Relationship between large and small for gestational age and hospital readmission after postpartum discharge: a population-based, data-linkage study.

This study aims to determine the association of small for gestational age (SGA) and large for gestational age (LGA) at birth with hospital readmission after postpartum discharge for up to 28 days of delivery. This is a population-based, data-linkage study using the French National Uniform Hospital Discharge Database. "Healthy" singleton term infants born between January 1st, 2017, and November 30th, 2018, in the French South region were included. SGA and LGA were defined as birth weight < 10th and > 90th percentiles, respectively, according to sex and gestational age. A multivariable regression analysis was performed. Among 67,359 included infants, 2441 (3.6%) were readmitted, and 61% of them were hospitalized within 14 days postpartum. Hospitalized infants were more likely to be LGA at birth (10.3% vs. 8.6% in non-hospitalized infants, p < 0.01); the proportion of SGA infants did not differ between both groups. Compared to appropriate birth weight for GA (AGA) infants, LGA infants were more often hospitalized for infectious diseases (57.7% vs. 51.3%, p = 0.05). After regression analysis, LGA infants had a 20% higher odds of being hospitalized than those born AGA (aOR (95%CI) = 1.21 (1.06-1.39)), while aOR (95%CI) for SGA was 1.11 (0.96-1.28). CONCLUSION:  In contrast to SGA, LGA was associated with hospital readmission during the first month of life. Follow-up protocols that include LGA should be evaluated. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Newborns are at high risk of hospital readmission during the postpartum period. • However, the influence of appropriateness for gestational age at birth, i.e. being born small for gestational age (SGA) or large for gestational age (LGA), has been little evaluated. WHAT IS NEW: • In contrast to SGA born infants, we found that infants born LGA were at high risk of hospital admission and the main cause was infectious diseases. • This population should be considered at risk of early adverse outcomes and should require attentive medical follow-up after postpartum discharge.

Multidisciplinary peer-led sexual and reproductive health education programme in France, a prospective controlled-study.

BACKGROUND: Sexual education is an international priority to promote sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and to reduce risky sexual behaviour. Experts recommend holistic and comprehensive SRH peer-led education. In 2018, the French government launched a new public peer-led health prevention programme called the "Service Sanitaire" (SeSa), consisting of health education provided by healthcare students (peer educators) to teenagers. For the first time in France, the impact of the programme was prospectively evaluated during its first year to examine whether the programme improved the SRH knowledge of healthcare students and teenagers. Risk perception and risky sexual behaviour among these populations were also evaluated. METHOD: A prospective multicentre controlled study was conducted from November 2018 to May 2019. SRH knowledge was compared before and after the SeSa programme, and the evolution of this knowledge was compared, with linear regression, between healthcare students part of the SRH SeSa programme and those who were part of another programme. The same analysis of knowledge was performed with respect to teenagers who received SRH interventions as part of the SeSa compared to teenagers who did not participate in a specific SRH education programme. Risk perception and risky behaviour were studied before and after the programme among healthcare students and teenagers. RESULTS: More than 70% of the targeted population participated in the study, with 747 healthcare students and 292 teenagers. SRH peer educators increased their knowledge score significantly more than other peer educators (a difference of 2.1 points/30 [95% CI 1.4-2.9] (p [between group] <  0.001)). Teenagers participating in the SeSa interventions also had a greater increase in their knowledge score than the other teenagers (+ 5.2/30 [95% CI 3.2-7.4] p [between group] < 0.001). There was no evidence of change in sexual risk behaviours for the healthcare student population. CONCLUSION: The "Service Sanitaire" programme significantly improved the sexual and reproductive health knowledge of peer-educator healthcare students and teenagers compared to a classic education programme. Longer and/or qualitative studies are needed to evaluate changes in sexual behaviour as well as positive impacts on sexuality.

Use of high-flow nasal cannula in infants with viral bronchiolitis outside pediatric intensive care units.

