Incidence and main risk factors for severe retinopathy of prematurity in infants weighing less than 1000 grams in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the incidence and risk factors for severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in babies <1000 g at Porto Alegre, Brazil. METHODS: Prospective cohort study including premature children with birth weight ≤1000 g was conducted. Main outcome was the occurrence of severe ROP needing treatment. RESULTS: A total of 157 infants were included. Severe ROP occurred in 20 infants (12.7%). Nineteen patients were treated by laser photocoagulation. Main risk factors for severe ROP were gestational age (P = 0.029), infant's weight measured at sixth week of life (P < 0.001) and number of days of oxygen therapy under mechanical ventilation (P < 0.001). After logistic regression, infant's weight at sixth week of life and number of days in mechanical ventilation were associated to severe ROP. CONCLUSIONS: We reported the incidence of 12.7% of severe ROP among babies born ≤ 1000 g in our institution. Laser photocoagulation was effective to stabilize the disease among 19 treated patients.

Prevalência de miopia em crianças de escolas públicas do Sul do Brasil / Prevalence of myopia among children from public schools in Southern Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de miopia em crianças de escolas públicas da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil). Métodos: Estudo transversal prospectivo, com amostra de 330 estudantes de escolas públicas da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre entre 5 e 20 anos de idade. Os escolares foram submetidos à avaliação oftalmológica completa, incluindo acuidade visual com e sem correção, autorrefração dinâmica e estática, refração subjetiva dinâmica e estática sob cicloplegia e medida do diâmetro axial. Um questionário sobre tempo de uso de telas diário foi aplicado. Os desfechos foram prevalência de miopia, alta miopia e baixa miopia. O teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a relação da prevalência com a variável contemplada no questionário. Resultados: A prevalência de miopia foi de 17,4% (IC95% 13,8-21,7%). Baixa e alta miopia corresponderam a 15,2% (IC95% 11,9-19,3%) e 2,1% (IC95% 1,1-4,1%), respectivamente. Conclusão: Essa é a maior prevalência de miopia sob cicloplegia encontrada no Brasil até a presente data. Outros estudos para entender a prevalência e a evolução da ametropia no país são necessários.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess myopia prevalence in children from public schools of the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, in Rio Grande do Sul. Methods: It is a prospective cross-sectional study with a sample of 330 children from public schools of the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, from 5 to 20 years old. The students were submitted to an ophthalmological evaluation including auto-refractor measurements, best corrected and uncorrected visual acuity, subjective refraction under cycloplegia and axial length. The outcomes were prevalence of myopia, high myopia, and low myopia. Pearson's chi-squared test was used to assess the relationship between prevalence and the variable contemplated in the questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of myopia was 17.4% (CI 13.8 - 21.7%). Low and high myopia corresponded to 15.2% (CI 11.9 - 19.3%) and 2.1% (CI 1.1 - 4.1%), respectively. Conclusion: This is the highest prevalence of myopia under cycloplegia found in Brazil to date. Other studies are necessary to understand the prevalence and evolution of the condition in the country.

[Unilateral pediatric cataract surgery]. / Cirurgia da catarata infantil unilateral.

PURPOSE: To analyze the results in a series of children submitted to unilateral cataract surgery. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted through the analysis of 35 patient files from the Congenital Cataract Service of UNIFESP/EPM. RESULTS: The main cause of unilateral cataract was idiopathic, the second cause was ocular trauma and the third cause was congenital rubella. Initial visual acuity was very poor in 51.4% of the cases (did not fix or follow), and the best corrected final visual acuity was better than 20/200 in 42.8% of the eyes. DISCUSSION: Although controversial, the surgical treatment of unilateral cataract, in this study, showed improvement in many cases.

