[Surgical team satisfaction levels between two preoperative hand-washing methods]. / Niveles de satisfacción del equipo quiúirgico entre dos métodos de lavado de mano.

INTRODUCTION: Recently, there have been new antiseptics for surgical scrub that do not require brushing. One of them contains 1% chlorhexidine gluconate and 61% ethyl alcohol; within its benefits, it may offer a low potential for skin sensitization, as well as cost savings and less use of water. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate satisfaction levels, washing time, safety, cost and amount of water between the traditional surgical scrub technique (group A) and brush-free surgical scrub procedure (group B). MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred clean and clean-contaminated surgeries with four hundred members of surgical teams were included. Satisfaction levels, hand-washing time, skin disorders and problems associated with placement of gloves were evaluated. Hands cultures were taken in 20% of the population and the amount of water used by patients in group A was measured. Total costs and wound infections were analyzed. RESULTS: Satisfaction scale in group A was 9.1 +/- 1.39 and 9.5 +/- 1.54 in group B (p = 0.004). The mean hand-washing time was 3.9 +/- 1.07 min in group A and 2.0 +/- 0.47 min in group B (p = 0.00001). Thirteen patients had dry skin in group A and four in group B (6.5% vs. 2%; p = 0.02). There were ten positives cultures in group A and five in group B (25% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.152). Wound infection rate was 3%. On average, five-hundred eighty liters of water were used by the former group, and the estimated hand-washing cost was lower in the second group. CONCLUSIONS: The handwashing technique with CGEA is as effective as traditional surgical scrub technique, and it is associated with less washing time, dry skin, cost and use of water.

[Surgical treatment of familial adenomatous polyposis with an open technique. Experience of a third level Latin American center]. / Tratamiento quirúrgico de la poliposis adenomatosa familiar con técnica abierta. Experiencia de un centro latinoamericano de tercer nivel.

INTRODUCTION: The ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) and ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) are the preferred surgical methods in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). OBJECTIVE: To describe the results obtained from the surgical treatment in patients with FAP related to morbidity, mortality, rectal cancer and overall survival. METHODS: We studied a retrospective cohort including all patients operated on with IPAA or IRA for FAP during the period of 1969 to 2000 at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were included. IRA was performed in 9 patients and IPAA in 17. Surgical morbidity was observed in 5 patients (19.2%). Mean postoperative follow-up was 68.8 +/- 58.8 months (median 52.5 months, range 0-240 months). Functional results were similar in both groups. The five year survival in patients with IPAA and IRA was 100% and 55.6%, respectively (P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: In our institution, postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients with FAP are similar to those published in the literature. IPAA seems to offer better results related to survival with similar functional results and postoperative complications.

[Surgical and medical treatment outcome of enterocutaneus fistulas]. / Resultados del tratamiento médico-quirúrgico de las fistulas enterocutáneas.

INTRODUCTION: Enterocutaneous fistulas are an important complication of gastrointestinal surgery. Most of the cases (75% to 85%) are secondary to postoperative complications and are related to a high morbi-mortality rate, mainly sepsis, malnutrition and fluid and electrolyte imbalance. The aim of this study is to describe the main causes of enterocutaneous fistulas and morbi-mortality associated to treatment in the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. METHODS: Retrospective, observational and longitudinal study. Clinical records of patients with enterocutaneous fistula from January 1999 to December 2003 were reviewed. RESULTS: 51 patients were identified; median age was 45 years (interval 20 to 79 years). Fistula resulted from surgery in 49 cases (96%). A combined therapy of total parenteral nutrition and low residue diet were used in 28 patients (55%). Surgery was performed as definitive treatment in 29 patients (57%). Indications for surgery were: failure to medical treatment in 25 patients (59%) and a persistent high output in 4 (8%). The median of postoperative hospitalization was 11 days (interval 3 to 96 days) and the median of lenght of stay was 30 days (interval 40 to 130 days). There was no mortality. CONCLUSION: Enterocutaneous fistulas require long time of hospitalization. More than 50% of patients need surgery as final treatment.

[First experience in surgical treatment of hemorrhoidal disease using the PPH stapler]. / Experiencia inicial en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la enfermedad hemorroidal con la engrapadora PPH.