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is frequently used in infants with acute viral bronchiolitis outside pediatric intensive care units (PICU). A structured questionnaire was sent out to pediatricians of all public French hospitals with pediatric emergency and/or general pediatric departments on their use of HFNC outside PICU (department using HFNC, number of available devices, monitoring, criteria for initiating or stopping HFNC, and personal comments on HFNC). Of the 166 eligible hospitals, 135 answered (96 general and 39 university hospitals; 81.3%), for a total of 217 answering pediatricians. Seventy-two hospitals (53.3%) used HFNC in acute bronchiolitis outside PICU, particularly, general hospitals (59.4% vs 38.5%), and mostly in pediatric general departments (75%). Continuous patient monitoring with a cardiorespiratory monitor was usual (n = 58, 80%). Nursing staff was responsible for 2.7 children on HFNC and checked vital signs 8.6 times per day. Criteria for HFNC initiation and withdrawal were not standardized. Pediatricians had a positive opinion of HFNC and were willing to extend its use to other diseases.Conclusion: Use of HFNC outside PICU in infants with acute bronchiolitis is now usual, but urgently requires guidelines. What is Known: • Acute viral bronchiolitis treatment is only supportive • High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a respiratory support accumulating convincing clinical evidence in bronchiolitis • This latter treatment is usually proposed in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) What is New: • HFNC are increasingly used outside PICU in bronchiolitis, particularly, in general hospitals and in pediatric general departments • Pediatricians are enthusiastic about this device, but validated criteria for initiation and withdrawal are lacking • Guidelines for the use of HFNC outside PICU are urgently required.

[Prenatal vulnerabilities, ethical issues of prevention: French regional practice survey] / Vulnérabilités prénatales, enjeux éthiques de la prévention : enquête de pratiques.

OBJECTIVE: Some prenatal situations may be characterized as concerning on the medico-psycho-social level, leaving a risk of danger to the unborn child, raising different issues between prevention and protection, legal and justified. The objectives were to evaluate the professionals' perceptions with respect to the most worrying prenatal situations, to assess the practices of care, and to identify potential measures for improvement. METHOD: The research was based on a qualitative-quantitative methodology: Semi-directed interviews with experts who allowed the construction of a questionnaire, validated according to a Delphi-type methodology, and a regional survey based on the questionnaire, which was directed to the maternities and the departmental councils. RESULTS: The participation rate was 69%. The survey revealed a willingness to create regional perinatal partnerships, an awareness of ethical issues (information sharing, conflict of values, ethics of Care, vulnerability…), and a lack of knowledge of the regulatory framework (legal, ethical). Different possibilities of improvement have been proposed. CONCLUSION: Simultaneously, this study participates in the observatory missions of the ethical committee, as well as in public policies of perinatal prevention.

Influence of Socioeconomic Context on the Rehospitalization Rates of Infants Born Preterm.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of social inequalities on the risk of rehospitalization in the first year after discharge from the neonatal unit in a population of preterm-born children. STUDY DESIGN: Preterm infants were included if they were born between 2006 and 2013 at ≤32 + 6 weeks of gestation and who received follow-up in a French regional medical network with a high level of healthcare. Socioeconomic context was estimated using a neighborhood-based socioeconomic deprivation index. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with rehospitalization. RESULTS: For the 2325 children, the mean gestational age was 29 ± 2 weeks and the mean birth weight was 1315 ± 395 g. In the first year, 22% were rehospitalized (n = 589); respiratory diseases were the primary cause (44%). The multiple rehospitalization rate was 18%. Multivariable analysis showed that living in the most deprived neighborhoods (socioeconomic deprivation index of 5) was associated with overall rehospitalization (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5-3.6; P <.001), and multiple rehospitalizations (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-4.9; P <.01); with socioeconomic deprivation index of 1 (least deprived) as reference. Deprivation was associated with all causes of hospitalization. Female sex (P <.001) and living in an urban area (P = .001) were protective factors. CONCLUSIONS: Despite regional routine follow-up for all children, rehospitalization after very preterm birth was higher for children living in deprived neighborhoods. Families' social circumstances need to be considered when evaluating the health consequences of very preterm birth.

Medical students as sexual health peer educators: who benefits more?