Twenty-five-gauge sutureless lensectomy in infants with congenital cataract.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of intra- and postoperative complications of transconjunctival 25-gauge (25G) sutureless pars plicata lensectomy. METHODS: The medical records of patients <12 months of age with congenital cataracts who underwent 25G sutureless lensectomy were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were evaluated at postoperative days 1, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 and every 3 months thereafter. Visual acuity outcomes and intra- and postoperative complications were described and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 72 eyes of 44 infants were included; 28 patients (64%) had bilateral cataract. Median follow-up was 28 months (range, 12-93 months). In 47 eyes (81%) there was improved visual acuity after surgery. Intraoperative adverse events occurred in 9 eyes (13%). Postoperative complications occurred in 14 eyes (19%): 6 eyes (8%) had secondary visual axis opacification, 6 eyes (8%) had secondary glaucoma, 1 eye (1%) had posterior synechiae, and 1 eye (1.4%) had retinal detachment. CONCLUSIONS: Transconjunctival pars plicata 25G sutureless lensectomy is a minimally invasive technique for congenital cataract treatment. No postoperative complications were observed in 81% of eyes. Visual acuity improved in 81% of the operated eyes.

[Nd:Yag laser in infantile cataract]. / Nd:Yag laser em catarata infantil.

PURPOSE: To describe and to evaluate the usefulness of Nd: Yag laser in pseudophakic children. METHODS: Twenty-four eyes of 22 pseudophakic patients with posterior capsule opacification, that had been submitted to posterior capsulotomy with Nd:Yag-laser were prospectively analyzed at the Infantile Cataract Section of the Federal University of São Paulo/Paulista School of Medicine, from June 2001 to March 2003. Age at surgery, IOL type, IOL placement, time interval between surgery and posterior capsule opacification, energy needed (mJ), laterality, initial and final visual acuity were analyzed. RESULTS: Capsulotomy was performed in all pseudophakic eyes. Four (16.6%) eyes received polyacrylic implants and 18 (75%) PMMA lenses. Twelve IOL were in the capsular bag and nine in the ciliary sulcus. The laser energy level required was 0,8 mJ to 2 mJ per spot, total amount was 100 mJ. Nd:Yag laser was feasible in 22 (91.6%) eyes. Only two (8.3%) eyes required capsulotomy surgery. CONCLUSION: The obtained results suggest that Nd:Yag laser capsulotomy may be a good option to improve visual acuity in pseudophakic children.

[Refraction study on pseudophakic children]. / Estudo refracional em crianças pseudofácicas.

PURPOSE: To verify the refractive alterations in eyes of children submitted to surgery with implant of intraocular lens (IOL) and to investigate prediction of biometry in these cases. METHODS: Thirty-three eyes were studied with previous measurement of visual acuity with indication for cataract surgery with implant of intraocular lens in the Outpatient Clinic of Congenital Cataract of the Federal of University of São Paulo/Paulista School of Medicine, (UNIFESP-EPM) from January, 1998 to December, 2000. After the surgery, refraction, prescription of glasses with appropriate treatment for visual stimulation of the children, and measurement of the final corrected visual acuity were performed. Final refraction, biometric accuracy and possible error factors were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-three surgeries in 29 children were performed. Mean follow-up time was 10.15 months ranging from 2 to 34 +/- 8.18 months. In 43% of the cases a vision equal to or greater than 20/50 was obtained. Forty-six percent of the patients presented a final refraction between +1.00 and -1.00 spherical diopters. CONCLUSION: Treatment of congenital cataract through implant of intraocular lens continues to be controversial, where long-term results are not known. A great number of patients were operated on at a late time and progressed with amblyopia and low visual acuity even after treatment with difficult access to early and adequate treatment. In spite of residual refraction the patients obtained good visual acuity. Twenty-one percent of the cases with refractive alteration with hyperopia will still have increase in their axial diameter and consequently myopia with reduction of their refraction.

Ophthalmic Doppler in persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous atypical presentation: case report.

