Bacterial derivatives mediated drug delivery in cancer therapy: a new generation strategy.

Cancer is measured as a major threat to human life and is a leading cause of death. Millions of cancer patients die every year, although a burgeoning number of researchers have been making tremendous efforts to develop cancer medicine to fight against cancer. Owing to the complexity and heterogeneity of cancer, lack of ability to treat deep tumor tissues, and high toxicity to the normal cells, it complicates the therapy of cancer. However, bacterial derivative-mediated drug delivery has raised the interest of researchers in overcoming the restrictions of conventional cancer chemotherapy. In this review, we show various examples of tumor-targeting bacteria and bacterial derivatives for the delivery of anticancer drugs. This review also describes the advantages and limitations of delivering anticancer treatment drugs under regulated conditions employing these tumor-targeting bacteria and their membrane vesicles. This study highlights the substantial potential for clinical translation of bacterial-based drug carriers, improve their ability to work with other treatment modalities, and provide a more powerful, dependable, and distinctive tumor therapy.

Macrophage biomimetic nanocarriers for anti-inflammation and targeted antiviral treatment in COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: The worldwide pandemic of COVID-19 remains a serious public health menace as the lack of efficacious treatments. Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) characterized with elevated inflammation and multi-organs failure is closely correlated with the bad outcome of COVID-19. Hence, inhibit the process of CSS by controlling excessive inflammation is considered one of the most promising ways for COVID-19 treatment. RESULTS: Here, we developed a biomimetic nanocarrier based drug delivery system against COVID-19 via anti-inflammation and antiviral treatment simultaneously. Firstly, lopinavir (LPV) as model antiviral drug was loaded in the polymeric nanoparticles (PLGA-LPV NPs). Afterwards, macrophage membranes were coated on the PLGA-LPV NPs to constitute drugs loaded macrophage biomimetic nanocarriers (PLGA-LPV@M). In the study, PLGA-LPV@M could neutralize multiple proinflammatory cytokines and effectively suppress the activation of macrophages and neutrophils. Furthermore, the formation of NETs induced by COVID-19 patients serum could be reduced by PLGA-LPV@M as well. In a mouse model of coronavirus infection, PLGA-LPV@M exhibited significant targeted ability to inflammation sites, and superior therapeutic efficacy in inflammation alleviation and tissues viral loads reduction. CONCLUSION: Collectively, such macrophage biomimetic nanocarriers based drug delivery system showed favorable anti-inflammation and targeted antiviral effects, which may possess a comprehensive therapeutic value in COVID-19 treatment.

Nanovesicles derived from bispecific CAR-T cells targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 for treating COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Considering the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need to develop effective treatments. At present, neutralizing antibodies and small-molecule drugs such as remdesivir, the most promising compound to treat this infection, have attracted considerable attention. However, some potential problems need to be concerned including viral resistance to antibody-mediated neutralization caused by selective pressure from a single antibody treatment, the unexpected antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect, and the toxic effect of small-molecule drugs. RESULTS: Here, we constructed a type of programmed nanovesicle (NV) derived from bispecific CAR-T cells that express two single-chain fragment variables (scFv), named CR3022 and B38, to target SARS-CoV-2. Nanovesicles that express both CR3022 and B38 (CR3022/B38 NVs) have a stronger ability to neutralize Spike-pseudovirus infectivity than nanovesicles that express either CR3022 or B38 alone. Notably, the co-expression of CR3022 and B38, which target different epitopes of spike protein, could reduce the incidence of viral resistance. Moreover, the lack of Fc fragments on the surface of CR3022/B38 NVs could prevent ADE effects. Furthermore, the specific binding ability to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the drug loading capacity of CR3022/B38 NVs can facilitate targeted delivery of remdesiver to 293 T cells overexpressing spike protein. These results suggest that CR3022/B38 NVs have the potential ability to target antiviral drugs to the main site of viral infection, thereby enhancing the antiviral ability by inhibiting intracellular viral replication and reducing adverse drug reactions. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we demonstrate that nanovesicles derived from CAR-T cells targeting the spike protein of SARS-COV-2 have the ability to neutralize Spike-pseudotyped virus and target antiviral drugs. This novel therapeutic approach may help to solve the dilemma faced by neutralizing antibodies and small-molecule drugs in the treatment of COVID-19.