BACKGROUND: A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the impact of an educational reproductive health program on medical student peer educators and the secondary school pupils whom they taught. METHODS: The Marseille School of Medicine and ten public secondary schools participated in the study. Medical students were recruited and trained as peer educators to promote sexual health in the secondary schools. The medical students and secondary school pupils were evaluated before and after education program. The main outcome measure was the sexual health knowledge score on a 20-item questionnaire (maximum score 20). RESULTS: A total of 3350 students attended the peer-led course conducted by 107 medical students. The medical students' score increased significantly before and after the course (from 15.2 ± 1.8 to 18.3 ± 0.9; p < 0.001). The knowledge score of the pupils increased (from 7.8 ± 4 to 13.5 ± 4.4; p < 0.001). The girls' score was significantly higher than the boys' score after the course, but not before (14.5 ± 3.3 vs 12.5 ± 4.6; p < 0.001). Prior to the course, the score among the female medical students was significantly higher than that of the males. The overall knowledge increase was not significantly different between medical students and secondary school pupils (mean 3.1 ± 1 and 5.7 ± 4 respectively; p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The program was effective in increasing the knowledge of medical students as well as secondary school pupils. Male sexual health knowledge should be reinforced.

COVID-19 patient experiences in prehospital pathways: a processual approach using life-events calendar method and state sequence analysis shows detrimental delays.

OBJECTIVES: To our best knowledge, no study in France has comprehensively investigated the prehospital history of patients admitted for severe cases of COVID-19. 'Patients' voice is an excellent means to capture data on primary care pathways.We aimed to identify clusters of COVID-19 hospitalised patients with similar prehospital symptom sequences, and to test whether these clusters were associated with a higher risk of poor clinical outcomes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional online survey using life-event calendars. SETTING: All patients hospitalised for COVID-19 between September 2020 and May 2021 in the Infectious Disease Departments in Nice and in Marseilles in France. PARTICIPANTS: 312 patients responded to the survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: From the day of symptom onset to the day of hospitalisation, we defined a symptom sequence as the time-ordered vector of the successive symptom grades (grade 1, grade 2, grade 3). State sequence analysis with optimal matching was used to identify clusters of patients with similar symptom sequences. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to test whether these clusters were associated with admission to intensive care unit (ICU) and COVID-19 sequelae after hospitalisation. RESULTS: Three clusters of symptom sequences were identified among 312 complete prehospital pathways. A specific group of patients (29%) experienced extended symptoms of severe COVID-19, persisting for an average duration of 7.5 days before hospitalisation. This group had a significantly higher probability of being admitted to ICU (adjusted OR 2.01). They were less likely to know a loved one who was a healthcare worker, and more likely to have a lower level of education. Similarly, this group of patients, who were more likely to have previously visited the emergency room without exhibiting severe symptoms at that time, may have been inclined to postpone reassessment when their health worsened.Their relatives played a decisive role in their hospitalisation. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: This study highlights the negative impact of delayed hospitalisation on the health outcomes of French patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms during the first wave and underscores the influence of socioeconomic factors, such as lower education levels and limited connections to the medical field, on patients' experiences.

Association of Maternal Gestational Vitamin D Supplementation with Respiratory Health of Young Children.

This study aimed to evaluate the association between maternal gestational Vitamin D3 supplementation and early respiratory health in offspring. This was a population-based record-linkage study which used data from the French National Health Database System. Maternal Vitamin D3 supplementation consisted of a single high oral dose of cholecalciferol, (100,000 IU) from the seventh month of pregnancy, according to national guidelines. In total, 125,756 term-born singleton children were included, of which 37% had respiratory illness defined as hospital admission due to respiratory causes or inhalation treatment up to 24 months of age. Infants prenatally exposed to maternal Vitamin D3 supplementation (n = 54,596) were more likely to have a longer gestational age (GA) at birth (GA 36-38 weeks, 22% vs. 20%, p < 0.001 in exposed vs. non-exposed infants, respectively). After adjusting for the main risk factors (maternal age, socioeconomic level, mode of delivery, obstetrical and neonatal pathology, birth weight appropriateness, sex, and birth season), the risk of RD was found to be 3% lower than their counterparts (aOR [IC 95%], 0.97 [0.95-0.99], p = 0.01). In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the association between maternal gestational Vitamin D3 supplementation and improved early respiratory outcomes in young children.

