RESUMEN
The ectodomains of numerous proteins are released from cells by proteolysis to yield soluble intercellular regulators. The responsible protease, tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), has been identified only in the case when tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) is released. Analyses of cells lacking this metalloproteinase-disintegrin revealed an expanded role for TACE in the processing of other cell surface proteins, including a TNF receptor, the L-selectin adhesion molecule, and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFalpha). The phenotype of mice lacking TACE suggests an essential role for soluble TGFalpha in normal development and emphasizes the importance of protein ectodomain shedding in vivo.
Asunto(s)
Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Desarrollo Embrionario y Fetal , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Metaloendopeptidasas/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Proteínas ADAM , Proteína ADAM17 , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Dominio Catalítico , Células Cultivadas , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Selectina L/metabolismo , Ligandos , Metaloendopeptidasas/química , Metaloendopeptidasas/genética , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutación , Fenotipo , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional , Receptores del Factor de Necrosis Tumoral/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Yeast glycogen metabolism responds to environmental stressors such as nutrient limitation and heat shock. This response is mediated, in part, by the regulation of the glycogen metabolic genes. Environmental stressors induce a number of glycogen metabolic genes, including GPH1, which encodes glycogen phosphorylase. Primer extension analysis detected two start sites for GPH1, one of which predominated. Sequences upstream of these sites included a possible TATA element. Mutation of this sequence reduced GPH1 expression by a factor of 10 but did not affect start site selection. This mutation also did not affect the relative induction of GPH1 upon entry into stationary phase. Three candidates for stress response elements (STREs) were found upstream of the TATA sequence. Mutation of the STREs showed that they were required for regulation of GPH1 expression in early stationary phase, and in response to osmotic shock and heat shock. These elements appeared to act synergistically, since the intact promoter exhibited 30-fold more expression in stationary phase than the sum of that observed for each element acting independently. HOG1, which encodes a MAP kinase, has been implicated in control mediated by STREs. For GPH1, induction by osmotic shock depended on a functional HOG1 allele. In contrast, induction upon entry into stationary phase was only partially dependent on HOG1. Furthermore, the heat shock response, which can also be mediated by STREs, was independent of HOG1. These observations suggest that the GPH1 STREs respond to more than one pathway, only one of which requires HOG1.