Gallic acid markedly stimulates GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake by the AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cell line.

Phenolic acids are recognized as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. Altered glucose and glutamine metabolism are recognized hallmarks of cancer cells. We aimed to test the influence of phenolic acids on glucose and glutamine cellular uptake by a breast (MCF-7) and a pancreatic (AsPC-1) cancer cell line. Several phenolic acids (caffeic, ferrulic, proctocatechuic, coumaric and gallic acid) affected 3H-glutamine and/or 3H-deoxy-d-glucose (3H-DG) uptake. Gallic acid (100 µM) caused a 3-fold increase in 3H-DG uptake by AsPC-1 cells, associated with a 3.7-fold increase in lactic acid production. Gallic acid stimulated GLUT1-mediated 3H-DG uptake and increased the affinity of this transporter for 3H-DG. We further verified that gallic acid does not change GLUT1 transcription rates and cellular redox state and that its effect does not involve PI3K, mTOR and MAP kinases and is not associated with a proproliferative effect. Gallic acid also increased 3H-DG uptake by MCF-7 cells, although less potently. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate the cellular pathways involved in this effect of gallic acid.

Modeling of autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa in Caenorhabditis elegans uncovers a nexus between global impaired functioning of certain splicing factors and cell type-specific apoptosis.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a rare genetic disease that causes gradual blindness through retinal degeneration. Intriguingly, seven of the 24 genes identified as responsible for the autosomal-dominant form (adRP) are ubiquitous spliceosome components whose impairment causes disease only in the retina. The fact that these proteins are essential in all organisms hampers genetic, genomic, and physiological studies, but we addressed these difficulties by using RNAi in Caenorhabditis elegans. Our study of worm phenotypes produced by RNAi of splicing-related adRP (s-adRP) genes functionally distinguishes between components of U4 and U5 snRNP complexes, because knockdown of U5 proteins produces a stronger phenotype. RNA-seq analyses of worms where s-adRP genes were partially inactivated by RNAi, revealed mild intron retention in developing animals but not in adults, suggesting a positive correlation between intron retention and transcriptional activity. Interestingly, RNAi of s-adRP genes produces an increase in the expression of atl-1 (homolog of human ATR), which is normally activated in response to replicative stress and certain DNA-damaging agents. The up-regulation of atl-1 correlates with the ectopic expression of the pro-apoptotic gene egl-1 and apoptosis in hypodermal cells, which produce the cuticle, but not in other cell types. Our model in C. elegans resembles s-adRP in two aspects: The phenotype caused by global knockdown of s-adRP genes is cell type-specific and associated with high transcriptional activity. Finally, along with a reduced production of mature transcripts, we propose a model in which the retina-specific cell death in s-adRP patients can be induced through genomic instability.

Dengue tropism for macrophages and dendritic cells: the host cell effect.

Dengue virus infects immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). We compared virus infectivity in macrophages and DC, and found that the virus origin determined the cell tropism of progeny virus. The highest efficiency of re-infection was seen for macrophage-derived dengue virus. Furthermore, in the presence of enhancing antibodies, macrophage-derived virus gave greater enhancement of infection compared with immature DC-derived virus. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of macrophages in dengue infection.

Altered immune response of immature dendritic cells following dengue virus infection in the presence of specific antibodies.

Dengue virus (DENV) replication is known to prevent maturation of infected dendritic cells (DCs) thereby impeding the development of adequate immunity. During secondary DENV infection, dengue-specific antibodies can suppress DENV replication in immature DCs (immDCs), however how dengue-antibody complexes (DENV-IC) influence the phenotype of DCs remains elusive. Here, we evaluated the maturation state and cytokine profile of immDCs exposed to DENV-ICs. Indeed, DENV infection of immDCs in the absence of antibodies was hallmarked by blunted upregulation of CD83, CD86 and the major histocompatibility complex molecule HLA-DR. In contrast, DENV infection in the presence of neutralizing antibodies triggered full DC maturation and induced a balanced inflammatory cytokine response. Moreover, DENV infection under non-neutralizing conditions prompted upregulation of CD83 and CD86 but not HLA-DR, and triggered production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The effect of DENV-IC was found to be dependent on the engagement of FcγRIIa. Altogether, our data show that the presence of DENV-IC alters the phenotype and cytokine profile of DCs.

Chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles prepared in one-step by precipitation in a high-aqueous phase content reverse microemulsion.

Chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles (CMNP) were prepared in one-step by precipitation in a high-aqueous phase content reverse microemulsion in the presence of chitosan. The high-aqueous phase concentration led to productivities close to 0.49 g CMNP/100 g microemulsion; much higher than those characteristic of precipitation in reverse microemulsions for preparing magnetic nanoparticles. The obtained nanoparticles present a narrow particle size distribution with an average diameter of 4.5 nm; appearing to be formed of a single crystallite; furthermore they present superparamagnetism and high magnetization values; close to 49 emu/g. Characterization of CMNP suggests that chitosan is present as a non-homogeneous very thin layer; which explains the slight reduction in the magnetization value of CMNP in comparison with that of uncoated magnetic nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles show high heavy ion removal capability; as demonstrated by their use in the treatment of Pb2+ aqueous solutions; from which lead ions were completely removed within 10 min.

Adaptive thermogenesis, at the level of resting energy expenditure, after diet alone or diet plus bariatric surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the magnitude of adaptive thermogenesis (AT), at the level of resting energy expenditure (REE), after a very low-energy diet alone or combined with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy, as well as to investigate the association between AT and changes in appetite. METHODS: A total of 44 participants with severe obesity underwent 10 weeks of a very low-energy diet alone or combined with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy. Body weight and composition, REE, subjective appetite feelings, and plasma concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones were measured at baseline and week 11. AT, at the level of REE, was defined as a significantly lower measured versus predicted (using a regression model with baseline data) REE. RESULTS: Participants lost 18.4 ± 3.9 kg of body weight and experienced AT, at the level of REE (-121 ± 188 kcal/day; p < 0.001), with no differences among groups. The larger the AT, at the level of REE, the greater the reduction in fasting ghrelin concentrations and the smaller the reduction in feelings of hunger and desire to eat in the postprandial state. CONCLUSIONS: Weight-loss modality does not seem to modulate the magnitude of AT, at the level of REE. The greater the AT, at the level of REE, the greater the drive to eat following weight loss.

Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets.

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also available on-line. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. A drug class review is now published monthly with The Formulary Monograph Service. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The January 2013 monograph topics are onperampanel, omacetaxine mepesuccinate, ocriplasmin, sodium picosulfate/magnesium oxide/anhydrous citric acid, and lomitapide. The DUE/MUE is on perampanel.

Exploring restaurant and customer needs, barriers, interests, and food choices induced by the COVID-19 pandemic in Tarragona Province (Catalonia, Spain): A cross-sectional study.

Background: COVID-19 has harmed restaurants, but customer preferences remain unknown. This study aims to determine the needs, barriers, interests, and food choice changes in restaurants and customers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tarragona Province (Spain). Methods: An observational cross-sectional study conducted in spring 2021 collected Mediterranean offerings, food safety, and hygiene information about the pandemic through online surveys and focus group interviews with restaurateurs and customers about the changes in their needs and new barriers. Results: Fifty-one restaurateurs (44 survey, 7 focus group) and 138 customers (132 survey, 6 focus group) were included. In relation to the economic, emotional, and uncertainty restaurateurs' barriers detected, they implemented measures to tackle it: buy less and more often, reduce restaurant staff and reduce the restaurants offer, among others. Some customers reported changes in their restaurant orders, specifically increasing their takeaway orders. The Mediterranean diet offer (AMed criteria) remained without noticeable changes in any of the criteria. After lockdown, compared to before lockdown, restaurateurs increased their takeaway offerings by 34.1% (p < 0.001) and their use of digital menus by 27.3% (p < 0.001) because of customer demand. The use of local products in the menus remained high. The cleaning and disinfection tasks increased by 21.1% (p = 0.022), and the use of hydroalcoholic solutions increased by 13.7% (p = 0.031). Conclusion: In restaurants, the first COVID-19 lockdown increased takeaway orders, sanitation, and digital communication. This study provides valuable information for adapting gastronomic offerings during challenging situations.

Association between Meal Frequency and Weight Status in Spanish Children: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Childhood obesity is a major international problem, and unhealthy eating habits remain widespread. Increasing the frequency of meals of nutritious food can help children to regulate their appetite and maintain a healthy weight. However, there is scarce prospective evidence on the relationship between the meal frequency and weight outcomes. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the prospective association between the meal frequency, body mass index, and waist circumference in Spanish children. Additionally, we analyzed the impact of the meal frequency on the incidence of excessive weight and abdominal obesity. The study included 1400 children with a mean (SD) age of 10.1 (0.6) and an average follow-up of 15 months. Anthropometric measurements, including the body weight, height, and waist circumference, were measured by trained personnel, and children were asked about whether they usually had the following meals: breakfast, a mid-morning snack, lunch, an afternoon snack, and dinner. Multiple linear regression models revealed a significant (p < 0.05) inverse association between the meal frequency with a standardized BMI (zBMI) and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) after adjusting for sex, age, allocation to an intervention group, school, maternal education, physical activity, diet quality, and for the corresponding outcome variable at the baseline. Furthermore, the odds of developing abdominal obesity or excessive weight during the follow-up significantly decreased with an increase in the meal frequency after controlling for the same confounders. In conclusion, a higher meal frequency at the baseline was predictive for a lower zBMI, WHtR, and odds of the incidence of excessive weight and abdominal obesity.