Fetal physiology cardiotocography training, a regional evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiotocography (CTG) has its limits in detecting fetal acidosis and intrapartum asphyxia. Our aim was to evaluate a CTG training programme based on fetal physiology in the Mediterranean perinatal network. METHODS: Professionals from 41 maternity units of the Mediterranean network were invited to participate in a CTG masterclass based on fetal physiology in March 2019 and October 2019. They were asked to react to three practical cases by a physiological approach before the training course (T0), one month after (T1) and six to seven months after (T2). The mean scores were compared by using a mixed model including lapse of time to evaluation, profession of participants and level of the maternity unit as fixed effects. RESULTS: A total of 248 professionals from 32 maternity units finally participated in the organizational audit. By using a mixed model, we found a significant improvement of the mean score at T1=6.44/10 compared to T0=4.97/10 (p<0.0001), and a significant improvement of the mean score obtained at T2=6.17/10 compared to T0 (p<0.0001). T2 scores were not significantly different from T1 scores (p=0.143). DISCUSSION: A CTG training programme based on fetal physiology showed a significant improvement in the professionals' interpretation of CTG at short term and stable results at long term. Continuing medical education could help maintain and improve knowledge to ensure neonatal safety.

Iatrogenic events in admitted neonates: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic events are increasingly recognised as an important problem in all people admitted to hospital. However, few epidemiological data are available for iatrogenic events in neonatal high-risk units. We aimed to assess the incidence, nature, preventability, and severity of iatrogenic events in a neonatal centre and to establish the association of patient characteristics with the occurrence of iatrogenic events in neonates. METHODS: We undertook an observational, prospective study from Jan 1, 2005, to Sept 1, 2005, including all neonates admitted in the Division of Neonatology of an academic, tertiary neonatal centre in southern France. Iatrogenic events were defined as any event that compromised the safety margin for the patient, in the presence or absence of harm. The report of an iatrogenic event was voluntary, anonymous, and non-punitive. The primary outcome was the rate of iatrogenic events per 1000 patient days. FINDINGS: A total of 388 patients were studied during 10 436 patient days. We recorded 267 iatrogenic events in 116 patients. The incidence of iatrogenic events was 25.6 per 1000 patient days. 92 (34%) were preventable and 78 (29%) were severe. Two iatrogenic events (1%) were fatal, but neither was preventable. The most severe iatrogenic events were nosocomial infections (49/62 [79%]) and respiratory events (nine of 26 [35%]). Cutaneous injuries were frequent (n=94) but generally minor (89 [95%]), as were medication errors (15/19 [76%]). Most medication errors occurred during administration stage (12/19 [63%]) and were ten-fold errors (nine of 19 [47%]). The major risk factors were low birthweight and gestational age (both p<0.0001), length of stay (p<0.0001), a central venous line (p<0.0001), mechanical ventilation (p=0.0021), and support with continuous positive airwary pressure (p=0.0076). INTERPRETATION: Iatrogenic events occur frequently and are often serious in neonates, especially in infants of low birthweight. Improved knowledge of the incidence and characteristics of iatrogenic events, and continuous monitoring could help to improve quality of health care for this vulnerable population.

Antiparkinsonian drug-induced sleepiness: a double-blind placebo-controlled study of L-dopa, bromocriptine and pramipexole in healthy subjects.

AIMS: To assess the sleepiness induced by pramipexole, a D2/D3-dopamine receptor agonist commonly used in Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome, without the problem of the confounding factors related to the disease. METHODS: Placebo, bromocriptine (2.5 mg), L-dopa (100 mg) and pramipexole (0.5 mg) were administered in a single oral dose on four separate days, with at least a 2-week wash-out period in a randomized cross-over design. Induced somnolence was assessed using Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) and subjective scaling of vigilance. Twelve male subjects (26.3 +/- 5.5 years old) without anxiety, mood, sleep or sedation disorders were enrolled. RESULTS: Pramipexole significantly reduced mean sleep latency compared with placebo 3 h 30 min [-6.1 min (-9.8, -2.4), P = 0.002] and 5 h 30 min [-5.6 min (-7.7, -3.5), P = 0.003] after administration. In addition, the total duration of sleep during the tests was higher with pramipexole than with placebo [+6.0 min (2.3, 9.7), P < 0.001]. These differences were not observed with L-dopa and bromocriptine in comparison with placebo. The induced sleepiness was not associated with an increase in subjective somnolence scaling, indicating that this adverse event may occur without prior warning. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that a single oral dose of pramipexole induces sleepiness as assessed by MSLT in healthy young subjects, independent of disease-related sleep dysfunction.

