The phase 3 DUO trial: duvelisib vs ofatumumab in relapsed and refractory CLL/SLL.

Duvelisib (also known as IPI-145) is an oral, dual inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase δ and γ (PI3K-δ,γ) being developed for treatment of hematologic malignancies. PI3K-δ,γ signaling can promote B-cell proliferation and survival in clonal B-cell malignancies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). In a phase 1 study, duvelisib showed clinically meaningful activity and acceptable safety in CLL/SLL patients. We report here the results of DUO, a global phase 3 randomized study of duvelisib vs ofatumumab monotherapy for patients with relapsed or refractory (RR) CLL/SLL. Patients were randomized 1:1 to oral duvelisib 25 mg twice daily (n = 160) or ofatumumab IV (n = 159). The study met the primary study end point by significantly improving progression-free survival per independent review committee assessment compared with ofatumumab for all patients (median, 13.3 months vs 9.9 months; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.52; P < .0001), including those with high-risk chromosome 17p13.1 deletions [del(17p)] and/or TP53 mutations (HR = 0.40; P = .0002). The overall response rate was significantly higher with duvelisib (74% vs 45%; P < .0001) regardless of del(17p) status. The most common adverse events were diarrhea, neutropenia, pyrexia, nausea, anemia, and cough on the duvelisib arm, and neutropenia and infusion reactions on the ofatumumab arm. The DUO trial data support duvelisib as a potentially effective treatment option for patients with RR CLL/SLL. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02004522.

Carfilzomib, rituximab, and dexamethasone (CaRD) treatment offers a neuropathy-sparing approach for treating Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

Bortezomib frequently produces severe treatment-related peripheral neuropathy (PN) in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM). Carfilzomib is a neuropathy-sparing proteasome inhibitor. We examined carfilzomib, rituximab, and dexamethasone (CaRD) in symptomatic WM patients naïve to bortezomib and rituximab. Protocol therapy consisted of intravenous carfilzomib, 20 mg/m2 (cycle 1) and 36 mg/m(2) (cycles 2-6), with intravenous dexamethasone, 20 mg, on days 1, 2, 8, and 9, and rituximab, 375 mg/m(2), on days 2 and 9 every 21 days. Maintenance therapy followed 8 weeks later with intravenous carfilzomib, 36 mg/m(2), and intravenous dexamethasone, 20 mg, on days 1 and 2, and rituximab, 375 mg/m(2), on day 2 every 8 weeks for 8 cycles. Overall response rate was 87.1% (1 complete response, 10 very good partial responses, 10 partial responses, and 6 minimal responses) and was not impacted by MYD88(L265P) or CXCR4(WHIM) mutation status. With a median follow-up of 15.4 months, 20 patients remain progression free. Grade ≥2 toxicities included asymptomatic hyperlipasemia (41.9%), reversible neutropenia (12.9%), and cardiomyopathy in 1 patient (3.2%) with multiple risk factors, and PN in 1 patient (3.2%) which was grade 2. Declines in serum IgA and IgG were common. CaRD offers a neuropathy-sparing approach for proteasome inhibitor-based therapy in WM. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01470196.

Maintenance Rituximab is associated with improved clinical outcome in rituximab naïve patients with Waldenstrom Macroglobulinaemia who respond to a rituximab-containing regimen.

This study examined the outcome of 248 Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia (WM) rituximab-naïve patients who responded to a rituximab-containing regimen. Eighty-six patients (35%) subsequently received maintenance rituximab (M-Rituximab). No differences in baseline characteristics, and post-induction categorical responses between cohorts were observed. The median rituximab infusions during induction was 6 for both cohorts; and 8 over a 2-year period for patients receiving M-Rituximab. Categorical responses improved in 16/162 (10%) of observed, and 36/86 (41·8%) of M-Rituximab patients respectively, following induction therapy (P < 0·0001). Both progression-free (56·3 vs. 28·6 months; P = 0·0001) and overall survival (Not reached versus 116 months; P = 0·0095) were longer in patients who received M-Rituximab. Improved progression-free survival was evident despite previous treatment status, induction with rituximab alone or in combination therapy (P ≤ 0·0001). Best serum IgM response was lower (P < 0·0001), and haematocrit higher (P = 0·001) for patients receiving M-Rituximab. Among patients receiving M-Rituximab, an increased number of infectious events were observed, but were mainly ≤ grade 2 (P = 0·008). The findings of this observational study suggest improved clinical outcomes following M-Rituximab in WM patients who respond to induction with a rituximab-containing regimen. Prospective studies aimed at clarifying the role of M-Rituximab therapy in WM patients are needed to confirm these findings.