Functionalized Rhodium Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents for Treatment of Drug-Resistant Skin and Soft Tissue Infections.

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections reported in outpatients. Drug-resistant bacteria are the major cause of treatment failure and increased mortality rate in patients with SSTIs, posing significant challenges to human health. In this study, new-generation rhodium nanoplates (RhNPs) and glycol chitosan- and polydopamine-functionalized RhNPs (Rh@GCS) are developed for the treatment of drug-resistant SSTIs. RhNPs exhibited favorable antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Ag-resistant MRSA. The modified Rh@GCS exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity and can directly kill various drug-resistant bacteria by increasing the permeability of cell membranes, including gram-positive MRSA and gram-negative multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Moreover, Rh@GCS effectively inhibited bacterial growth and promoted the healing of skin lesions in MRSA-induced SSTI mouse models. These results suggest that Rh@GCS is a promising nonantibiotic antimicrobial agent for the treatment of drug-resistant SSTIs.

Functionalized biomimetic nanoparticles combining programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 blockade with photothermal ablation for enhanced colorectal cancer immunotherapy.

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1) or its major ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has achieved remarkable success in the treatment of several tumors, including colorectal cancer. However, the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors is limited in some colorectal cancers within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (such as when there is a lack of immune cell infiltration). Herein, anti-PD-L1 functionalized biomimetic polydopamine-modified gold nanostar nanoparticles (PDA/GNS@aPD-L1 NPs) were developed for synergistic anti-tumor treatment by combining PD-1/PD-L1 blockade with photothermal ablation. PDA/GNS@aPD-L1 NPs were prepared by encapsulating photothermal nanoparticles (polydopamine-modified gold nanostar, PDA-GNS) with cell membrane isolated from anti-PD-L1 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) over-expressing cells. In addition to disrupting PD-1/PD-L1 immunosuppressive signals, the anti-PD-L1 scFv on the membrane of PDA/GNS@aPD-L1 NPs was conducive to the accumulation of PDA-GNS at tumor sites. Importantly, the tumor photothermal ablation induced by PDA-GNS could reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, thereby further improving the efficiency of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy. In this study, the synthetized PDA/GNS@aPD-L1 NPs exhibited good biocompatibility, efficient photothermal conversion ability, and enhanced tumor-targeting ability. In vivo studies revealed that a PDA/GNS@aPD-L1 NP-based therapeutic strategy significantly inhibited tumor growth, and prolonged overall survival by further promoting the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), increasing the infiltration of CD8+T cells, and decreasing the number of immunosuppressive cells (such as regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressive cells). Collectively, the developed PDA/GNS@aPD-L1 NP-based therapeutic strategy combines PD-1/PD-L1 blockade with photothermal ablation, which could remodel the tumor microenvironment for effective clinical colorectal cancer therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is the main challenge facing programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade therapy. By encapsulating photothermal nanoparticles (polydopamine-modified gold nanostar, PDA-GNS) with cell membrane over-expressing anti-PD-L1 single-chain variable fragment, we constructed anti-PD-L1 functionalized biomimetic nanoparticles (PDA/GNS@aPD-L1 NPs). By specific binding to the PD-L1 present on tumor cells, PDA/GNS@aPD-L1 NPs could disrupt PD-1/PD-L1 immunosuppression signaling, and effectively deliver PDA-GNS targeting to tumor sites. Additionally, PDA-GNS-mediated local photothermal ablation of tumors promoted the release of tumor-associated antigens and thus activated anti-tumor immune responses. Meanwhile, hyperthermia facilitates immune cell infiltration by increasing tumor vascular permeability. Therefore, PDA/GNS@aPD-L1 NPs could sensitize tumors to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy by remodeling the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which provides a new strategy for tumor treatment.