Environmental Health in Perinatal and Early Childhood: Awareness, Representation, Knowledge and Practice of Southern France Perinatal Health Professionals.

The exposure of adults of reproductive age as well as pregnant women and children to environmental contaminants is of particular concern, as it can impact fertility, in utero development, pregnancy outcomes and child health. Consequently, the World Health Organisation (WHO) and international societies advocate including Environmental Health (EH) in perinatal care, yet perinatal health professionals (HPs) hardly put these recommendations into practice. In 2017, a cross-sectional study was performed in a large panel of perinatal HPs in south-eastern France with the aim of painting a picture of their current attitudes, representation, knowledge, and training expectations. Quantitative and qualitative information was collected via auto-questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed by 962 participants, mainly midwives (41.1%), physicians (25.6%) and nursery nurses (11%). Indoor/outdoor air quality and endocrine disruptors were the best-mastered topics, whereas electromagnetic fields and diet gave rise to unsure responses. Overall, perinatal HPs were ill-trained and -informed about the reproductive risks linked to daily environmental exposure. HPs reported scarce knowledge, fear of patient reaction and lack of solutions as the main barriers to providing information regarding EH to the public. Our findings highlight the need to set up EH training programmes focused on scientific knowledge and to provide simple messages and tips to help perinatal HPs deliver advice to populations to mitigate exposure to environmental toxicants.

Impact of an implicit social skills training group in children with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability: A before-and-after study.

INTRODUCTION: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) have problems with social skills. Social skills training groups are among the proposed therapeutic strategies, but their efficacy still needs to be evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of an implicit social skills training group in children with ASDs without intellectual disability. METHODS: A before-and-after study of children with ASD without intellectual disability was conducted in a child psychiatry day hospital, where they participated in an implicit group with cooperative games. Their social skills were assessed using the Social-Emotional Profile (SEP), the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), and the empathy quotient (EQ) before and after 22 weeks. RESULTS: Six patients aged 9 to 10 years old were evaluated. A significant increase in overall adaptation and social skills (median 8 and 7.7 points) in the SEP was demonstrated in addition to a significant reduction in the CARS score (median: 4 points), including in the field of social relationships. The EQ increased two-fold. DISCUSSION­CONCLUSION: This implicit group improved the children's social skills. It would be interesting to evaluate the maintenance of these skills over time, examine more widespread results, and compare implicit and explicit groups.

Roles and practices of general practitioners and psychiatrists in management of depression in the community.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about depressed patients' profiles and how they are managed. The aim of the study is to compare GPs and psychiatrists for 1 degrees) sociodemographic and clinical profile of their patients considered as depressed 2 degrees) patterns of care provision. METHODS: The study design is an observational cross-sectional study on a random sample of GPs and psychiatrists working in France. Consecutive inclusion of patients seen in consultation considered as depressed by the physician. GPs enrolled 6,104 and psychiatrists 1,433 patients. DATA COLLECTED: sociodemographics, psychiatric profile, environmental risk factors of depression and treatment. All clinical data were collected by participating physicians; there was no direct independent clinical assessment of patients to check the diagnosis of depressive disorder. RESULTS: Compared to patients identified as depressed by GPs, those identified by psychiatrists were younger, more often urban (10.5% v 5.4% - OR = 2.4), educated (42.4% v 25.4% - OR = 3.9), met DSM-IV criteria for depression (94.6% v 85.6% - OR = 2.9), had been hospitalized for depression (26.1% v 15.6% - OR = 2.0) and were younger at onset of depressive problems (all adjusted p < .001). No difference was found for psychiatric and somatic comorbidity, suicide attempt and severity of current depression. Compared to GPs, psychiatrists more often prescribed tricyclics and very novel antidepressants (7.8% v 2.3% OR = 5.0 and 6.8% v 3.0% OR = 3.8) with longer duration of antidepressant treatment. GPs' patients received more "non-conventional" treatment (8.8% v 2.4% OR = 0.3) and less psychotherapy (72.2% v 89.1% OR = 3.1) (all adjusted p < .001). CONCLUSION: Differences between patients mainly concerned educational level and area of residence with few differences regarding clinical profile. Differences between practices of GPs and psychiatrists appear to reflect more the organization of the French care system than the competence of providers.

