Global citizenship is key to securing global health: the role of higher education.

Despite growing public awareness, health systems are struggling under the escalating burden of non-communicable diseases. While personal responsibility is crucial, alone it is insufficient. We argue that one must place themselves within the broader/global context to begin to truly understand the health implications of personal choices. Global citizenship competency has become an integral part of the higher education discourse; this discourse can and should be extended to include global health. A global citizen is someone who is (1) aware of global issues, (2) socially responsible, and (3) civically engaged. From this perspective, personal health is not solely an individual, self-serving act; rather, the consequences of our lifestyle choices and behaviors have far-reaching implications. This paper will argue that, through consciously identifying global health within the constructs of global citizenship, institutions of higher education can play an instrumental role in fostering civically engaged students capable of driving social change.

A Framework for the Administration of Anti-amyloid Monoclonal Antibody Treatments in Early-Stage Alzheimer's Disease.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of lecanemab for early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents an exciting new chapter in the management of neurodegenerative disease, but likewise presents numerous clinical, technical, and financial logistical challenges for both academic and non-academic medical institutions hoping to administer this drug. Minimal resources exist that provide guidance for establishing and maintaining a lecanemab treatment program at the institutional level. The current report aims to provide healthcare institutions a framework for the planning, onboarding, and longitudinal treatment of AD with anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody treatments. We present an implementation study involving three stages: (1) feasibility assessment, (2) operations and going live, and (3) monitoring assessment. We found that implementation of lecanemab in clinical practice was feasible due to the assignment of an enterprise-wide project manager to facilitate the planning phase, a cost analysis showing that lecanemab was financially sustainable, and the development of electronic medical record tools to support operational efficiency.

A national framework for disaster health education in Australia.

INTRODUCTION: Recent events have heightened awareness of disaster health issues and the need to prepare the health workforce to plan for and respond to major incidents. This has been reinforced at an international level by the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, which has proposed an international educational framework. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to outline the development of a national educational framework for disaster health in Australia. METHODS: The framework was developed on the basis of the literature and the previous experience of members of a National Collaborative for Disaster Health Education and Research. The Collaborative was brought together in a series of workshops and teleconferences, utilizing a modified Delphi technique to finalize the content at each level of the framework and to assign a value to the inclusion of that content at the various levels. FRAMEWORK: The framework identifies seven educational levels along with educational outcomes for each level. The framework also identifies the recommended contents at each level and assigns a rating of depth for each component. The framework is not intended as a detailed curriculum, but rather as a guide for educationalists to develop specific programs at each level. CONCLUSIONS: This educational framework will provide an infrastructure around which future educational programs in Disaster Health in Australia may be designed and delivered. It will permit improved articulation for students between the various levels and greater consistency between programs so that operational responders may have a consistent language and operational approach to the management of major events.

A conceptual framework for managing modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in Fiji.

AIMS: The current review will look at modifiable lifestyle (physical inactivity, poor nutrition, risky alcohol behavior and cigarette smoking) and cardio-metabolic (obesity, diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol and high blood pressure) cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among Indigenous-Fijian and Indo-Fijian subgroups. A framework for monitoring and managing these risk factors will be presented. METHODS: National health surveys were identified where available. Electronic databases identified sources for filling missing data. The most relevant data were identified, organized and synthesized. RESULTS: Compared to Indo-Fijians, Indigenous-Fijians have higher rates of obesity (17% vs 11%) and hypertension (21% vs 16%), but lower rates of diabetes mellitus (12% vs 21%) and high cholesterol (33% vs 39%). Indigenous-Fijians report higher rates of prescribed physical activity (25% vs 21%), but poorer recommended vegetable intake (48% vs 56%), greater risky alcohol behavior (17% vs 15%) and a much greater prevalence of cigarette smoking (45% vs 24%). Both Indigenous-Fijians and Indo-Fijians report a low prevalence of recommended fruit intake (17% vs 15%). CONCLUSIONS: Fiji is progressing through demographic and epidemiological transitions, including a decline in infectious diseases and improved life expectancy. However, in concert with other developing nations, 'modernization' is accompanied by increased mortality from non-communicable diseases, with CVD being the most prevalent. This transition has been associated with changes to socio-cultural aspects of Fiji, including poor lifestyle choices that may contribute to a cluster of cardio-metabolic conditions which precede CVD.

Dual infection with influenza A and B viruses.

A throat swab from a 7-year-old child with a mild influenza-like illness was cultured for respiratory viruses by standard and rapid plate culture methods. Standard culture yielded influenza B, whereas influenza A was obtained from rapid plate culture. Testing of the original sample by PCR confirmed the presence of both viruses. A surveillance program (Viral Watch) for respiratory viruses showed cocirculation of both these viruses in the community during this period.

Modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors among indigenous populations.

Objective. To identify modifiable cardio-metabolic and lifestyle risk factors among indigenous populations from Australia (Aboriginal Australians/Torres Strait Islanders), New Zealand (Maori), and the United States (American Indians and Alaska Natives) that contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods. National health surveys were identified where available. Electronic databases identified sources for filling missing data. The most relevant data were identified, organized, and synthesized. Results. Compared to their non-indigenous counterparts, indigenous populations exhibit lower life expectancies and a greater prevalence of CVD. All indigenous populations have higher rates of obesity and diabetes, hypertension is greater for Maori and Aboriginal Australians, and high cholesterol is greater only among American Indians/Alaska Natives. In turn, all indigenous groups exhibit higher rates of smoking and dangerous alcohol behaviour as well as consuming less fruits and vegetables. Aboriginal Australians and American Indians/Alaska Natives also exhibit greater rates of sedentary behaviour. Conclusion. Indigenous groups from Australia, New Zealand, and the United States have a lower life expectancy then their respective non-indigenous counterparts. A higher prevalence of CVD is a major driving force behind this discrepancy. A cluster of modifiable cardio-metabolic risk factors precede CVD, which, in turn, is linked to modifiable lifestyle risk factors.

