This review focuses on four major application areas of wireless sensors based on TENG, including environmental monitoring, human monitoring, industrial production, and daily life. The perspectives and outlook of the future development of self-powered wireless sensors are discussed.

Conjugated Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Pressure Sensors.

Flexible sensors are the essential foundations of pressure sensing, microcomputer sensing systems, and wearable devices. The flexible tactile sensor can sense stimuli by converting external forces into electrical signals. The electrical signals are transmitted to a computer processing system for analysis, realizing real-time health monitoring and human motion detection. According to the working mechanism, tactile sensors are mainly divided into four types-piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric tactile sensors. Conventional silicon-based tactile sensors are often inadequate for flexible electronics due to their limited mechanical flexibility. In comparison, polymeric nanocomposites are flexible and stretchable, which makes them excellent candidates for flexible and wearable tactile sensors. Among the promising polymers, conjugated polymers (CPs), due to their unique chemical structures and electronic properties that contribute to their high electrical and mechanical conductivity, show great potential for flexible sensors and wearable devices. In this paper, we first introduce the parameters of pressure sensors. Then, we describe the operating principles of resistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric sensors, and review the pressure sensors based on conjugated polymer nanocomposites that were reported in recent years. After that, we introduce the performance characteristics of flexible sensors, regarding their applications in healthcare, human motion monitoring, electronic skin, wearable devices, and artificial intelligence. In addition, we summarize and compare the performances of conjugated polymer nanocomposite-based pressure sensors that were reported in recent years. Finally, we summarize the challenges and future directions of conjugated polymer nanocomposite-based sensors.

Biocompatible Abscisic Acid-Sensing Supramolecular Hybridization Probe for Spatiotemporal Fluorescence Imaging in Plant Tissues.

Achieving detection of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is of critical importance for understanding plant growth and development. We report a hybrid supramolecular fluorescent probe that uses bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a host. Aggregation-induced emission of fluorescent chromophores (AIEgens) enables luminescence in the presence of BSA. ABA and its aptamer act as a switch to trigger this fluorescent system, the strategy that exhibits high sensitivity to abscisic acid with a detection limit of 0.098 nM. The probe test strip also enables visualization of ABA content from plants by colorimetric observation with the naked eye. In particular, the high biocompatibility and small molecular size of the prepared fluorescent probe allow for effective monitoring of ABA in plant tissues by fluorescence imaging. This strategy provides a new perspective to achieve the detection of endogenous and exogenous ABA in plants and has important implications for plant biology research.

The Stabilizing Effect of Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Foamed Concrete.

Foam concrete is widely used for its excellent properties, such as light weight, heat insulation, fire resistance, and sound insulation. The stability of foam is the main factor that affects the mechanical performance of foam concrete. The experiments are designed from two perspectives: the foam's stability performance and the foam concrete's modification effect. The effects on foam volume, foam half-life, foam bleeding rate, and foam pore size were investigated based on different concentrations of foam stabilizer CMC (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%). A combination of macroscopic testing and microscopic analysis, a comparative study of dry density, water absorption test, mechanical property test, and pore structure analysis were conducted after using the modified foam for foam concrete. It is shown that the addition of CMC has an enhanced effect on foam stability. Foaming volume, water secretion rate, and average pore size showed a decreasing trend with the increase of CMC admixture, while the foam half-life displayed an increasing trend. In addition, adding CMC reduces the dry density and improves water absorption and compressive strength. The pore structure development of foam concrete has a noticeable improvement effect, and the optimal amount of admixture is 0.4%. Research results provide a reference for applying thickening foam stabilizer CMC in foam concrete.

Hierarchical Architectures Based on Ru Nanoparticles/Oxygen-Rich-Carbon Nanotubes for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution.