A pilot study about infertile men's awareness of their reprotoxic exposures and the intervention of occupational medicine to assess them.

BACKGROUND: Male infertility related to professional reprotoxic exposure has been assessed in several studies. Collaboration between occupational physicians and patients can yield information about the preventive measures that can be taken to avoid such exposure. The use of preventive measures is determined by the collaboration between reproductive medicine and occupational medicine and also by the patient's awareness of reprotoxic occupational exposures. Our andrology laboratory developed a systematic environmental interview that an occupational physician administers before semen analysis to assess patients' occupational reprotoxic chemical and physical exposures. This observational prospective study evaluated patients' feelings regarding this interview. The main outcome measure was the participants' score to determine their general reprotoxicant knowledge. The study also evaluated the patients' satisfaction about the interview with occupational physician and their attitude about reproductive toxicants. RESULTS: The mean score for general knowledge of reprotoxicants was 9.6 ± 2.7/16. The most frequently underestimated reprotoxic factor was excessive heat (34.7 % correct responses). In cases of semen parameter abnormalities AND recognized occupational reprotoxic exposure, 63.2 % of the patients said they would use individual protective devices, and 55.1 % said they would temporarily adapt their workstation. Regarding the interview with the laboratory's occupational physician, 80.7 % considered it moderately or very useful. Of the interviewed patients, 46.2 % reported having changed their living habits 2 months after the interview, and 88.5 % were satisfied or very satisfied with the care they received. All of the respondents said it would be useful to extend the interview to include their wives. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that patients' knowledge about reprotoxic exposures can be improved, particularly knowledge related to physical exposure. The vast majority of patients were satisfied with the introduction of this new collaboration between reproductive and occupational medicine.

CONTEXTE: Plusieurs études ont mis en évidence des infertilités masculines en lien avec une exposition reprotoxique professionnelle. L'interaction entre médecin du travail et patient peut faire émerger des informations sur les mesures preventives à mettre en place pour éviter ces expositions. L'utilisation de ces mesures préventives est déterminée par la collaboration entre médecin de la reproduction et médecin du travail et également par la conscience du patient de subir une exposition professionnelle reprotoxique. Notre laboratoire de spermiologie a mis en place un entretien systématique environnemental, assuré par un médecin du travail avant l'analyse de sperme, dans le but d'établir les expositions professionnelles reprotoxiques chimiques et physiques de chaque patient. Cette étude observationnelle prospective évalue la perception des patients de cet entretien. Le critère d'évaluation principal est le score de chaque patient évaluant ses connaissances générales sur les reprotoxiques. L'étude évalue également la satisfaction des patients à propos de cet entretien avec le médecin du travail et leur attitude vis à vis des reprotoxiques. RESULTATS: Le score moyen de connaissances générales sur les reprotoxiques était de 9.6 ± 2.7/16. Le facteur reprotoxique le plus fréquemment sous estimé était la chaleur excessive (34.7 % de bonnes réponses). En cas d'altération des paramètres spermatiques associée à des expositions professionnelles reprotoxiques, 63.2 % des patients se disaient prêts à utiliser des dispositifs de protection individuelle, et 55.1 % à accepter une adaptation temporaire de leur poste de travail. Concernant l'entretien avec le médecin du travail du laboratoire de spermiologie, 80.7 % le considéraient modérément ou très utile. Parmi les participants, 46.2 % rapportaient un changement dans leurs habitudes de vie 2 mois après l'entretien, et 88.5 % étaient satisfaits ou très satisfaits des soins reçus. Tous les participants trouveraient utile d'étendre cet entretien à leur compagne. CONCLUSIONS: Nos résultats suggèrent que les connaissances des patients sur les expositions reprotoxiques peuvent être améliorées, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les expositions physiques. La grande majorité des patients était satisfaite de l'introduction de cette nouvelle collaboration entre médecine de la reproduction et médecine du travail.

