Increased insulin sensitivity despite lipodystrophy in Crebbp heterozygous mice.

The CBP protein (cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) binding protein) is a co-activator for several transcription factors with a wide range of important biological functions, such as sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs), CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs), nuclear receptors (including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARs), and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). In contrast to these individual transcription factors, the biological roles of CBP are poorly understood. CBP enhances transcriptional activities via histone acetylation and the recruitment of additional co-activators such as SRC (steroid coactivator)-1 (ref. 9). To identify its physiological functions using a loss-of-function mutant, we analyzed CBP-deficient mice. As Crebbp null mice (Crebbp-/-) died during embryogenesis, we used Crebbp+/- mice. Unexpectedly, Crebbp+/- mice showed markedly reduced weight of white adipose tissue (WAT) but not of other tissues. Despite this lipodystrophy, Crebbp+/- mice showed increased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance and were completely protected from body weight gain induced by a high-fat (HF) diet. We observed increased leptin sensitivity and increased serum adiponectin levels in Crebbp+/- mice. These increased effects of insulin-sensitizing hormones secreted from WAT may explain, at least in part, the phenotypes of Crebbp+/- mice. This study demonstrates that CBP may function as a 'master-switch' between energy storage and expenditure.

Phenotypic characterization of the Komeda miniature rat Ishikawa, an animal model of dwarfism caused by a mutation in Prkg2.

The Komeda miniature rat Ishikawa (KMI) is a spontaneous animal model of dwarfism caused by a mutation in Prkg2, which encodes cGMP-dependent protein kinase type II (cGKII). This strain has been maintained as a segregating inbred strain for the mutated allele mri. In this study, we characterized the phenotype of the KMI strain, particularly growth traits, craniofacial measurements, and organ weights. The homozygous mutant (mri/mri) animals were approximately 70% to 80% of the size of normal, heterozygous (mri/+) animals in regard to body length, weight, and naso-occipital length of the calvarium, and the retroperitoneal fat of mri/mri rats was reduced greatly. In addition, among progeny of the (BNxKMI-mri/mri)F1xKMI-mri/mri backcross, animals with the KMI phenotype (mri/mri) were easily distinguished from those showing the wild-type phenotype (mri/+) by using growth traits such as body length and weight. Genetic analysis revealed that all of the backcrossed progeny exhibiting the KMI phenotype were homozygous for the KMI allele in the 1.2-cM region between D14Rat5 and D14Rat80 on chromosome 14, suggesting strongly that mri acts in a completely recessive manner. The KMI strain is the first and only rat model with a confirmed mutation in Prkg2 and is a valuable model for studying dwarfism and longitudinal growth traits in humans and for functional studies of cGKII.

Sex difference and possible relationship to microvascular complications of serum prorenin levels in type 2 diabetic patients, measured by a novel antibody-activating direct enzyme kinetic assay.

Prorenin, a precursor of renin, was measured in sera from normal subjects and type 2 diabetic patients, using a newly developed antibody-activating direct enzyme kinetic assay. Levels of prorenin were examined in relationship to diabetic microangiopathies. The levels of antibody-activating direct prorenin (AAD-PR) were approximately 1.5-fold higher than levels of prorenin measured by a conventional enzyme-activating method. AAD-PR levels were significantly higher in males than in females and in diabetic patients than in normal subjects. Moreover, AAD-PR levels were higher in diabetic patients with microalbuminuria and even higher in those with macroalbuminuria. In normoalbuminuric diabetic patients, AAD-PR levels were higher in those with retinopathy. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was seen between the AAD-PR levels and HbA(lc) in normoalbuminuric diabetic subjects without retinopathy. Thus, the determination of circulating serum prorenin measured as AAD-PR is related to glycemia and in type 2 diabetic patients may be a risk marker of diabetic microangiopathy. More studies are necessary to determine whether AAD-PR may actually predict the development of microangiopathy.

Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase II is a molecular switch from proliferation to hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes.

The Komeda miniature rat Ishikawa (KMI) is a naturally occurring mutant caused by an autosomal recessive mutation mri, which exhibits longitudinal growth retardation. Here we identified the mri mutation as a deletion in the rat gene encoding cGMP-dependent protein kinase type II (cGKII). KMIs showed an expanded growth plate and impaired bone healing with abnormal accumulation of postmitotic but nonhypertrophic chondrocytes. Ex vivo culture of KMI chondrocytes reproduced the differentiation impairment, which was restored by introducing the adenovirus-mediated cGKII gene. The expression of Sox9, an inhibitory regulator of hypertrophic differentiation, persisted in the nuclei of postmitotic chondrocytes of the KMI growth plate. Transfection experiments in culture systems revealed that cGKII attenuated the Sox9 functions to induce the chondrogenic differentiation and to inhibit the hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes. This attenuation of Sox9 was due to the cGKII inhibition of nuclear entry of Sox9. The impaired differentiation of cultured KMI chondrocytes was restored by the silencing of Sox9 through RNA interference. Hence, the present study for the first time shed light on a novel role of cGKII as a molecular switch, coupling the cessation of proliferation and the start of hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes through attenuation of Sox9 function.