BACKGROUND: Haemorrhoidal disease is a frequent entity worldwide. The surgical management is indicated in third or fourth degree internal hemorrhoidal disease. The conventional hemorrhoidectomy has showed good results but the severe postoperative pain is an important complain. Currently diverse surgical alternatives have been described, mainly to avoid the postoperative pain that follows surgical hemorrhoidectomy. One of these new options is the stapled hemorrhoidectomy using the PPH stapler. This procedure may produce less postoperative pain, with a shorter inpatient stay and faster return to work. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to analyze the results of using the Procedure for Prolapsed Hemorrhoids (PPH) as treatment in Hemorrhoidal Disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is an observational and descriptive study, where 17 patients underwent stapled hemorrhoidectomy with PPH procedure, between March 2000 and August 2003. RESULTS: 52.8% of this patients presented grade three internal hemorrhoids and 47.2% grade four; 52.9% presented mild postoperative pain; 41.2% moderate and 5.9% severe pain. In a short and median follow up, due to the persistence of hemorrhoidal disease symptoms two patients required surgical re-intervention. Two more patients presented incontinency. One patient presented stenosis in the line of staples treated satisfactory with an anal dilatation session. CONCLUSIONS: The use of PPH is a feasible and safe procedure and it could be a surgical alternative in the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease, even before than conventional hemorrhoidectomy.

Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-anca) in chronic ulcerative colitis: experience in a Mexican institution.

AIM: To assess the prevalence and clinical value of p-ANCA in a sample of Mexican ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. METHODS: In a prospective, IRB-approved protocol, p-ANCA was determined in 80 patients with UC (mean age, 32 +/- 12.9 years). The severity and extension of disease were determined by clinical methods, searching a statistical association with p-ANCA status. RESULTS: p-ANCA were detected in 41 (51%) patients. Severity of disease was the only clinical variable statistically associated with their presence (P < 0.0001; OR = 9; CI 95% = 3.2-24.7). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of p-ANCA was similar to that reported in other countries. Their presence was associated to UC severity, but offered no more information than the obtained by clinical methods.

[Single-layer colonic anastomoses using polyglyconate (Maxon) vs. two-layer anastomoses using chromic catgut and silk. Experimental study]. / Anastomosis colónicas en una sola capa continua con poligliconato (maxon) vs. anastomosis en dos capas con catgut cró6mico y seda. Estudio experimental.

BACKGROUND: The safety of an intestinal anastomosis is usually measured by its complication rate, especially the incidence of anastomotic leakage. A wide variety of methods have been described to reestablish intestinal continuity including single-layer continuous or two-layer interrupted anastomosis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if the single-layer continuous anastomosis using polygluconate is safer and reliable than two-layer interrupted anastomosis with chromic catgut and silk. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, experimental, randomized and comparative analysis was conducted in 20 dogs. They were divided in two groups; group 1 underwent two-layer interrupted anastomosis and group 2 underwent sigle-layer continuous technique. Anastomoses were timed. Both groups were under observation. Anastomotic leakage, and other complications were evaluated. The animals were sacrified and the anastomosis was taken out together with 10 cm of colon on both sides of the anastomosis. Breaking strength, histologic evaluation and hydroxyproline determination were performed. RESULTS: Ten two-layer anastomosis and ten single-layer anastomosis were performed. A median of 25 minutes (range: 20-30 minutes) was required to construct the anastomoses in group 1 versus 20 minutes (range: 12-25 minutes) in group 2. All animals survived and no leakage was observed. Wound infection ocurred in four dogs (20%). Median breaking strength was 230 mm Hg in group 1 and 210 mm Hg in group 2. Hydroxyproline concentration was 8.94 mg/g in group 1 (range: 5.33-16.71) and 9.94 mg/g in group 2 (range: 2.96-21.87). There was no difference among groups about the inflammatory response evaluated by pathology. There was no statistical significance in any variable evaluated. CONCLUIONS: This study demonstrates that a single-layer continuous is similar in terms of safety to the two-layer technique, but because of its facility to perform, the single-layer technique could be superior.

[Surgical treatment for colonic diverticular disease. Experience in the INCMNSZ]. / Tratamiento quirúrgico para la enfermedad diverticular de colon. Experiencia en el INCMNSZ.