Study of Essential Oil Isolated from Achiote (Bixa orellana) Leaves: Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution and Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities.

Bixa orellana is a native and cultivated species of Ecuador commonly known as achiote (annatto), this species is very versatile with a wide variety of uses and applications of its leaves, fruits and seeds. In this study, the chemical composition, enantiomeric distribution and biological activity of essential oil isolated from the leaves of Bixa orellana were determined. Hydrodistillation was used to isolate the essential oil. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to determine the qualitative composition, a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector was used to determine quantitative composition and gas chromatography on an enantioselective column was used to determine enantiomeric distribution. Antibacterial activity was determined using the broth microdilution method, for which we used three Gram-positive cocci bacteria, a Gram-positive bacilli bacterium and three Gram-negative bacilli bacteria. 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic (ABTS) acid radical cation and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydryl (DPPH) free radical were used as reagents for determining the antioxidant activity of the essential oil. The spectrophotometric method was used to analyze acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect of the essential oil. The yield of leaves in essential oil was 0.13 ± 0.01% (v/w). A total of 56 chemical compounds, which represent 99.25% of the total composition, were identified in the essential oil. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most representative group in number of compounds and relative abundance with 31 compounds and 69.06%, respectively. The principal constituents were found to germacrene D (17.87 ± 1.20%), bicyclogermacrene (14.27 ± 0.97%), caryophyllene < (E)- > (8.56 ± 1.24%) and pinene <α-> (6.34 ± 0.13%). Six pairs of enantiomers were identified in the essential oil of Bixa orellana. The essential oil presented strong activity against the Enterococcus faecium (ATCC 27270) with an MIC of 250 µg/mL and weak activity against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) with an MIC of 1000 µg/mL. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was strong according to ABTS methods with a SC50 of 61.49 ± 0.04 µg/mL and was moderate in DPPH with a SC50 of 224.24 ± 6,4 µg/mL. Additionally, the essential oil reported moderate anticholinesterase activity with an IC50 of 39.45 ± 1.06 µg/mL.

Perceived Quality of Life Is Related to a Healthy Lifestyle and Related Outcomes in Spanish Children and Adolescents: The Physical Activity, Sedentarism, and Obesity in Spanish Study.

BACKGROUND: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial for safeguarding the well-being and quality of life perception, appropriate growth, and development of children and adolescents, while also mitigating the risk of future adult-onset diseases. OBJECTIVE: To assess associations between perceived quality of life and healthy lifestyle and related outcomes in Spanish children and adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of 8-16-year-old children and adolescents (n = 3534) were included in the nationwide study of Physical Activity, Sedentarism, and Obesity in Spanish Youth (PASOS). Data were collected through (1) questionnaires on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), healthy lifestyle outcomes (dietary intake, physical fitness, sleep, and screen time), and (2) anthropometric measurements for weight status assessment. Data were analysed by logistic regression, using the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) as the grouping variable. RESULTS: Participants with a lower HRQoL were those with a lower adherence to the MedDiet and lower achievement of the recommended daily intake of fruit and vegetables. They were also less likely to follow the recommendations for screen time and sleep (with the exception of the weekend) compared to participants with a higher HRQoL. Participants with a lower HRQoL showed a lower healthy weight status and poorer physical fitness than those with a higher HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy eating habits, healthy weight status (normal weight), appropriate sleep time, physical fitness, and limited screen time play a crucial role in the perceived quality of life in children and adolescents.