Highly active and durable electrocatalysts are essential for producing hydrogen fuel through the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Here, a uniform deposition of Ru nanoparticles strongly interacting with oxygen-rich carbon nanotube architectures (Ru-OCNT) through ozonation and hydrothermal approaches has been designed. The hierarchical structure of Ru-OCNT is made by self-assembly of oxygen functionalities of OCNT. Ru nanoparticles interact strongly with OCNT at the Ru/OCNT interface to give excellent catalytic activity and stability of the Ru-OCNT, as further confirmed by density functional theory. Owing to the hierarchical structure and adjusted surface chemistry, Ru-OCNT has an overpotential of 34 mV at 10 mA cm-2 with a Tafel slope of 27.8 mV dec-1 in 1 M KOH, and an overpotential of 55 mV with Tafel slope of 33 mV dec-1 in 0.5 M H2 SO4 . The smaller Tafel slope of Ru-OCNT than Ru-CNT and commercial Pt/C in both alkaline and acidic electrolytes indicates high catalytic activity and fast charge transfer kinetics. The as-proposed chemistry provides the rational design of hierarchically structured CNT/nanoparticle electrocatalysts for HER to produce hydrogen fuel.

Highly Stable Vanadium Redox-Flow Battery Assisted by Redox-Mediated Catalysis.

With good operation flexibility and scalability, vanadium redox-flow batteries (VRBs) stand out from various electrochemical energy storage (EES) technologies. However, traditional electrodes in VRBs, such as carbon and graphite felt with low electrochemical activities, impede the interfacial charge transfer processes and generate considerable overpotential loss, which significantly decrease the energy and voltage efficiencies of VRBs. Herein, by using a facile electrodeposition technique, Prussian blue/carbon felt (PB/CF) composite electrodes with high electrochemical activity for VRBs are successfully fabricated. The PB/CF electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical activity toward VO2+ /VO2 + redox couple in VRB with an average cell voltage efficiency (VE) of 90% and an energy efficiency (EE) of 88% at 100 mA cm-2 . In addition, due to the uniformly distributed PB particles that are strongly bound to the surface of carbon fibers in CF, VRBs with the PB/CF electrodes show much better long-term stabilities compared with the pristine CF-based battery due to the redox-mediated catalysis. A VRB stack consisting of three single cells (16 cm2 ) is also constructed to assess the reliability of the redox-mediated PB/CF electrodes for large-scale application. The facile technique for the high-performance electrode with redox-mediated reaction is expected to shed new light on commercial electrode design for VRBs.

Dual-Gated Transistor Platform for On-Site Detection of Lead Ions at Trace Levels.

On-site monitoring of heavy metals in drinking water has become crucial because of several high profile instances of contamination. Presently, reliable techniques for trace level heavy metal detection are mostly laboratory based, while the detection limits of contemporary field-based methods are barely meeting the exposure limits set by regulatory bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO). Here, we show an on-site deployable, Pb2+ sensor on a dual-gated transistor platform whose lower detection limit is 2 orders of magnitude better than the traditional sensor and 1 order of magnitude lower than the exposure limit set by WHO. The enhanced sensitivity of our design is verified by numerically solving PNP (Planck-Nernst-Poisson) model. We demonstrate that the enhanced sensitivity is due to the suppression of ionic flux. The simplicity and the robustness of the design make it applicable for on-site screening, thereby facilitating rapid response to contamination events.

Hybrid Flexible Resistive Random Access Memory-Gated Transistor for Novel Nonvolatile Data Storage.

Here, a single-device demonstration of novel hybrid architecture is reported to achieve programmable transistor nodes which have analogies to flash memory by incorporating a resistive switching random access memory (RRAM) device as a resistive switch gate for field effect transistor (FET) on a flexible substrate. A high performance flexible RRAM with a three-layered structure is fabricated by utilizing solution-processed MoS2 nanosheets sandwiched between poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer layers. Gate coupling with the pentacene-based transistor can be controlled by the RRAM memory state to produce a nonprogrammed state (inactive) and a programmed state (active) with a well-defined memory window. Compared to the reference flash memory device based on the MoS2 floating gate, the hybrid device presents robust access speed and retention ability. Furthermore, the hybrid RRAM-gated FET is used to build an integrated logic circuit and a wide logic window in inverter logic is achieved. The controllable, well-defined memory window, long retention time, and fast access speed of this novel hybrid device may open up new possibilities of realizing fully functional nonvolatile memory for high-performance flexible electronics.