Attainment of complete/very good partial response following rituximab-based therapy is an important determinant to progression-free survival, and is impacted by polymorphisms in FCGR3A in Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia.

The incorporation of rituximab into various regimens has improved depth of response in Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia (WM), though the impact of achieving better responses remains to be determined. We examined response depth on progression-free survival (PFS) in 159 rituximab-naïve WM patients who received rituximab-based therapy. The median follow-up was 33·5 months, and categorical responses were as follows: complete response (CR, 8·8%); very good partial response (VGPR, 13·2%); partial response (50%); minor response (18·9%); Non-Responders (8·8%). Sequencing for polymorphic variants of FCGR2A, FCGR2B, and FCGR3A was performed, and impact on response depth determined. Achievement of better categorical responses was incrementally associated with improved PFS (P < 0·0001). No separation was observed between CR and VGPR, and attainment of at least a VGPR was associated with improved time-to-progression. Neither age, serum IgM, haematocrit, platelet count, serum ß(2) microglobulin, WM International Prognostic Scoring System score, and treatment group predicted for CR/VGPR. Polymorphisms at FCGR3A-48 and -158 were associated with improved categorical responses, particularly attainment of CR/VGPR (P ≤ 0·03). The attainment of CR/VGPR was associated with significantly longer PFS in rituximab-naïve WM patients undergoing rituximab-based therapy, and was predicted by polymorphisms in FCGR3A.

Long-term outcomes to fludarabine and rituximab in Waldenström macroglobulinemia.

We report the long-term outcome of a multicenter, prospective study examining fludarabine and rituximab in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). WM patients with less than 2 prior therapies were eligible. Intended therapy consisted of 6 cycles (25 mg/m(2) per day for 5 days) of fludarabine and 8 infusions (375 mg/m(2) per week) of rituximab. A total of 43 patients were enrolled. Responses were: complete response (n = 2), very good partial response (n = 14), partial response (n = 21), and minor response (n = 4), for overall and major response rates of 95.3% and 86.0%, respectively. Median time to progression for all patients was 51.2 months and was longer for untreated patients (P = .017) and those achieving at least a very good partial response (P = .049). Grade 3 or higher toxicities included neutropenia (n = 27), thrombocytopenia (n = 7), and pneumonia (n = 6), including 2 patients who died of non-Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. With a median follow-up of 40.3 months, we observed 3 cases of transformation to aggressive lymphoma and 3 cases of myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia. The results of this study demonstrate that fludarabine and rituximab are highly active in WM, although short- and long-term toxicities need to be carefully weighed against other available treatment options. This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00020800.

Comparative outcomes following CP-R, CVP-R, and CHOP-R in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

Since the adoption of rituximab, the importance of doxorubicin and vincristine as treatment components remains to be clarified in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM). We therefore examined the outcomes of symptomatic patients with WM who received CHOP-R (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine/prednisone plus rituximab; n = 23), CVP-R (cyclophosphamide/vincristine/ prednisone plus rituximab; n = 16), or CP-R (cyclophosphamide/prednisone plus rituximab; n = 19) at our institution. Baseline characteristics for all 3 cohorts were similar for age, previous therapies, bone marrow involvement, hematocrit, platelet count, and serum beta2-microglobulin, though serum immunoglobulin M levels were higher in patients treated with CHOP-R (P < or= .015). The overall response rates (ORR) and complete response (CR) rates to therapy were as follows: CHOP-R (ORR, 96%; CR, 17%); CVP-R (ORR 88%; CR 12%); CP-R (ORR, 95%; CR, 0%); P = not significant. Adverse events attributed to therapy showed a higher incidence for neutropenic fever and treatment-related neuropathy for CHOP-R and CVP-R versus CPR (P < .03). The results of this study demonstrate comparable responses among patients with WM receiving CHOP-R, CVP-R, or CP-R, though a significantly higher incidence of treatment-related neuropathy and febrile neutropenia was observed among patients treated with CVP-R and CHOP-R versus CP-R. The use of CP-R might provide analogous treatment responses to more intense cyclophosphamide-based regimens while minimizing treatment-related complications in patients with WM.