The purpose is to document a case of persistent hiperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) with atypical Bergmeister's papilla and patent hialoid artery that had its conclusive diagnosis done by doppler ultrasound. We report a case of child, who had unilateral leucokoria. This child's fundoscopic examination showed a white mass on the optic nerve that extended over to adjacent retina. Performed ultrasound that remained a doubt with the following diagnostic hypotheses: persistent hiperplastic primary vitreous, granuloma (toxocara), astrocytic hamartoma and retinoblastoma. The diagnosis was only established when the doppler ultrasound showed a blood flow inside of the membrane, thus confirming the diagnosis of persistent hiperplastic primary vitreous associated with the Bergmeister'spapilla.

The change in axial length in the pseudophakic eye compared to the unoperated fellow eye in children with bilateral cataracts.

PURPOSE: To compare the change in ocular axial length of the pseudophakic eye versus the fellow eye in children with bilateral cataracts who had surgery in only one eye. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 50 eyes of 25 children with bilateral lamellar cataracts were analyzed. A complete ophthalmic examination and evaluation of axial length measurements by contact ultrasound biometry were performed in all eyes undergoing cataract surgery with IOL implantation and in contralateral eyes. The primary outcome measure was the percentage rate of growth between the final and initial measurements, defined as the initial minus the final measurement, with the difference being divided by the initial measurement and the result multiplied by 100. RESULTS: Children aged 4-10 years of age were followed for a mean of 28.5 months. The values for axial length percentage rate of growth were significantly lower in pseudophakic eyes than in the unoperated, contralateral eyes (0.64% vs 2.09%, P < 0.05). Final visual acuity, follow-up time, and initial axial length did not affect the results. Pseudophakic eyes with posterior capsule opacification that underwent neodymium YAG laser showed a significantly higher rate of growth than unoperated eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Axial length in children older than 4 years showed a trend toward stabilization, with lower changes in axial length measurements in pseudophakic eyes and a higher rate of axial growth in contralateral eyes.

Pediatric cataracts: clinical aspects, frequency of strabismus and chronological, etiological, and morphological features.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of strabismus and chronological, etiological, and morphological features in patients with pediatric cataracts. METHODS: Medical records of pediatric patients were evaluated at the Congenital Cataract Section, Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, from 2001 to 2011. Patients with congenital cataract or developmental cataract were included. The patients with traumatic cataract, cataract secondary to uveitis, radiation or drugs, aphakic or pseudophakic patients who underwent surgery in another hospital, patients with glaucoma, non-lenticular leukocorias (retinoblastoma, retinopathy of prematurity, prelenticular leukocorias), and lens subluxation were excluded from the study. The following outcomes were evaluated: frequency of chronological, etiological, and morphological features, laterality, and occurrence of associated strabismus. RESULTS: A total of 207 patients were included. One hundred and seventeen patients (56.5%) had congenital cataract and 90 patients (43.5%) had developmental cataract. One hundred and nine patients (52.6%) had unilateral cataract. In terms of morphology, 72 children (33.8%) had zonular cataract and 66 (31.9%) had total cataract. Idiopathic cataract affected 150 patients (72.5%). There were 108 patients (52.2%) with strabismus, mainly secondary esotropia. CONCLUSION: Idiopathic etiology was the most frequent cause in this group of patients. Zonular cataract was the main morphological type of cataract in the study. Unilateral cataract occurred more frequently in patients with persistent fetal vasculature (PFV). Strabismus presented in 52% of the patients. The current analysis may help establish an earlier and more accurate diagnosis of pediatric cataracts.

Experimental histopathological study on retinal and renal cellular response to intravitreous antiangiogenic drugs.