BACKGROUND: Even though most patients with colonic diverticular disease respond to conservative management, some patients persist with symptoms or develop complications that require surgery. The objective of this study was to identify main surgical indications for colonic diverticular disease, and to evaluate the outcomes of surgical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of patients that underwent a surgical procedure for colonic diverticular disease from 1979 through 2000, was performed. Surgical indications were acute diverticulitis (54%) (group 1), stenosis (19%), fistula (9.54), recurrent diverticulitis (9.5%) and bleeding (8%) (group 2). Results. Seventy-four patients with a mean age of 56 years were studied. Fifty-eight percent were male. Surgical morbidity and mortality rates of acute diverticulitis were 55%, and 15%, respectively. The surgical procedures of this group were proximal stomas (45%), Hartmann's procedures (38%), and resections with primary anastomosis (17%). Second group morbidity and mortality rates were 35 and 5.8%, respectively. Thirty-six patients underwent two or more surgical procedures with statistical significance between first and second groups (61 vs. 28%; p < 0.05). The mortality of two-stage surgeries was lower than derivative procedures (13 vs. 22%; p = 0.009). A high Hinchey's score was the only factor associated with mortality (28.5 vs. 0%; p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Mortality of surgical procedures for colonic diverticular disease is associated with a high Hinchey score. Primary anastomosis is o safe, procedure in some cases.

[Morbi-mortality of Hartmann's reversal procedure]. / Morbilidad y mortalidad de la reconexión colorrectal posterior al procedimiento de Hartmann.

BACKGROUND: Hartmann's operation is an alternative for emergency colorectal surgeries, but its reversal may be difficult and prone to complications. A longer interval for its reversal has been recommended to decrease complications. METHODS: In order to determine rates of morbi-mortality and to ascertain the association between the time interval for its reversal and presence of complications, we undertook a retrospective analysis of 48 patients with a mean age of 57 +/- 16 years. Nineteen patients (40%) were >65 years, and 21 (44%) had one or more underlying chronic disease. Perioperative factors associated with morbi-mortality were determined by means of the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Acute diverticulitis was the most frequent indication (42%). Mean interval between Hartmann's operation and its reversal was 8 months (range: 1 to 46 months). Mean duration of the reversal operation was 267 min (range: 120 to 540 min). There were complications in 29 patients (60%) including anastomotic leaks in 6 (12%) and operative deaths in 4 (8%). A shorter interval between Hartmann's operation and its reversal was not associated with more complications or longer surgical time. CONCLUSIONS: Hartmann's reversal operation has high rates of morbidity and mortality that are not influenced by the time interval from the original operation.

[Surgical treatment of Crohn's disease]. / Tratamiento quirúrgico de la enfermedad de Crohn.

OBJECTIVE: The experience with the surgical treatment of Crohn's Disease is analyzed in order to determine the indications for surgery, surgical procedures, postoperative complications and associated risk factors, and recurrence rates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients operated upon for Crohn's Disease between 1979 and 1997. Risk factors for operative morbidity were searched, and actuarial curves for recurrence of disease were constructed. RESULTS: There were 34 patients with a mean age of 46 years. All patients were operated upon because of complications; the most frequent ones were stenosis and obstruction. The affected patterns were ileocecal in 53%, colitis in 35% and small bowel in 12%. Segmental resections were the most frequent ones, mainly ileo-cecal. Operative morbidity was 32% and mortality 6%. The presence of colonic affection and the necessity of its resection was a higher risk for complications (P< 0.05). Actuarial recurrence was 39% at 107 months. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery for Crohn's disease was mainly indicated in complications, presented high rates of morbidity associated with colonic involvement and resections, and there were high rates of recurrence at long-term.

[Predictors of colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis. A cohort analysis of 184 cases]. / Predictores de colectomía en enfermos con colitis ulcerativa crónica inespecífica (CUCI). Análisis de una cohorte de 184 casos.

BACKGROUND: At the present time procto-colectomy is the only potentially curative therapeutic measure for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Due to its morbidity and mortality, several prognostic indexes have been proposed to identify subjects in whom surgery could be beneficial. However, they have limited availability or they are very cumbersome for the individual patient. AIM: To analyze demographic, clinical and biochemical variables in a group of 184 Mexican patients with UC in order to identify predicting factors for procto-colectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Subjects were divided into two groups: A. Those in whom a procto-colectomy was performed (n = 52) and B. Patients on medical treatment in = 132). Continuous variables were analyzed by means of the Student's t test and categorical variables by means of chi-square statistic. A multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression. RESULTS: The main indication for surgery was failure to medical treatment (78%). Procto-colectomy was elective in 28 cases and an emergency procedure in 14 (7 failures to medical treatment, 4 colonic perforations, 2 toxic megacolons and 1 uncontrolled hemorrhage). All operated subjects had pancolitis and showed more bloody bowel movements per day (> 10), fever (> 38.5 degrees C), tachycardia, hipoalbuminemia and hospitalizations. Only hypoalbuminemia in subjects with universal colitis was consistently associated to procto-colectomy. CONCLUSION: Pancolitis, hypoalbuminemia and previous hospitalizations were the strongest predictors of procto-colectomy in our cohort. Thus, serum protein determinations can be useful in patients with universal UC to decide surgical therapy.