Fecal DNA versus fecal occult blood for colorectal-cancer screening in an average-risk population.

BACKGROUND: Although fecal occult-blood testing is the only available noninvasive screening method that reduces the risk of death from colorectal cancer, it has limited sensitivity. We compared an approach that identifies abnormal DNA in stool samples with the Hemoccult II fecal occult-blood test in average-risk, asymptomatic persons 50 years of age or older. METHODS: Eligible subjects submitted one stool specimen for DNA analysis, underwent standard Hemoccult II testing, and then underwent colonoscopy. Of 5486 subjects enrolled, 4404 completed all aspects of the study. A subgroup of 2507 subjects was analyzed, including all those with a diagnosis of invasive adenocarcinoma or advanced adenoma plus randomly chosen subjects with no polyps or minor polyps. The fecal DNA panel consisted of 21 mutations. RESULTS: The fecal DNA panel detected 16 of 31 invasive cancers, whereas Hemoccult II identified 4 of 31 (51.6 percent vs. 12.9 percent, P=0.003). The DNA panel detected 29 of 71 invasive cancers plus adenomas with high-grade dysplasia, whereas Hemoccult II identified 10 of 71 (40.8 percent vs. 14.1 percent, P<0.001). Among 418 subjects with advanced neoplasia (defined as a tubular adenoma at least 1 cm in diameter, a polyp with a villous histologic appearance, a polyp with high-grade dysplasia, or cancer), the DNA panel was positive in 76 (18.2 percent), whereas Hemoccult II was positive in 45 (10.8 percent). Specificity in subjects with negative findings on colonoscopy was 94.4 percent for the fecal DNA panel and 95.2 percent for Hemoccult II. CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority of neoplastic lesions identified by colonoscopy were not detected by either noninvasive test, the multitarget analysis of fecal DNA detected a greater proportion of important colorectal neoplasia than did Hemoccult II without compromising specificity.

Polymorphisms in FcgammaRIIIA (CD16) receptor expression are associated with clinical response to rituximab in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

PURPOSE: Rituximab is an important therapeutic for Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM). Polymorphisms in FcgammaRIIIA (CD16) receptor expression modulate human immunoglobulin G1 binding and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and may therefore influence responses to rituximab. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sequence analysis of the entire coding region of FcgammaRIIIA was undertaken in 58 patients with WM whose outcomes after rituximab were known. RESULTS: Variations in five codons of FcgammaRIIIA were identified. Two were commonly observed (FcgammaRIIIA-48 and FcgammaRIIIA-158) and predicted for amino acid polymorphisms at FcgammaRIIIA-48: leucine/leucine (L/L), leucine/arginine (L/R), and leucine/histidine (L/H). Polymorphisms at FcgammaRIIIA-158 were phenylalanine/phenylalanine (F/F), phenylalanine/valine (F/V), and valine/valine (V/V). A clear linkage between these polymorphisms was detected and all patients with FcgammaRIIIA-158F/F were always FcgammaRIIIA-48L/L, and patients with either FcgammaRIIIA-L/R or -L/H always expressed at least one valine at FcgammaRIIIA-158 (P < or = .001). The response trend was higher for patients with FcgammaRIIIA-48L/H (38.5%) versus -48L/R (25.0%) and LL (22.0%), and was significantly higher for patients with FcgammaRIIIA-158V/V (40.0%) and -V/F (35%) versus -158F/F (9.0%; P = .030). Responses for patients with FcgammaRIIIA-48L/L were higher when at least one valine was present at FcgammaRIIIA-158 (P = .057), thereby supporting a primary role for FcgammaRIIIA-158 polymorphisms in predicting rituximab responses. With a median follow-up of 13 months, no significant differences in the median time to progression and progression-free survival were observed when patients were grouped according to their FcgammaRIIIA-48 and -158 polymorphisms. CONCLUSION: The results of these studies therefore support a predictive role for FcgammaRIIIA-158 polymorphisms and responses to rituximab in WM.