AIM: To evaluate histopathological retinal and renal response after one single dose of intravitreous injection of antiangiogenic drugs ranibizumab and bevacizumab in rats. METHODS: Experimental study in 60d of life adults Wistar rats. Ten animals were included. Group 1 included 5 animals that were injected with 1 µL ranibizumab 1.25 mg in the right eye and with 1 µL of balanced salt solution (BSS) in the left eye, as control; Group 2 included 5 animals that were injected with 1 µL of bevacizumab in the right eye and with 1 µL of BSS in the fellow eye. All injections were performed with Hamilton syringes. After 15d of the interventions, all animals were sacrificed in CO2 chamber. Both eyes were enucleated and one kidney was removed, fixed and embedded in paraffin for histopathological analysis by optic microscopy. For statistical purposes the initial expected abnormal histopathological responses were defined as 0%. RESULTS: Atypical histopathological retinal response was detected in 2 eyes injected with ranibizumab (40%) as well as in 2 control eyes in group 1. Same was detected in 1 eye injected with bevacizumab (20%) as well as in 1 control eye, in group 2. The noted atypical findings were lymphocytes and eosinophils in the vitreous posterior cavity and mild retinal inflammatory reaction with ganglion cell layer edema but without clinical significance. No atypical histopathological renal response was detected. CONCLUSION: Unexpected atypical histopathological retinal response without clinical significance was observed in 3 eyes injected with antiangiogenic drugs (2 in group 1 and 1 in group 2) as well as in 3 control eyes (2 in group 1 and 1 in group 2). No atypical renal response was detected suggesting no extra ocular involvement of the intravitreous injected antiangiogenic drugs.

Persistent fetal vasculature: ocular features, management of cataract and outcomes.

PURPOSES: To describe ocular features, management of cataract and functional outcomes in patients with persistent fetal vasculature. METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive case series of patients with persistent fetal vasculature. Data were recorded from the Congenital Cataract Section of Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil from 2001 to 2012. All patients were evaluated for sex, age at diagnosis, systemic findings, laterality, age at surgery, and initial and final follow-up visual acuities. Follow-up and complications after cataract surgery were recorded. Ultrasound was performed in all cases and ocular eco-Doppler was performed in most. RESULTS: The study comprised 53 eyes from 46 patients. Age at diagnosis ranged from 5 days of life to 10 years-old (mean 22.7 months). Twenty-seven patients were male (58.7%). Persistent fetal vasculature was bilateral in 7 patients (15.2%). Forty-two eyes (79.2%) had combined (anterior and posterior forms) PFV presentation, 5 eyes (9.4%) had only anterior persistent fetal vasculature presentation and 6 eyes (11.3%) had posterior persistent fetal vasculature presentation. Thirty-eight eyes (71.7%) were submitted to cataract surgery. Lensectomy combined with anterior vitrectomy was performed in 18 eyes (47.4%). Phacoaspiration with intraocular lens implantation was performed in 15 eyes (39.5%), and without lens implantation in 5 eyes (13.2%). Mean follow-up after surgery was 44 months. Postoperative complications were posterior synechiae (3 cases), retinal detachment (2 cases), phthisis (3 cases), posterior capsular opacification (8 cases), inflammatory pupillary membrane (5 cases), glaucoma (4 cases), intraocular lens implantation displacement (1 case) and vitreous hemorrhage (2 cases). Complications were identified in 19 (50%) of the 38 operated eyes. Visual acuity improved after cataract surgery in 83% of the eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with persistent fetal vasculature have variable clinical presentation. There is an association of persistent fetal vasculature with congenital cataract. Severe complications are related to cataract surgery in patients with persistent fetal vasculature, but 83% of the operated eyes improved visual acuity.

Proposal of a novel classification of leukocorias.