SECCA procedure for the treatment of fecal incontinence: results of five-year follow-up.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the long-term (5-year) durability of radiofrequency energy delivery for fecal incontinence. METHODS: This was an extension of the follow-up from our original prospective study in which patients who suffered from fecal incontinence were treated with the SECCA system for radiofrequency energy delivery to the anal canal muscle. The Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence Scale (0-20), fecal incontinence-related quality of life score, and Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 were administered to five years. Differences between baseline and follow-up were analyzed by using paired t-test. RESULTS: A total of 19 patients were treated and followed for five years, including 18 females (aged 57.1 (range, 44-77) years). The mean duration for fecal incontinence was 7.1 (range, 1-21) years. At five-year follow-up, the mean fecal incontinence score had improved from 14.37 to 8.26 (P<0.00025) with 16 patients (84.2 percent) demonstrating>50 percent improvement. All fecal incontinence-related quality of life scores improved, including lifestyle (2.43 to 3.15; P<0.00075), coping (1.73 to 2.6; P<0.00083), depression (2.24 to 3.15; P<0.0002), and embarrassment (1.56 to 2.51; P<0.0003). The social function component of the Short-Form 36 improved from 38.3 to 60 (P<0.05). There was a trend toward improvement in the mental component summary of the Short-Form 36 from 38.1 to 48.14. There were no long-term complications. CONCLUSIONS: Significant and sustained improvements in fecal incontinence symptoms and quality of life are seen at five years after treatment with the SECCA system. This treatment should be considered for patients suffering from fecal incontinence not amenable to surgery and who have failed conservative management.

Experiencia inicial en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la enfermedad hemorroidal con la engrapadora PPH / First experience in surgical treatment of hemorrhoidal disease using the PPH stapler

Background. Haemorrhoidal disease is a frequent entity worldwide. The surgical management is indicated in third or fourth degree internal hemorrhoidal disease. The conventional hemorrhoidectomy has showed good results but the severe postoperative pain is an important complain. Currently diverse surgical alternatives have been described, mainly to avoid the postoperative pain that follows surgical hemorrhoidectomy. One of these new options is the stapled hemorrhoidectomy using the PPH stapler. This procedure may produce less postoperative pain, with a shorter inpatient stay and faster return to work. Objective. The aim of this paper is to analyze the results of using the Procedure for Prolapsed Hemorrhoids (PPH) as treatment in Hemorrhoidal Disease. Material and methods. This is an observational and descriptive study, where 17 patients underwent stapled hemorrhoidectomy with PPH procedure, between march 2000 and august 2003. Results. 52.8% of this patients presented grade three internal hemorrhoids and 47.2% grade four; 52.9% presented mild postoperative pain; 41.2% moderate and 5.9% severe pain. In a short and median follow up, due to the persistence of hemorrhoidal disease symptoms two patients required surgical re-intervention. Two more patients presented incontinency. One patient presented stenosis in the line of staples treated satisfactory with an anal dilatation session. Conclusions. The use of PPH is a feasible and safe procedure and it could be a surgical alternative in the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease, even before than conventional hemorrhoidectomy.

Introducción. La enfermedad hemorroidal tiene una prevalencia elevada en nuestro medio. El tratamiento quirúrgico está indicado cuando se presenta enfermedad hemorroidal interna grado III y IV. La hemorroidectomía convencional ha demostrado tener buenos resultados; sin embargo, el dolor postoperatorio es un inconveniente frecuente. Por ello se han propuesto otras alternativas entre las que se encuentra la hemorroidectomía con engrapadora (PPH), que puede ocasionar menor dolor postoperatorio y una recuperación más rápida. Objetivo. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los resultados a corto y mediano plazos del uso de la engrapadora PPH en la enfermedad hemorroidal. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y observacional de 17 pacientes sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico con engrapadora PPH entre marzo de 2000 a agosto de 2003. Resultados. De los pacientes, 52.8% presentó hemorroides internas grado III y 47.2% grado IV. Presentaron dolor mínimo postoperatorio, 52.9%; 41.2% moderado y 5.9% dolor intenso. Debido a persistencia sintomática dos pacientes fueron reintervenidos quirúrgicamente. Dos más presentaron incontinencia. Un paciente presentó estenosis en la línea de grapas, tratado satisfactoriamente mediante una sesión de dilatación anal. Conclusiones. El empleo de la engrapadora PPH es un método factible y seguro que puede proponerse como una alternativa de elección antes de la hemorroidectomía convencional.