Effect of a monitored exercise protocol in cerebral and hepatic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Physical exercise (PE) has been proven to be beneficial in patients with cirrhosis; effects in cognitive function and cerebral hemodynamics, are yet to be explored. AIM: To evaluate the effects of a PE program (LFN-exercise protocol) in hepatic/cerebral hemodynamics. METHODS: Randomized open clinical trial in patients with cirrhosis; Control: Diet(n = 13),Intervention: Diet + exercise(n = 14) for 12 weeks. Patients received an educational session, mental exercises (printed book and sudoku), and high-protein diet. Exercise intervention consisted of walking 4 times/week with an intensity rated between 12 and 14 on the Borg scale, monitored through bracelet accelerometers. Patients received weekly text messages to encourage adherence and had monthly in-person visits. RESULTS: Patients were mainly Child-Pugh A(88.9 %), median MELD 8(8-10), mean age 53±8 years. In the exercise group the number of steps increased from 9667±3008 to 11,931±4463 (p = 0.002), vs 8004±3224 to 8903±3504 (p = 0.053) in controls. Exercise decreased HVPG from 11(8-14) to 8(6-11)mmHg (p = 0.032) vs no change in the control group from 14(12-16) to 15(11-17)mmHg (p = 0.959). Intervention group showed better cerebral hemodynamics, cognitive function, nutritional status and quality of life after the intervention. Adherence was >90 %, with no adverse events. CONCLUSION: The LFN-exercise protocol improves portal hypertension, cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive function, as well as nutritional status and quality of life. GOV NUMBER: NCT03932552.

Effect of performing real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in addition to two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography on operator diagnostic confidence.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the effects of performing real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in addition to conventional two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography on diagnostic confidence. METHODS: Operator diagnostic confidence in addressing clinical questions posed by the referral was scored using a five-point scale for two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography alone and the combination of two-dimensional and real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in 136 consecutive patients undergoing examination in an academic hospital. RESULTS: Mean diagnostic confidence score was higher for the combined studies compared to two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography alone (4.5 vs. 4.1, P < 0.001)). The addition of real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography increased diagnostic confidence score in 45 (33.1%) patients, and the percentage of studies with total diagnostic confidence rose from 40.4% with two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography alone to 65.4% after performing real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. Type of clinical indication was associated with improved score by the combined exams (P < 0.004). The addition of real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography was most likely to improve diagnostic confidence score in studies performed to assess valve disease (56.1%) and least likely in examinations performed for intracardiac infection (14.9%). The location (anterior or posterior) of the primary cardiac pathology was not associated with improved score by the combined studies (P = 0.498). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography to two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography increases diagnostic confidence in examinations routinely performed in an academic practice. Further studies of the impact of real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography on patient management, outcomes and displacement of or need for downstream testing are warranted.

Cor triatriatum sinister in an adult: management guided by real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and stress echocardiography.

A 39-year-old female had cor triatriatum (CT) detected as an incidental finding on transthoracic echocardiography performed to evaluate chest pain. By conventional two- and real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography, the CT membrane had a communicating orifice connecting the accessory and main left atrial chambers that measured 1.3 × 0.8 cm. The resting mean transmembrane gradient was 2 mm Hg. The postexercise mean transmembrane gradient and pulmonary artery pressure were 6 and 40 mm Hg. Extrapolating from cutoff values for postexercise gradients and pulmonary pressures in patients with mitral stenosis, we advised deferring surgery and close clinical and echocardiographic follow up.

Diagnosis of a bilobed left atrial appendage and pectinate muscles mimicking thrombi on real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)-guided cardioversion is an established strategy for managing atrial arrhythmias and is commonly used as an alternative to the conventional approach of administering several weeks of anticoagulation before cardioversion. However, the safety of this approach depends on the exclusion of left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombi with a high level of diagnostic confidence. The objective of this case series is to explore the use of real-time 3-dimensional (RT3D) TEE in the precardioversion evaluation of patients with complex anatomy in their LAAs. METHODS: We used RT3D TEE to further assess the LAAs of 3 patients being evaluated for cardioversion who had inconclusive 2-dimensional (2D) TEE studies because of complex anatomic variants of the LAA. We imaged the LAA using the 3D zoom mode and rotated this image to view the LAA en face from the perspective of its ostium. Further cropping was performed as needed. RESULTS: In all 3 patients, the additional views of the appendage obtained by RT3D TEE were decisive in excluding contraindications to cardioversion. The unique en face view of the LAA acquired with 3D TEE, which was previously unobtainable using 2D TEE, was particularly useful. In 1 patient, a bilobed LAA mimicked a thrombus. In 2 other patients, prominent pectinate muscles masqueraded as thrombi. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional TEE is valuable for the precardioversion evaluation of patients with complex anatomic variants of the LAA.