BACKGROUND: To report a case series of nine patients presenting with leukocoria without lens opacification or retrolental abnormalities and to propose a novel classification for leukocoria. METHODS: An institutional and retrospective study including a case series of patients assisted in the Congenital Cataract Section of Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil, during the period between 2005 and 2010 with prelenticular leukocoria and clear lens. RESULTS: Nine patients younger than 4 years old presented with the diagnosis of unilateral prelenticular opacities without cataract formation. Echography in all patients revealed no posterior segment or lens abnormalities in the affected eye. Among the patients, three had idiopathic prelenticular membrane, two presented with juvenile xanthogranuloma with secondary pupillary membrane, one had persistent fetal pupillary membrane, one had prelenticular membrane due to congenital toxoplasmosis, one presented with pupillary membrane due to hyphema caused by iris hemangioma, and one had anterior segment persistent fetal vasculature. CONCLUSIONS: This case series of patients presented unilateral prelenticular leukocoria without lens opacification or posterior segment abnormalities. Several etiologies were associated with this condition. The correct diagnosis is important in order to avoid clear lens extraction. A new classification of leukocoria is proposed herein including: prelenticular leukocoria, lenticular leukocoria, retrolenticular leukocoria, and mixed presentation leukocoria.

Phacoemulsification and foldable acrylic IOL implantation in children with treated retinoblastoma.

PURPOSE: To study the results of cataract surgery in children with radiation-induced cataract after treatment for retinoblastoma. METHODS: Retrospective interventional case series. Six consecutive patients diagnosed with secondary cataracts due to radiation therapy for retinoblastoma. INTERVENTION: Phacoemulsification and foldable acrylic intraocular lens implantation. OUTCOMES MEASURED: Visual acuity, binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Aspirated lens material and aqueous humor samples were collected during surgery. RESULTS: Six uniocular children between 3 to 5 years of age at time of surgery were studied. The mean time interval between radiotherapy and cataract diagnosis was 22.3 months. The mean follow-up after surgery was 17.2 months (range: 12 to 23 months). All eyes achieved a clear visual axis after surgery allowing monitoring of the tumor status. None developed recurrence or retinoblastoma dissemination. Histopathological analysis of the aspired material showed no tumoral cells in all samples. All patients improved vision after cataract surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Phacoemulsification with acrylic intraocular lens implantation seems to be a safe, feasible, and effective method for the removal of radiation-induced cataracts in patients with treated retinoblastoma.

Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is related to oxygen-regulated vascular endothelial growth factor and to insulin-like growth factor-I. After premature birth, supplemental oxygen induces a retinal hyperoxic condition with vasoconstriction and to a definitive interruption of retinal vasculogenesis. Peripheral ischemia may stimulate retinal neovascularization and the onset of additional ROP-related complications. The natural course of the disease may result in irreversible blindness if not promptly diagnosed and attended. Recently, a significant increase in the prevalence of ROP has been observed in survival rates of preterm infants, especially in emerging-economy countries in Latin America, Asia, and Eastern Europe. This article addresses the main preventive measures in ROP.

Cataract surgery in Knobloch syndrome: a case report.

Knobloch syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with early-onset ocular abnormalities and central nervous system malformations. Ocular abnormalities are usually severe, and include high myopia, vitreoretinal degeneration, retinal detachment, macular abnormalities, and cataract. The most frequent systemic changes are midline malformations of the brain, ventricular dilation, and occipital encephalocele. Cognitive delay may occur. We report a case of cataract in a child with Knobloch syndrome. Cataract surgery and follow-up are described.

Prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity in Latin America.

The purpose of this work was to review the studies published over the last 10 years concerning the prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in Latin American countries, to determine if there was an improvement in ROP prevalence rates in that period, and to identify the inclusion criteria for patients at risk of developing ROP in the screening programs. A total of 33 studies from ten countries published between 2000 and 2010 were reviewed. Prevalence of any ROP stage in the regions considered ranged from 6.6% to 82%; ROP severe enough to require treatment ranged from 1.2% to 23.8%. There was no routine screening for ROP, and there was a lack of services for treatment of the disease in many countries. Inclusion criteria for patients in the studies ranged between birth weight ≤ 1500 g and ≤ 2000 g and gestational age ≤ 32 and <37 weeks. Use of different inclusion criteria regarding birth weight and gestational age in several Latin American studies hindered comparative analysis of the published data. Highly restrictive selection criteria for ROP screening in relation to birth weight and gestational age should not be used throughout most Latin American countries because of their different social characteristics and variable neonatal care procedures. The studies included in this review failed to provide adequate information to determine if the prevalence of ROP has decreased in Latin America.