Morbilidad y mortalidad de la reconexión colorrectal posterior al procedimiento de Hartmann / Morbi-mortality of Hartmann's reversal procedure

Introducción: el procedimiento de Hartmann es una alternativa de tratamiento para cirugías colorrectales de emergencia, sin embargo, su reconexión es difícil y propensa a complicaciones. Se ha propuesto que un periodo de tiempo mayor entre el procedimiento inicial y la reconexión puede disminuir las complicaciones. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la morbilidad y mortalidad de la reconexión posHartmann, y analizar la presencia de factores de riesgo para complicaciones. Material y métodos: se analizaron retrospectivamente 48 pacientes cuyas edades oscilaron entre 57 ± 16 años, de los cuales 19 (40 %) eran mayores de 65 años y 21 (44 %) tenían enfermedades crónicas concomitantes. Se buscaron factores de morbilidad y mortalidad con prueba U de Mann- Whitney y prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: la indicación más frecuente del procedimiento fue la diverticulitis aguda (42 %). El periodo entre el procedimiento de Hartmann y la reconexión fue de ocho meses, con un rango de 1 a 46 meses. La duración aproximada de la cirugía de reconexión fue de 267 minutos (rango de 120 a 540). Se presentaron complicaciones en 29 pacientes (60 %), incluyendo fístulas de la anastomosis en seis (12 %) y muerte en cuatro (8 %). No se asociaron mayores complicaciones o más tiempo quirúrgico, con un intervalo de tiempo menor entre el procedimiento de Hartmann y la reconexión. Conclusiones: la reconexión posHartmann es un procedimiento con alta morbilidad y mortalidad, sin que se asocie al intervalo de tiempo entre el procedimiento y la reconexión.

BACKGROUND: Hartmann's operation is an alternative for emergency colorectal surgeries, but its reversal may be difficult and prone to complications. A longer interval for its reversal has been recommended to decrease complications. METHODS: In order to determine rates of morbi-mortality and to ascertain the association between the time interval for its reversal and presence of complications, we undertook a retrospective analysis of 48 patients with a mean age of 57 +/- 16 years. Nineteen patients (40%) were >65 years, and 21 (44%) had one or more underlying chronic disease. Perioperative factors associated with morbi-mortality were determined by means of the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Acute diverticulitis was the most frequent indication (42%). Mean interval between Hartmann's operation and its reversal was 8 months (range: 1 to 46 months). Mean duration of the reversal operation was 267 min (range: 120 to 540 min). There were complications in 29 patients (60%) including anastomotic leaks in 6 (12%) and operative deaths in 4 (8%). A shorter interval between Hartmann's operation and its reversal was not associated with more complications or longer surgical time. CONCLUSIONS: Hartmann's reversal operation has high rates of morbidity and mortality that are not influenced by the time interval from the original operation.

Anastomosis colónicas en una sola capa continua con poligliconato (maxon) vs. anastomosis en dos capas con catgut crómico y seda: Estudio experimental / Single layer colonic anastomoses using maxon vs. two layer anastomoses using chromic catgut and silk: structured abstract

Background. The safety of an intestinal anastomosis is usually measured by its complication rate, especially the incidence of anastomotic leakage. A wide variety of methods have been described to reestablish intestinal continuity including single-layer continuous or two-layer interrupted anastomosis. Objectives. To evaluate if the single-layer continuous anastomosis using polygluconate is safer and reliable than two-layer interrupted anastomosis with chromic catgut and silk. Material and methods. A prospective, experimental, randomized and comparative analysis was conducted in 20 dogs. They were divided in two groups; group 1 underwent two-layer interrupted anastomosis and group 2 underwent sigle-layer continuous technique. Anastomoses were timed. Both groups were under observation. Anastomotic leakage, and other complications were evaluated. The animals were sacrified and the anastomosis was taken out together with 10 cm of colon on both sides of the anastomosis. Breaking strength, histologic evaluation and hydroxyproline determination were performed. Results. Ten two-layer anastomosis and ten single-layer anastomosis were performed. A median of 25 minutes (range: 20-30 minutes) was required to construct the anastomoses in group 1 versus 20 minutes (range: 12-25 minutes) in group 2. All animals survived and no leakage was observed. Wound infection ocurred in four dogs (20%). Median breaking strength was 230 mm Hg in group 1 and 210 mm Hg in group 2. Hydroxyproline concentration was 8.94 mg/g in group 1 (range: 5.33-16.71) and 9.94 mg/g in group 2 (range: 2.96-21.87). There was no difference among groups about the inflammatory response evaluated by pathology. There was no statistical significance in any variable evaluated. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that a single-layer continuous is similar in terms of safety to the two-layer technique, but because of its facility to perform, the single-layer technique could be superior.