Effect of non-alcoholic beer, diet and exercise on endothelial function, nutrition and quality of life in patients with cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: The implementation of nutritional strategies targeting several variables at once could benefit patients with cirrhosis. Non-alcoholic beer has different compounds that exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and nutritional properties. AIM: To evaluate the effect of diet + exercise and non-alcoholic beer on nutritional status, endothelial function and quality of life in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS: In this randomized open clinical trial, patients with cirrhosis were randomized into two groups: The intervention (non-alcoholic beer + diet + exercise) and control (water + diet + exercise) group. Treatment consisted of 330 mL non-alcoholic beer/day or the same amount of water, plus an individualized dietary plan and an exercise program with a pedometer-based bracelet to reach at least 5000 steps/d and > 2500 above the baseline during 8 wk. Endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation, plethysmography), biochemical and nutritional variables and quality of life (CLDQ) were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-three patients were included in the study, 21 in the control group and 22 in the intervention group. The mean age was 53.5 ± 7.8 years, 60% were women, the median MELD score was 8 (7-10) and most patients were Child-Pugh A (88%). Adherence to the interventions was > 90% in both groups, there were no adverse events and all biochemical parameters remained stable in both groups. Endothelial function improved in both groups. All measured nutritional parameters improved in the intervention group, compared to only 2 in the control group and quality of life improved in both groups; however, more domains improved in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: The intervention consisting of non-alcoholic beer, diet and exercise seems to be safe and well tolerated in patients with cirrhosis, and shows improvement in nutritional status, endothelial function, and quality of life. These results need to be further confirmed.

Medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados para el adulto mayor en el servicio de medicina interna / Potentially inappropriate medications for older adults in the internal medicine service

Introducción: se consideran prescripciones inapropiadas de medicamentos cuando el riesgo supera el beneficio, o en las que hay un incremento en el potencial de interacciones farmacológicas. Para evitarlo en el adulto mayor se han desarrollado herramientas como los criterios Beers y los PRISCUS. Objetivo: identificar las prescripciones potencialmente inapropiadas en la población adulta mayor que consultó al servicio de medicina interna del Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo mediante los listados Beers y PRISCUS. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en pacientes mayores de 65 años, se calculó el tamaño de la muestra en 357 pacientes. La información recolectada fue almacenada en el programa excel versión 2013 y analizada en EPI INFO versión 7.1.4. Resultados: la mediana de edad fue 75 años, el género masculino 52,66%, el promedio de medicamentos por paciente fue de 8,77 con una DE +/- 5. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue insuficiencia cardiaca con 29 casos (8,12 %). La prescripción inapropiada de medicamentos (PIM) según los criterios Beers, se observó en 4,9%, los más frecuentes fueron metoclopramida 20% y amiodarona 14%. La lista PRISCUS identificó 2.5% de prescripciones inapropiadas siendo prazosin (20%) el más relacionado. Conclusiones: los medicamentos encontrados según los criterios BEERS fueron metoclopramida, amiodarona, prazosina, betametildigoxina y con los PRISCUS, prazosina, haloperidol, betametildigoxina y difenhidramina.

Introduction: inappropriate drug prescribing is defined as the use of medicines whose risks outweigh their benefits, or when there is increased potential of drug-drug interactions. The Beers and PRISCUS criteria were developed as tools to prevent potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) in the elderly. Objective: to identify PIM in the elderly population who attended the internal medicine service of Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo, by means of the Beers and PRISCUS criteria. Materials and methods: a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study in patients over age 65. The sample size was calculated in 357 patients. Excel version 2013 was used for data storage. EPI INFO version 7.1.4 was used for data analysis. Results: mean age 75 years, males 52.66%, average number of drugs per patient 8.77 (SD +/- 5). Heart failure was the most common diagnosis (29 cases - 8.12 %). According to the Beers criteria, PIM was identified in 4.9% of patients; metoclopramide (20%) and amiodarone (14%) being the most prescribed. The PRISCUS list identified PIM in 2.5%; prazosin (20%) being the most prescribed. Conclusions: the drugs identified by the BEERS criteria were metoclopramide, amiodarone, prazosin, and beta-methyl digoxin. Prazosin, haloperidol, beta-methyl digoxin, and diphenhydramine were identified by the PRISCUS criteria.

[HIV+ pregnant woman and exposed children: epidemiological study on compulsory notification]. / Gestante HIV+ e crianças expostas: estudo epidemiológico da notificação compulsória.

This cross-sectional epidemiological study aimed at identifying the antiretroviral treatment used during pregnancy and at delivery, outcome, and diagnosis of the children of HIV+ pregnant women. Notification cards of pregnant women registered in 2002 whose cases were completed in 2005, were analyzed in the database of the Notification Offence System of the Local Health Department of the General Coordination Bureau of Epidemiological Control Health Surveillance of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Out of 389 investigated pregnant women, 189 (48.6%) started the antiretroviral treatment between the 14th and the 27th week, while 361 (92.8%) received the antiretroviral treatment at delivery. Out of all of the children of these pregnant women, 65.6% used prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs for six weeks in the first 24 months of life. Only 2.8% of the children were confirmed as infected. Although the notification of HIV cases is compulsory, it is not always complet, which may compromise statistics.