[Benzodiazepine and hiccup: three case reports]. / Benzodiazépines et hoquet: à propos de trois cas.

Hiccup is a sudden contraction of the inspiratory muscles, followed by an abrupt closure of the glottis, thus producing a characteristic sound. In the literature, some drugs have been reported to induce hiccup. We discuss three case reports after administration of benzodiazepine to healthy young subjects during two clinical trials. In the first study (a bioequivalence trial of two forms of lormetazepam, tablets and oral solution), 12 subjects were included in an open controlled crossover study with two periods separated by a washout of 7 days. Two subjects presented with hiccup after administration of lormetazepam (2mg oral solution). The symptom resolved in 10 and 40 minutes, respectively. In one subject, rechallenge with a tablet of lormetazepam was positive. The aim of the second study was to assess the effect of sleep deprivation and lorazepam-induced sedation on saccadic eye movements in 12 healthy subjects. Hiccup occurred in one subject 3h 15 after administration of a single oral dose of lorazepam (2mg) and resolved in 45 minutes. All cases were evaluated according to the French imputation method. These observations are discussed with regard to the drug classes mentioned most frequently in the literature.

Effects of subanesthetic doses of ketamine on sensorimotor information processing in healthy subjects.

Ketamine, an antagonist N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor, induces a broad range of anomalies in healthy subjects similar to those observed in psychosis. Previous studies have shown that information sensorimotor processing was impaired in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of subanesthetic doses of ketamine on behavior symptoms and information processing in healthy volunteers. A double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study was performed with eight subjects. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms assessed behavior changes. Information processing was assessed using a choice reaction time. Three experimental factors (stimulus intensity, stimulus response compatibility, and foreperiod duration) chosen to affect a different stage of information processing were manipulated. Our study has demonstrated that administration of ketamine produced significant effects on Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms scores. Results on choice reaction time demonstrated a significant longer reaction time under ketamine. Effects of stimulus intensity and compatibility stimulus response were similar under ketamine and under placebo. Moreover, there was a specific interaction between ketamine and foreperiod. This interaction indicated that foreperiod's effect was more prolonged under ketamine (29 ms) than under placebo (17 ms). These results showed that the clinical effects of ketamine were associated with schizophrenic-like impairments on choice reaction time in healthy subjects.

[The tryptophan depletion challenge: a review of methodology and results]. / Le test de déplétion en tryptophane: aspects méthodologiques et pratiques.

INTRODUCTION: This paper focuses on the methodology and behavioural results of the tryptophan depletion challenge. METHODS: A Medline search (1985-2002) using the keywords 'tryptophan depletion' and 'mood' has been performed. RESULTS: Rapid depletion is obtained by morning intake under fasting condition of a tryptophan-free amino-acid mixture. Subjects with a family history of mood disorders and depressed patients receiving serotoninergic drugs demonstrate a mood-lowering effect. However, these effects are limited or absent in normal volunteers and naive depressed patients. CONCLUSION: The tryptophan depletion challenge has largely contributed to the understanding of the physiopathology of depression. However, the mood response to acute tryptophan depletion challenge in healthy volunteers is not as sensitive as a 'depression model'.

[Drug patents and other ways to protect pharmaceutical research]. / Brevet et autres moyens de protection des inventions pharmaceutiques.

Pharmaceutical research constitutes a significant cost for pharmaceutical companies. Because of the importance of the financial investment in research projects, companies must protect their discoveries. There are multiple ways to do this. First, the legal avenue can be divided into three parts: a pharmaceutical company can protect a new drug by a patent, then an additional patent or a secondary patent; moreover, since 1992 in Europe, the pharmaceutical industry has been able to extend a patent by the "Supplementary Protection Certificate" (le Certificat Complémentaire de Protection [CCP]). The nonjuridical way is to use the chiral "switch", which can extend patents close to expiring, thus enhancing profitability.