Antecedentes. Una de las preocupaciones más importantes en cirugía colorrectal es la presencia de dehiscencia o fístula de la anastomosis. Múltiples técnicas han sido descritas para realizar anastomosis, entre las que se incluyen las anastomosis en una sola capa o en dos capas. Objetivos. Evaluar si la anastomosis colonica en una capa con poligliconato es más segura y efectiva que la anastomosis colonica en dos capas con catgut crómico y seda. Material y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo, experimental, aleatorio y comparativo en 20 perros. Se dividieron a los animales en dos grupos; grupo 1: anastomosis en dos capas y grupo 2: anastomosis en una sola capa. Se evaluó el tiempo de duración de la anastomosis. Todos los animales se mantuvieron en observación evaluando datos de complicaciones como fístulas colocutáneas o dehiscencia de la anastomosis. En el día diez del postoperatorio se sacrificaron. Se resecó el segmento de la anastomosis abarcando 10 cm proximales y 10 cm distales. Se midió la presión de ruptura, se realizó análisis histopatológico y se determinó la cantidad de hidroxiprolina de la línea de la anastomosis. Resultados. Se incluyeron diez perros en el grupo 1 y diez perros en el grupo 2. La mediana del tiempo de duración de la anastomosis en el grupo 1 fue de 25 minutos (rango: 20-30 minutos) y en el grupo 2 de 20 minutos (rango: 12-25 minutos) (p = NS). No se presentaron datos de fístula, dehiscencia o estenosis de la anastomosis. Cuatro perros presentaron infección en la herida. La presión de ruptura del grupo 1 fue de 230 mm Hg (115-360) y del grupo 2 fue de 210 mm Hg (100-300). La concentración de hidroxiprolina en el grupo 1 fue de 8.94 mg/gramo (rango: 5.33-16.71), y en el grupo 2 fue de 9.94 mg/gramo (rango: 2.96-21.87). No se encontró diferencia significativa en las variables analizadas. Se comparó el grado de reacción inflamatoria en ambos grupos, no hubo diferencia estadística. Conclusiones. Los dos procedimientos son seguros y confiables de realizar, aunque por su mayor facilidad, estos datos apoyan la utilización del método de una sola capa.

Tratamiento quirúrgico para la enfermedad diverticular de colon: Experiencia en el INCMNSZ / Surgical treatment for colonic diverticular disease: Experience in the INCMNSZ

Background. Even though most patients with colonic diverticular disease respond to conservative management, some patients persist with symptoms or develop complications that require surgery. The objective of this study was to identify main surgical indications for colonic diverticular disease, and to evaluate the outcomes of surgical treatment. Materials and methods. A retrospective review of patients that underwent a surgical procedure for colonic diverticular disease from 1979 through 2000, was performed. Surgical indications were acute diverticulitis (54%) (group 1), stenosis (19%), fistula (9.5%), recurrent diverticulitis (9.5%) and bleeding (8%) (group 2). Results. Seventy-four patients with a mean age of 56 years were studied. Fifty-eight percent were male. Surgical morbidity and mortality rates of acute diverticulitis were 55%, and 15%, respectively. The surgical procedures of this group were proximal stomas (45%), Hartmann's procedures (38%) and resections with primary anastomosis (17%). Second group morbidity and mortality rates were 35 and 5.8%, respectively. Thirty-six patients underwent two or more surgical procedures with statistical significance between first and second groups (61 vs. 28%; p < 0.05). The mortality of two-stage surgeries was lower than derivative procedures (13 vs. 22%; p = 0.009). A high Hinchey's score was the only factor associated with mortality (28.5 vs. 0%; p = 0.042). Conclusions. Mortality of surgical procedures for colonic diverticular disease is associated with a high Hinchey score. Primary anastomosis is a safe procedure in some cases.