Predictors of Response in Patients With Postherpetic Neuralgia and HIV-Associated Neuropathy Treated With the 8% Capsaicin Patch (Qutenza).

OBJECTIVES: Qutenza is a high-dose capsaicin patch used to relieve neuropathic pain from postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and HIV-associated neuropathy (HIV-AN). In clinical studies, some patients had a dramatic response to the capsaicin patch. Our objective was to determine the baseline characteristics of patients who best benefit from capsaicin patch treatment. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis of 6 completed randomized and controlled Qutenza studies by pooling individual patient data. Sustained response was defined as>50% decrease in the mean pain intensity from baseline to weeks 2 to 12, and Complete Response as an average pain intensity score≤1 during weeks 2 to 12. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of response and Complete Response, and subgroups of patients who respond best to the capsaicin patch. RESULTS: Baseline pain intensity score (BPIS)≤4 was a predictor of Sustained and Complete Response in PHN and HIV-AN patients; absence of allodynia and presence of hypoesthesia, and a McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) sensory score <22 were predictors of Sustained Response in PHN patients; female sex was a predictor of Sustained and Complete Response in HIV-AN patients. Thus, characteristics associated with the highest chance of responding to the capsaicin patch were, for PHN, BPIS≤4, MPQ sensory score≤22, absence of allodynia, and presence of hypoesthesia; for HIV-AN, they were female sex and BPIS≤4. Patients with these characteristics had a statistically significantly greater chance of responding to the capsaicin patch than other patients. DISCUSSION: We identified subpopulations of PHN and HIV-AN patients likely to benefit from the capsaicin patch.

Qutenza (capsaicin) 8% patch onset and duration of response and effects of multiple treatments in neuropathic pain patients.

INTRODUCTION: Qutenza (capsaicin) 8% patch is used to treat various neuropathic indications, including postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and human immunodeficiency virus-associated neuropathy (HIV-AN). OBJECTIVES: We conducted a meta-analysis of Qutenza studies to describe clinical phenomena of effects of Qutenza treatment better, such as onset and duration of pain relief, and the need for retreatments. METHODS: The meta-analyses combined individual patient data (1313 participants with PHN and 801 with HIV-AN) from 7 completed randomized, double-blind, controlled studies. Studies had similar designs, and all used the Qutenza patch (8% capsaicin) and a low-dose control patch (0.04% capsaicin). A 30% response was defined as a ≥30% decrease in mean pain intensity score during week 2 to end of follow-up; complete pain relief was defined as an average pain intensity ≤1 during week 2 to end of follow-up. Duration of response was calculated using the data from long-term studies as the time from onset of response to offset of response, retreatment, or end of follow-up (whichever occurred first). RESULTS: Overall 44% of PHN and 41% of HIV-AN patients had a 30% response, and 11% and 7%, respectively, had complete pain relief 2 to 12 weeks after treatment with Qutenza. The mean (median) onset of response to Qutenza was 3.4 (1) days for PHN and 6.5 (4) days for HIV-AN (delayed due to an initial increase in discomfort). The mean (median) duration of response after 1 Qutenza treatment was 5 (3) months. Of the patients followed-up for 12 months, 40% PHN and 36% HIV-AN patients had a 30% response, and 9% and 10%, respectively, had complete pain relief from week 2 to end of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Qutenza is effective in a high proportion of patients. In patients who respond to Qutenza, analgesia starts within a few days of treatment and lasts on average 5 months.