Fabrics Attached with Highly Efficient Aggregation-Induced Emission Photosensitizer: Toward Self-Antiviral Personal Protective Equipment.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is vital for the prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2. However, conventional PPEs lack virucidal capabilities and arbitrarily discarding used PPEs may cause a high risk for cross-contamination and environmental pollution. Recently reported photothermal or photodynamic-mediated self-sterilizing masks show bactericidal-virucidal abilities but have some inherent disadvantages, such as generating unbearable heat during the photothermal process or requiring additional ultraviolet light irradiation to inactivate pathogens, which limit their practical applications. Here, we report the fabrication of a series of fabrics (derived from various PPEs) with real-time self-antiviral capabilities, on the basis of a highly efficient aggregation-induced emission photosensitizer (namely, ASCP-TPA). ASCP-TPA possesses facile synthesis, excellent biocompatibility, and extremely high reactive oxygen species generation capacity, which significantly outperforms the traditional photosensitizers. Meanwhile, the ASCP-TPA-attached fabrics (ATaFs) show tremendous photodynamic inactivation effects against MHV-A59, a surrogate coronavirus of SARS-CoV-2. Upon ultralow-power white light irradiation (3.0 mW cm-2), >99.999% virions (5 log) on the ATaFs are eliminated within 10 min. Such ultralow-power requirement and rapid virus-killing ability enable ATaFs-based PPEs to provide real-time protection for the wearers under indoor light irradiation. ATaFs' virucidal abilities are retained after 100 washings or continuous exposure to office light for 2 weeks, which offers the benefits of reusability and long-term usability. Furthermore, ATaFs show no toxicity to normal skin, even upon continuous high-power light illumination. This self-antiviral ATaFs-based strategy may also be applied to fight against other airborne pathogens and holds huge potential to alleviate global PPE supply shortages.

Glycyrrhizic Acid Nanoparticles as Antiviral and Anti-inflammatory Agents for COVID-19 Treatment.

COVID-19 has been diffusely pandemic around the world, characterized by massive morbidity and mortality. One of the remarkable threats associated with mortality may be the uncontrolled inflammatory processes, which were induced by SARS-CoV-2 in infected patients. As there are no specific drugs, exploiting safe and effective treatment strategies is an instant requirement to dwindle viral damage and relieve extreme inflammation simultaneously. Here, highly biocompatible glycyrrhizic acid (GA) nanoparticles (GANPs) were synthesized based on GA. In vitro investigations revealed that GANPs inhibit the proliferation of the murine coronavirus MHV-A59 and reduce proinflammatory cytokine production caused by MHV-A59 or the N protein of SARS-CoV-2. In an MHV-A59-induced surrogate mouse model of COVID-19, GANPs specifically target areas with severe inflammation, such as the lungs, which appeared to improve the accumulation of GANPs and enhance the effectiveness of the treatment. Further, GANPs also exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects, relieving organ damage and conferring a significant survival advantage to infected mice. Such a novel therapeutic agent can be readily manufactured into feasible treatment for COVID-19.

The complete chloroplast genome of Coelogyne barbata (Orchidaceae), a rare and ornamental orchid.

The genus of Coelogyne Lindl. comprised about 200 species while its generic relationship has been uncertain. The whole chloroplast genome of C. barbata was reported in order to provide new data on the molecular phylogeny of Coelogyne. The cp genome of C. barbata was 1,600,93 bp in total length, including a pair of inverted repeat regions (IR, 26,710 bp), one large single-copy region (LSC, 87,868 bp), and one small single-copy region (SSC, 188,05 bp). The complete chloroplast DNA encoded 132 genes, containing 86 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. barbata was related to Pholidota imbricata.