Intrinsic Ge nanowire nonvolatile memory based on a simple core-shell structure.

Intrinsic Ge nanowires (NWs) with a Ge core covered by a thick Ge oxide shell are utilized to achieve nanoscale field-effect transistor nonvolatile memories, which show a large memory window and a high ON/OFF ratio with good retention. The retainable surface charge trapping is considered to be responsible for the memory effect, and the Ge oxide shell plays a key role as the insulating tunneling dielectric which must be thick enough to prevent stored surface charges from leaking out. Annealing the device in air is demonstrated to be a simple and effective way to attain thick Ge oxide on the Ge NW surface, and the Ge-NW-based memory corresponding to thick Ge oxide exhibits a much better retention capability compared with the case of thin Ge oxide.

LRRC59 promotes the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma by interacting with SRP pathway components and enhancing the secretion of CKAP4-containing exosomes.

Background: As a ribosome receptor, LRRC59 was thought to regulate mRNA translation on the ER membrane. Evidence suggests that LRRC59 is overexpressed in a number of human malignancies and is associated with poor prognoses, but its primary biological function in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains obscure. Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate at the expression changes and functional role of LRRC59 in OSCC. Methods: LRRC59 gene expression and correlation with prognosis of OSCC patients were first examined using the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Following that, a series of functional experiments, including cell counting kit-8, cell cycle analysis, wound healing assays, and transwell assays, were carried out to analyze the biological roles of LRRC59 in tumor cells. Mechanistically, we employed Tandem Affinity Purification-Mass Spectrometry (TAP-MS) approach to isolate and identify protein complexes of LRRC59. Downstream regulatory proteins of LRRC59 were verified through immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments. Furthermore, we isolated exosomes from OSCC cell supernatant and conducted co-culture experiments to examine the effect of LRRC59 knockdown on OSCC cells. Results: In samples from OSCC patients, LRRC59 was highly expressed and correlated with poor prognoses. Moreover, the gene sets analysis based on TCGA RNA-seq data indicated that LRRC59 seemed to be strongly related with protein secretory and OSCC migration. Upregulated levels of LRRC59 are more prone to lymph node metastasis in OSCC patients. LRRC59 knockdown impaired the ability of OSCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion invitro. Mechanistically, our TAP-MS data situate LRRC59 in a functional nexus for mRNA translation regulation via interactions with SRP pathway components, translational initiation factors, CRD-mediated mRNA stabilization factors. More importantly, we found that LRRC59 interacted with cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4) and promoted the formation of CKAP4-containing exosomes. We also revealed that the LRRC59-CKAP4 axis was a crucial regulator of CKAP4-containing exosome secretion in OSCC cells for migration and invasion. Conclusions: Therefore, based on our findings, LRRC59 may serve as a potential biomarker for OSCC patients, and LRRC59-induced exosome secretion via the CKAP4 axis may serve as a potential therapeutic target for OSCC.

Rational Biomimetic Construction of Lignin-based Carbon Nanozyme for Identification of Uric Acid in Human Urine.

Nanozymes have made remarkable progress in the field of sensing assays by replacing native enzyme functions. However, it is still a challenge to rationally design active centers from molecular structure to enhance the catalytic performance and develop low-cost nanozymes. In this work, guided by the catalytic site of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), iron source and histidine were coupled to the main chain of aminated sodium lignosulfonate (SL) through the self-assembly biomimetic strategy to construct His-SL-Fe with peroxidase activity. The inherent functional groups and basic framework of aminated SL provide a robust environment and promote the formation of active sites. His-SL-Fe shows excellent robustness over multiple test cycles and has a strong affinity for the substrate compared to HRP. His-SL-Fe had been effectively integrated in the sensing system for catalytic detection of uric acid (UA) to achieve accurate recognition of UA in the range of 0.5-100 µM with the limit of detection as low as 0.18 µM. The recovery of human urine samples is in the range of 96.8%-106.1 % and the error is within 4 %. This work not only provides a new approach for the directed design of high-performance nanozymes, but also demonstrates promising ideas for the refined application of biomass resources.