Antecedentes. Aunque la mayoría de pacientes con enfermedad diverticular de colon responde al manejo conservador, algunos persisten con síntomas o presentan complicaciones que requieren cirugía. El objetivo de esta revisión fue identificar las indicaciones quirúrgicas para la enfermedad diverticular de colon y evaluar los resultados en el manejo quirúrgico de la misma. Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de pacientes sometidos a cirugía por enfermedad diverticular de colon de 1979 al 2000. Las indicaciones de cirugía fueron diverticulitis aguda (54%) (grupo 1), estenosis (19%), fístula (9.5%), diverticulitis recurrente (9.5%) y hemorragia (8%) (grupo 2). Resultados. Se estudiaron un total de 74 pacientes con una edad promedio de 56 años. Cincuenta y ocho por ciento fueron del sexo masculino. La morbilidad de los pacientes operados por diverticulitis aguda fue de 55% y la mortalidad de 15%. El tipo de cirugías en este grupo fueron estomas derivativos (45%), procedimientos de Hartmann (38%) y resecciones con anastomosis primaria (17%). La morbilidad y la mortalidad de las cirugías del segundo grupo fueron de 35 y 5.8%, respectivamente. Treinta y seis pacientes tuvieron dos o más operaciones, con diferencia significativa al comparar el grupo 1 con el grupo 2 (61 vs. 28%; p < 0.05). La mortalidad de los pacientes que tuvieron un procedimiento resectivo fue menor que cuando se desfuncionalizó (13 vs. 22%; p - 0.009). El único factor asociado con mortalidad fue un Hinchey elevado (28.5 vs. 0%; p - 0.042). Conclusiones. La mortalidad de la cirugía para complicaciones de la enfermedad diverticular de colon se asocia a un grado de Hinchey elevado. La resección con anastomosis primaria es un procedimiento seguro en casos seleccionados.

Predictores de colectomía en enfermos con colitis ulcerativa crónica inespecífica (CUCI). Análisis de una cohorte de 184 casos / Predictors of colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis A cohort analysis of 184 cases

Background. At the present time procto-colectomy is the only potentially curative therapeutic measure for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Due to its morbidity and mortality, several prognostic indexes have been proposed to identify subjects in whom surgery could be beneficial. However, they have limited availability or they are very cumbersome for the individual patient. Aim. To analyze demographic, clinical and biochemical variables in a group of 184 Mexican patients with UC in order to identify predicting factors for procto-colectomy. Patients and methods. Subjects were divided into two groups: A. Those in whom a procto-colectomy was performed (n = 52) and B. Patients on medical treatment (n = 132). Continuous variables were analyzed by means of the Student's t test and categorical variables by means of chi-square statistic. A multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression. Results. The main indication for surgery was failure to medical treatment (78%). Procto-colectomy was elective in 28 cases and an emergency procedure in 14 (7 failures to medical treatment, 4 colonic perforations, 2 toxic megacolons and 1 uncontrolled hemorrhage). All operated subjects had pancolitis and showed more bloody bowel movements per day (> 10), fever (> 38.5 °C), tachycardia, hipoalbuminemia and hospitalizations. Only hypoalbuminemia in subjects with universal colitis was consistently associated to procto-colectomy. Conclusion. Pancolitis, hypoalbuminemia and previous hospitalizations were the strongest predictors of procto-colectomy in our cohort. Thus, serum protein determinations can be useful in patients with universal UC to decide surgical therapy. KEY WORDS. Inflammatory bowel disease. Ulcerative colitis. Proctocolectomy. Pancolitis.

Antecedentes. La proctocolectomía (PC) es la única medida terapéutica potencialmente curativa en los enfermos con colitis ulcerativa crónica inespecífica (CUCI), sin embargo, no está exenta de riesgos. Se han propuesto varios métodos para identificar a los pacientes que podrían beneficiarse de una intervención quirúrgica oportuna.Objetivo. Analizar las características demográficas, clínicas y bioquímicas de una cohorte de 184 personas con diagnóstico confirmado de CUCI para establecer factores predictores de PC. Material y métodos. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos: A. Los sometidos a proctocolectomía (n = 52) y B. los no operados (n = 132). Se analizaron datos clínicos, bioquímicos y las indicaciones del tratamiento quirúrgico. Las variables continuas fueron evaluadas con la prueba t de Student. Las categóricas con Ji cuadrada. Se realizó un análisis univariado para identificar las diferencias entre los grupos y aquellas que resultaron con valor estadístico fueron sometidas a un análisis multivariado de regresión logística que se aplicó sólo al grupo de colitis universal. Resultados. Cuarenta y dos de los 54 enfermos operados fueron intervenidos por falta de respuesta al tratamiento médico (78%). En 38 casos la cirugía se practicó de manera electiva y en 14 urgente (siete por falla al tratamiento médico intensivo, cuatro por perforación, dos por megacolon tóxico y uno por hemorragia incontrolable). Los enfermos que fueron operados presentaron todos colitis universal, así como mayor número de evacuaciones con sangre por día (> 10), fiebre (> 38.5 °C), taquicardia, hipoalbuminemia e historia de hospitalizaciones. Las características que mantuvieron una diferencia estadística en el análisis multivariado fueron la hipoalbuminemia y la historia de hospitalizaciones múltiples. Las manifestaciones extraintestinales confirieron una protección marginal. Conclusión. La colitis universal, hipoalbuminemia y el número de hospitalizaciones previas fueron los principales predictores de PC en la población analizada. Es posible que la principal información se obtenga al seguir a los enfermos con pancolitis con niveles séricos de proteínas. En estos casos, un nivel persistentemente bajo de albúmina y múltiples cuadros previos de actividad grave pueden utilizarse para tomar decisiones en cuanto al tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno.