Ophthalmic Doppler in persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous atypical presentation: case report / Doppler oftálmico na persistência hiperplásica do vítreo primário de apresentação atípica: relato de caso

ABSTRACTThe purpose is to document a case of persistent hiperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) with atypical Bergmeister's papilla and patent hialoid artery that had its conclusive diagnosis done by doppler ultrasound. We report a case of child, who had unilateral leucokoria. This child's fundoscopic examination showed a white mass on the optic nerve that extended over to adjacent retina. Performed ultrasound that remained a doubt with the following diagnostic hypotheses: persistent hiperplastic primary vitreous, granuloma (toxocara), astrocytic hamartoma and retinoblastoma. The diagnosis was only established when the doppler ultrasound showed a blood flow inside of the membrane, thus confirming the diagnosis of persistent hiperplastic primary vitreous associated with the Bergmeister'spapilla.

RESUMOO objetivo é documentar um caso de persistência hiperplásica do vítreo primário (PHPV) com papila de Bergmeister atípica e artéria hialóide pérvia que teve seu diagnóstico conclusivo feito pelo exame ultrassonográfico com Doppler colorido. Relatamos um caso de uma criança com leucocoria unilateral, apresentando massa branca sobre o disco óptico observada à fundoscopia, que se estendia à retina adjacente. Após a realização do exame ultrassonográfico foi mantida a dúvida com as seguintes hipóteses diagnósticas: persistência hiperplásica do vítreo primário, granuloma (toxocaríase) e retinoblastoma. O diagnóstico foi estabelecido após a utilização do Doppler colorido que evidenciou fluxo sanguíneo no interior da membrana, confirmando o diagnóstico de persistência hiperplásica do vítreo primário associada à papila de Bergmeister.

[Assessing vision-related quality of life in children with bilateral congenital cataracts]. / Avaliação da qualidade de vida relacionada à visão em crianças com catarata congênita bilateral.

PURPOSE: To assess vision-related quality of life in children with bilateral congenital cataracts, using the recently developed Children's Visual Function Questionnaire (CVFQ). METHODS: CVFQ has two presentations, one for children under 3 years of age and the other for older children, and is divided in six subscales--general health; general vision; competence; personality; family impact and treatment. From those, a composite score can also be calculated. The CVFQ was applied in the hospital setting to parents or other caretakers by personal interview. The subscale scores were compared for control group (n=32--normal vision) versus congenital cataract group (n=16 no visual impairment, n=10--mild visual impairment and n=11--severe visual impairment). For analysis, t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed. RESULTS: All quality of life subscales presented low scores for children with bilateral congenital cataracts. Congenital bilateral cataract scores were lower than those of the control group for all subscales. Competence subscale in the experimental group was significantly lower in the comparison with visual impairment severity (F=5.1, p=0.01; Tukey test p<0.01) as well as the composite score (F=5.4, p=0.01; Tukey test p=0.01/0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral congenital cataracts influence vision-related quality of life of children as confirmed by low scores in all subscales assessed by the CVFQ with emphasis on the competence subscale. This instrument should be incorporated in the clinical assessment of children with bilateral cataracts as a measure of the impact of visual impairment in their quality of life.

Amblyopia after unilateral infantile cataract extraction after six weeks of age.

PURPOSE: To determine interocular grating acuity difference in children treated for unilateral infantile cataract. METHODS: A group of 27 children previously treated for unilateral infantile cataract, had their monocular visual acuity measured by sweep visual evoked potentials. Interocular grating acuity difference was calculated as the absolute subtraction of monocular acuity scores. Lens status, opacity severity and eye alignment were considered for analysis. RESULTS: Mean interocular grating acuity difference obtained from unilateral cataract patients was 0.58 +/- 0.20 logMAR. This result was significantly larger than 0.10 logMAR used as normative data. Children with severe opacities had a more pronounced amblyopia than the moderate ones. No significant correlation between amblyopia and strabismus or aphakia was found. CONCLUSIONS: Interocular acuity difference in this group of unilateral congenital cataract was more pronounced than previous reports, mainly because of delay in diagnosis, surgery and optical correction.