How should flow-mediated dilation be normalized to its stimulus?

The brachial artery flow-mediated dilation test (FMD) is the non-invasive gold-standard used to assess endothelial function. Reduced FMD is an early event in the development of atherosclerosis and provides a marker for predicting future cardiovascular disease events. Despite its widespread popularity and proven validity, the FMD test is limited by poor reliability. There are three major limitations associated with the standard FMD methodology: (i) inappropriate expression of FMD, (ii) measurement variance associated with a short-lived FMD response and (iii) most studies fail to account for the FMD stimulus. A series of relatively simple statistical practices can be adopted to account for these limitations. In particular, we suggest that endothelial function be estimated using shear rate-diameter dose-response curves, which can be statistically analysed using hierarchical linear modelling. The use of dose-response curves could potentially improve measurement reliability and validity.

The importance of differentiating urban and rural phenomena in examining the unequal distribution of locally desirable land.

Previous research addressing the unequal distribution of locally desirable land (LDL) has mainly ignored their associated environments (i.e., rural or urban). However, this study proposed a new framework that treats rural and urban regions separately. In rural areas, the LDLs included all public lands. In urbanized areas, the LDLs were defined as green open spaces. Potential inequities in the distribution of LDL were assessed with respect to socioeconomic characteristics of residents in the State of Georgia. Using US Census Bureau Data (2000), Census Block Groups (CBGs) adjacent to LDLs were compared to CBGs outside of LDLs on four socioeconomic variables (per capita income, occupation, education, and race) in urban, suburban and rural environments. Results showed that CBGs adjacent to LDLs were composed of statistically significant upper-class communities containing fewer blue-collar workers, more whites, and higher income and higher educated people in rural, suburban and urban areas.

Does a rural educational experience influence students' likelihood of rural practice? Impact of student background and gender.

CONTEXT: The family medicine clerkship at the University of Calgary is a 4-week mandatory rotation in the final year of a 3-year programme. Students are given the opportunity to experience rural practice by training at 1 of several rural practices. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether exposure to a rural educational experience changes students' likelihood of doing a rural locum or rural practice and whether student background and gender are related to these practice plans. METHOD: Clinical clerks from the Classes of 1996-2000, who trained at rural sites, responded to questionnaire items both before and after the rural educational experience. Responses to the questionnaire items and discipline of postgraduate training served as dependent variables. Student background and gender were independent variables. RESULTS: As a result of the rural educational experience all students were more likely to do a rural locum. Compared to their urban-raised peers, students from rural backgrounds reported a significantly greater likelihood of doing a rural locum and practising in a rural community, irrespective of gender or participating in a rural educational experience. There was no relationship between background and career choice. CONCLUSION: A rural educational experience at the undergraduate level increases the stated likelihood of students participating in rural locums and helps to solidify existing rural affiliations. Students with rural backgrounds have a more favourable attitude toward rural practice. This pre-post study provides further support for the preferential admission to medical school of students with rural backgrounds to help alleviate the rural physician shortage.

Do students from rural backgrounds engage in rural family practice more than their urban-raised peers?

INTRODUCTION: In a previous prospective study, students from rural backgrounds were found to be significantly more likely to consider rural practice than their urban-raised peers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the students with rural backgrounds who participated in the original investigation were more likely than their urban-raised peers to be currently engaged in rural family practice. METHOD: In Canada, family doctors have the greatest opportunity to practise in rural communities. Consequently, rural and urban background students from the original study who entered the discipline of family medicine as a career were identified for practice location follow-up. Participants were categorised as either rural (population less than 10 000) or urban practitioners according to the population of the community in which they practised. The proportion of rural and urban background students engaged in rural or urban practice was analysed using chi-square and relative risk probability. RESULTS: A total of 78 students from the original cohort were found to be practising family medicine; 22 of them had been rurally raised. Seven (32%) of the rural background students were practising in a rural community, compared to 7 (13%) of the 56 urban background students (RR = 2.55; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Rural background students who went on to complete family medicine residency training were approximately 2.5 times more likely to be engaged in rural practice than their urban-raised peers. Altering medical school admission policy to recruit more rural background applicants should be part of a multi-dimensional approach to increasing the number of rural practitioners.

Relationship between supra-annual trends in influenza rates and stroke occurrence.

BACKGROUND: Stroke occurrence appears to be a random event, yet annual and supra-annual periodicity is observed. Recent attention in atherosclerotic disease etiology has focused on infectious and inflammatory mechanisms. Influenza is one such infection that may influence stroke occurrence. METHODS: We explored population-based time series data on stroke occurrence and influenza activity. Using Fourier transformation to isolate low-frequency signals in the data, the inverse transformed time series were regressed using Prais-Winsten regression to correct for serially auto-correlated residuals, to assess the relationship between influenza rates and stroke occurrence rates. RESULTS: Changes in the low-frequency components of influenza activity predicted the changes in low-frequency components of the stroke occurrence data with a delay of about 20 weeks. The delay between changes in influenza activity and subsequent stroke activity was different for different stroke types. Overall, the effect size was small with a tripling of the influenza rate associated with about a 6% change in stroke occurrence rate. CONCLUSIONS: A small proportion of the patterns of stroke occurrence may be explained by variation in influenza activity. Further evaluation of influenza as a triggering agent in stroke is needed.