Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) ligands activate Nrf2 signaling and attenuate inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a hallmark of atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Microglia mediated inflammatory responses and oxidative stress are critical pathophysiological processes in the onset and progression of RPE degeneration. Given the central role of the RPE, strategies to protect these cells from damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation present a promising therapeutic approach to mitigate AMD. Ligands for the translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) have been shown to confer protection against retinal inflammatory responses and neurodegeneration by acting primarily through retinal glia. However, despite RPE cells demonstrating strong TSPO expression, it remains unclear whether TSPO ligands could also inhibit inflammatory responses of RPE cells. Here, we investigated the influence of three different TSPO ligands XBD173, PK11195 and Ro5-4864 on inflammatory responses in human ARPE-19 cells triggered by supernatants from reactive human microglial cells and the lysosomal destabilizer, LLOMe. Our findings revealed that TSPO ligands significantly inhibited proinflammatory gene expression, inflammasome-mediated caspase-1 activation, lipid accumulation and intracellular ROS levels in stressed ARPE-19 cells. Notably, TSPO ligands induced activation of Nrf2 pathway and its downstream regulated genes in ARPE-19 cells, with Hmox-1 being the most strongly upregulated gene. Collectively, our study indicates that TSPO ligands can enhance the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway in RPE cells and protect them from cellular damage resulting from inflammation and oxidative stress.

Proteomics identifies complement protein signatures in patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis.

Diagnostic challenges continue to impede development of effective therapies for successful management of alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH), creating an unmet need to identify noninvasive biomarkers for AH. In murine models, complement contributes to ethanol-induced liver injury. Therefore, we hypothesized that complement proteins could be rational diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers in AH. Here, we performed a comparative analysis of data derived from human hepatic and serum proteome to identify and characterize complement protein signatures in severe AH (sAH). The quantity of multiple complement proteins was perturbed in liver and serum proteome of patients with sAH. Multiple complement proteins differentiated patients with sAH from those with alcohol cirrhosis (AC) or alcohol use disorder (AUD) and healthy controls (HCs). Serum collectin 11 and C1q binding protein were strongly associated with sAH and exhibited good discriminatory performance among patients with sAH, AC, or AUD and HCs. Furthermore, complement component receptor 1-like protein was negatively associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, lower serum MBL associated serine protease 1 and coagulation factor II independently predicted 90-day mortality. In summary, meta-analysis of proteomic profiles from liver and circulation revealed complement protein signatures of sAH, highlighting a complex perturbation of complement and identifying potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for patients with sAH.

Recent Advances in Understanding of Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease.

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is one of the major diseases arising from chronic alcohol consumption and is one of the most common causes of liver-related morbidity and mortality. ALD includes asymptomatic liver steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and alcohol-associated hepatitis and its complications. The progression of ALD involves complex cell-cell and organ-organ interactions. We focus on the impact of alcohol on dysregulation of homeostatic mechanisms and regulation of injury and repair in the liver. In particular, we discuss recent advances in understanding the disruption of balance between programmed cell death and prosurvival pathways, such as autophagy and membrane trafficking, in the pathogenesis of ALD. We also summarize current understanding of innate immune responses, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell dysfunction and hepatic stellate cell activation, and gut-liver and adipose-liver cross talk in response to ethanol. In addition,we describe the current potential therapeutic targets and clinical trials aimed at alleviating hepatocyte injury, reducing inflammatory responses, and targeting gut microbiota, for the treatment of ALD.

Altered anti-viral immune responses in monocytes in overweight heavy drinkers.

Alcohol abuse causes increased susceptibility to respiratory syndromes like bacterial pneumonia and viral infections like SARS-CoV-2. Heavy drinkers (HD) are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 if they are also overweight, yet the molecular mechanisms are unexplored. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from lean or overweight HD and healthy controls (HC) after challenge with a dsRNA homopolymer (PolyI:C) to mimic a viral infection and/or with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). All monocyte populations responded to both PolyI:C and LPS with pro-inflammatory gene expression. However, the expression of interferon-stimulated genes, essential for inhibiting viral pathogenesis, was greatly reduced in overweight patients. Interestingly, the number of upregulated genes in response to the PolyI:C challenge was far greater in monocytes from HD compared to HC, including much stronger pro-inflammatory cytokine and interferon-γ signaling responses. These results suggest that increased body weight reduced anti-viral responses while heavy drinking increased pro-inflammatory cytokines.