Pediatric cataracts: clinical aspects, frequency of strabismus and chronological, etiological, and morphological features / Catarata pediátrica: aspectos clínicos, frequência de estrabismo e características cronológicas, etiológicas e morfológicas

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of strabismus and chronological, etiological, and morphological features in patients with pediatric cataracts. Methods: Medical records of pediatric patients were evaluated at the Congenital Cataract Section, Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, from 2001 to 2011. Patients with congenital cataract or developmental cataract were included. The patients with traumatic cataract, cataract secondary to uveitis, radiation or drugs, aphakic or pseudophakic patients who underwent surgery in another hospital, patients with glaucoma, non-lenticular leukocorias (retinoblastoma, retinopathy of prematurity, prelenticular leukocorias), and lens subluxation were excluded from the study. The following outcomes were evaluated: frequency of chronological, etiological, and morphological features, laterality, and occurrence of associated strabismus. Results: A total of 207 patients were included. One hundred and seventeen patients (56.5%) had congenital cataract and 90 patients (43.5%) had developmental cataract. One hundred and nine patients (52.6%) had unilateral cataract. In terms of morphology, 72 children (33.8%) had zonular cataract and 66 (31.9%) had total cataract. Idiopathic cataract affected 150 patients (72.5%). There were 108 patients (52.2%) with strabismus, mainly secondary esotropia. Conclusion: Idiopathic etiology was the most frequent cause in this group of patients. Zonular cataract was the main morphological type of cataract in the study. Unilateral cataract occurred more frequently in patients with persistent fetal vasculature (PFV). Strabismus presented in 52% of the patients. The current analysis may help establish an earlier and more accurate diagnosis of pediatric cataracts. .

Objetivos: Avaliar as frequências do estrabismo e as características cronológica, etiológica e morfológica das cataratas pediátricas. Método: Estudo retrospectivo dos prontuários de crianças atendidas no Ambulatório de Catarata Congênita do Departamento de Oftalmologia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo no período entre 2001 e 2011. Foram incluídos pacientes com diagnóstico de catarata congênita ou de desenvolvimento. Foram excluídos os pacientes com catarata traumática; secundárias a uveíte, radiação ou medicamentos; pacientes operados em outro serviço; pacientes com glaucoma; leucocorias não cristalinianas (retinoblastoma, retinopatia da prematuridade, leucocorias pré-cristalinianas), e com sub-luxação do cristalino. Foram avaliadas: as frequências cronológicas, etiológicas e morfológicas das cataratas; a lateralidade e a ocorrência de estrabismo associado nestes pacientes. Resultados: Foram incluídos 207 pacientes. Cento e dezessete (56,5%) apresentavam catarata congênita e 90 (43,5%) apresentavam catarata de desenvolvimento. Cento e nove (52,6%) pacientes eram portadores de catarata unilateral. Quanto à morfologia, 72 crianças (33,8%) apresentavam catarata zonular e 66 (31,9%) apresentavam catarata total. A etiologia idiopática foi a mais frequente (72,5%) afetando 150 pacientes. Foram observados 108 pacientes (52,2%) com estrabismo associado, especialmente endotropias secundárias. Conclusões: A etiologia idiopática foi a mais frequente neste estudo. O tipo morfológico zonular foi o mais frequentemente diagnosticado. Cataratas unilaterais ocorreram mais frequentemente em pacientes com persistência da vasculatura fetal. O estrabismo associado ocorreu em 52% dos pacientes. A análise dos resultados deste estudo pode ...