Recent Advances in Self-Powered Tactile Sensing for Wearable Electronics.

With the arrival of the Internet of Things era, the demand for tactile sensors continues to grow. However, traditional sensors mostly require an external power supply to meet real-time monitoring, which brings many drawbacks such as short service life, environmental pollution, and difficulty in replacement, which greatly limits their practical applications. Therefore, the development of a passive self-power supply of tactile sensors has become a research hotspot in academia and the industry. In this review, the development of self-powered tactile sensors in the past several years is introduced and discussed. First, the sensing principle of self-powered tactile sensors is introduced. After that, the main performance parameters of the tactile sensors are briefly discussed. Finally, the potential application prospects of the tactile sensors are discussed in detail.

Dual-functionalization of fluorescent carbon dots via cyclodextrin and aminosilane for visual detection of ß-glucuronidase and bioimaging.

A sensitive method for the detection of ß-glucuronidase was established using functionalized carbon dots (ß-CD-SiCDs) as fluorescent probes. The ß-CD-SiCDs were found to be obtained through in situ autopolymerization by mixing the solutions of methyldopa, mono-6-ethylenediamine-ß-cyclodextrin and N-(ß-aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane at room temperature. The method has the characteristics of low energy consumption, simple and rapid. ß-CD-SiCDs exhibited green fluorescence at 515 nm emission with a quantum yield of 7.9 %. 4-nitrophenyl-ß-D-glucuronide was introduced as a substrate for ß-glucuronidase to generate p-nitrophenol. Subsequently, p-nitrophenol self-assembled with ß-CD-SiCDs through host-guest recognition to form a stable inclusion complex, resulting in the fluorescence quenching of ß-CD-SiCDs. The linear range of ß-CD-SiCDs for detecting ß-glucuronidase activity was 0.5-60 U L-1 with a detection limit of 0.14 U L-1. For on-site detection, gel reagents were prepared by a simple method and the images were visualized and quantified by taking advantage of smartphones, avoiding the use of large instrumentation. The constructed fluorescence sensing platform has the benefits of easy operation and time saving, and has been successfully used for the detection of ß-glucuronidase activity in serum and cell imaging.

A sensitive coumarin fluorescence sensor designed for isoprene detection and imaging research in plants.

The release of isoprene by plants is considered to be an adaptation to the environment. Herein, a highly selective coumarin fluorescent probe (DMIC) was designed for detecting isoprene. When isoprene came into contact with the maleimide of DMIC, an electrophilic addition process took place. The powerful push-pull effect of DMIC was disrupted. Simultaneously, intramolecular charge transfer was initiated. This enabled DMIC to achieve rapid detection of isoprene within 5 min. Furthermore, excellent linearity was observed in the concentration range of 1-560 ppm (R2 = 0.996). A limit of detection is 1.6 ppm. DMIC was applied to in vitro studies of plant release of liberated isoprene. By monitoring the release of isoprene from different tree species throughout the day, the dynamics of isoprene release from plants throughout the day have been successfully revealed. In addition, the release of isoprene varied considerably among different tree species. In particular, the biocompatibility of DMIC allowed for the in vivo detection of isoprene using fluorescence imaging. The results successfully revealed the dynamics of isoprene release in plants under stress. The amount of isoprene that a plant produced increased with the severity of the stress it experienced. This suggested that the level of isoprene content in plants could be used as a preliminary indicator of the physiological health status of plants. This research demonstrates great potential for clarifying signal transduction in biological systems. It provided ideas for further understanding the biology of isoprene.