Targeted Theranostics for Tuberculosis: A Rifampicin-Loaded Aggregation-Induced Emission Carrier for Granulomas Tracking and Anti-Infection.

Tuberculosis (TB) causes a global burden with its high rates of infection and death, especially the irrepressible threats of latent infection and drug resistance. Therefore, it is important to construct efficient theranostics for the prevention and control of TB. Herein, we created a targeted theranostic strategy for TB with a rifampicin-loaded aggregation-induced emission (AIE) carrier and performed testing in laboratory animals. The AIE carrier was constructed to localize in the granulomas and emit fluorescent signals at the early stage of infection, enabling the early diagnosis of TB. Subsequently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated to eradicate infection, and the loaded rifampicin (RIF) was released for the synergistic treatment of persistent bacteria. Furthermore, targeted TB therapy was performed with the light-controlled release of ROS and accurate delivery of RIF, which realizes an anti-infection effect, providing an especially important treatment for drug-resistant TB. Thus, targeted theranostics for TB in laboratory animals possess the potential to become granulomas-tracking and anti-infection strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of TB.

Zika Virus Liquid Biopsy: A Dendritic Ru(bpy)3 2+-Polymer-Amplified ECL Diagnosis Strategy Using a Drop of Blood.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that leads to devastating consequences for fetal development. However, accurate diagnosis of ZIKV is made difficult by the fact that most infected patients are asymptomatic or present with symptoms similar to those of other febrile illnesses. Thus, the development of a simple, accurate, highly sensitive, and reliable method for the biomedical analysis and diagnosis of ZIKV is needed. Herein, a novel ZIKV liquid biopsy system was constructed via a dendritic Ru(bpy)3 2+-polymer-amplified electro-chemiluminescence (ECL) strategy. This system accomplished amplification-free analysis of ZIKV using a drop of blood, and simultaneously achieved a high sensitivity of 500 copies and superior specificity. This strategy adopted the humoral biomarker as the diagnostic index, which greatly simplified the analysis process, and established a nondestructive detection mode. Furthermore, the performance index for biomedical analysis of clinical ZIKV samples was investigated, and the results indicated that the dendritic Ru(bpy)3 2+-polymer-amplified ECL strategy reliably responded to ZIKV from the body fluid (blood, saliva, and urine). Hence, this system suitably met the strict clinical requirements for ZIKV detection and thus has the potential to serve as a new paradigm for the biomedical analysis and diagnosis of ZIKV.

Cascaded Electrochemiluminescence Signal Amplifier for the Detection of Telomerase Activity from Tumor Cells and Tissues.

Telomerase is closely linked to the physiological transformation of tumor cells and is commonly overexpressed in most types of tumor cells. Therefore, telomerase has become a potential biomarker for the process of tumorigenesis, progression, prognosis and metastasis. Thus, it is important to develop a simple, accurate and reliable method for detecting telomerase activity. As a high signal-to-noise ratio mode, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has been widely applied in the field of biomedical analysis. Here, our objective was to construct an improved ECL signal amplifier for the detection of telomerase activity. Methods: A cascaded ECL signal amplifier was constructed to detect telomerase activity with high selectivity via controllable construction of a lysine-based dendric Ru(bpy)32+ polymer (DRP). The sensitivity, specificity and performance index were simultaneously evaluated by standard substance and cell and tissue samples. Results: With this cascaded ECL signal amplifier, high sensitivities of 100, 50, and 100 cells for three tumor cell lines (A549, MCF7 and HepG2 cell lines) were simultaneously achieved, and desirable specificity was also obtained. Furthermore, the excellent performance of this platform was also demonstrated in the detection of telomerase in tumor cells and tissues. Conclusion: This cascaded ECL signal amplifier has the potential to be a technological innovation in the field of telomerase activity detection.