Enfermedad de Hirschsprung en el adulto. Informe de un caso / Hirschsprung's disease in the adult. Report of a case

Objetivo: informar un caso clínico de enfermedad de Hirschsprung, (EH) diagnosticada en la edad adulta. Antecedentes: la EH se diagnostica en 80 a 90 por ciento de los casos en el periodo neonatal. Esta enfermedad es rara en la edad adulta y generalmente se presenta como EH de segmento ultracorto. Informe de caso: paciente femenino de 49 años con constipación crónica de inicio en la infancia, sometida de manera repetida a laparotomía exploradora por abdomen agudo secundario a impactación fecal, realizándose colostomía. Se estableció el diagnóstico de EH por imagen radiológica de megacolon y hallazgos manométricos e histopatológicos típicos. Se realizó proctectomía y hemicolectomía izquierda con anastomosis coloanal. Conclusión: el diagnóstico de la EH en el adulto es poco frecuente, pero debe sospecharse cuando exista constipación crónica e intratable de inicio en la infancia, megacolon y hallazgos manométricos e histológicos característicos. La enfermedad de segmento corto y ultracorto es más frecuente en la etapa adulta. El diagnóstico diferencial es con constipación funcional, megarrecto idiopático y pseudoobstrucción colónica.

Quistes del conducto tirogloso: tratamiento quirúrgico / Thyroglossal tract cysts: surgical treatment

El conducto tirogloso es una formación que normalmente se oblitera en las primeras semanas de vida intrauterina, pero la persistencia de éste da lugar a la formación de los quistes tiroglosos y/o fístulas. Estas formaciones representan uno de los elementos en el diagnóstico diferencial de las neoplasias de cuello. La cirugía tiene un papel primordial en su tratamiento, debido al riesgo de infección y neoplasia. Para conocer los resultados de la terapéutica quirúrgica, se revisaron en forma retrospectiva los expedientes de los pacientes tratados en el Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición entre 1963 y 1986. Se reunieron un total de 17 pacientes, 9 fueron del sexo femenino y 8 del sexo masculino. La edad tuvo un promedio de 28.6 años. El quiste se identificó como una masa cervical anterior asintomática en 13 pacientes, y en los restantes, ésta producía algún sintoma. El tratamiento quirúrgico consistió en la excisión del quiste, extirpándose además un fragmento del hueso hioides y se hizo una ligadura alta del conducto, en el mayor número de pacientes, hasta la base de la lengua. No hubo mortalidad ni morbilidad operatoria. El seguimiento mínimo para todos los pacientes fue de un año. Sólo un paciente presentó recidiva del quiste y fue reintervenido un año después con resultados satisfactorios

Tratamiento quirúrgico del absceso hepático amibiano: experiencia durante los últimos años en el Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán / Surgical treatment of hepatic amebic abscess: 10 years' experience

A pesar del advenimiento de efectivos fármacos antiamibianos, el absceso hepático amibiano (AHA) continúa siendo una entidad común en nuestro medio. Se revisaron retrospectivamente 38 pacientes que fueron sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico para AHA de 1976 a 1985 en el Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Las principales manifestaciones clínicas fueron fiebre, dolor abdominal, hepatomegalia e icterica. Las principales indicaciones quirúrgicas fueron falta de respuesta al tratamiento médico, sindrome abdominal agudo y sospecha de perforación. La mortalidad y morbilidad operatoria fueron 29 y 13%, respectivamente. Lo alto de estas cifras refleja que el AHA es una enfermedad severa que debe ser tempranamente diagnosticada y manejada. Las indicaciones principales para cirugía son la falta de respuesta al tratamiento médico o la existencia de complicaciones