Efficacy of Qutenza® (capsaicin) 8% patch for neuropathic pain: a meta-analysis of the Qutenza Clinical Trials Database.

Qutenza® is a capsaicin patch used to treat peripheral neuropathic pain, including postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and human immunodeficiency virus-associated neuropathy (HIV-AN). The Qutenza Clinical Trials Database has been assembled to more fully characterize the effects of Qutenza. We conducted a within-subject meta-analysis of Qutenza studies to further define the medication's efficacy profile across studies. The meta-analysis combined individual patient data from randomized, controlled studies of Qutenza in peripheral neuropathic pain (1458 subjects treated with approved doses of Qutenza or control patches; 1120 with PHN and 338 with HIV-AN). These 7 studies had similar designs and were performed with the high-dose 8% capsaicin Qutenza patch and a 0.04% low-dose control patch. The difference between treatment groups for the primary efficacy end point of percentage change from baseline to weeks 2 to 12 on pain intensity score was calculated. Response was defined as a ≥ 30% decrease in mean pain intensity score during weeks 2 to 12. The overall between-group difference in percentage change from baseline in pain intensity was 8.0% (95% confidence interval 4.6, 11.5; P<.001), which statistically significantly favored Qutenza over low-dose control. Qutenza superiority was demonstrated for both PHN and HIV-AN patients for the primary end point and the end point proportion of 30% pain reduction response, and for PHN patients for the end point of proportion of 50% pain reduction response. These results confirm that Qutenza is effective for the treatment of both PHN and HIV-AN compared to low-dose control patch.

Comparative response assessment by serum immunoglobulin M M-protein and total serum immunoglobulin M after treatment of patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia.

Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) M monoclonal protein determined by electrophoresis (sIgM-MP) and total serum IgM (sIgM) by nephelometry are widely used for response assessment in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), although have not been compared for predicting changes in underlying disease burden. We, therefore, compared these serum markers with changes in bone marrow (BM) and extramedullary disease for 73 patients who were rituximab naive and treated with a rituximab-containing regimen. By linear regression analysis, reductions in sIgM-MP and sIgM showed moderate correlation with BM disease involvement (r = 0.4051 and r = 0.4490, respectively), and did not differ from one another as estimators of BM disease response (P = .3745). Neither sIgM-MP nor sIgM showed a strong correlation with BM disease response in patients with low (<1000 mg/dL) or high (>5000 mg/dL) IgM levels and extramedullary disease response. sIgM-MP and sIgM, therefore, are comparable response markers in WM. Development of newer, more accurate surrogate response markers are needed to better delineate treatment outcomes in patients with WM and with low or high IgM levels, and extramedullary disease.

Familial disease predisposition impacts treatment outcome in patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia.

UNLABELLED: Familial disease is common in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). We examined the impact of familial disease status on treatment outcome in WM and observed that familial disease was associated with inferior outcomes. However patients with familial WM receiving a bortezomib-containing regimen showed improved treatment outcomes vs. those receiving non­bortezomib-containing regimens. Bortezomib-containing regimens may therefore represent a more optimal treatment approach for patients with familial WM. BACKGROUND: We examined the impact of familial predisposition on treatment outcome in 135 patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), 26.7% of whom had first- or second-degree relatives with a B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients were rituximab naive and received a rituximab-containing regimen. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between cohorts. RESULTS: Overall response (93.9% vs. 75.0%; P = .029) and complete response/very good partial response (CR/VGPR) (23.2% vs. 16.7%; P < .0001), time to progression (TTP) (45.5 vs. 21 months; P = .015) and time to next therapy (TTNT) (50.0 vs. 33.0 months; P = .024) favored patients with sporadic WM. By multivariate analysis, familial predisposition was an independent marker for disease progression (hazard ratio, 0.554). Patients with familial but not sporadic disease exhibited better responses, including CR/VGPR attainment (P = .0006) and a trend for longer progression-free survival (> 33 vs. 20.6 months; P = .08), with bortezomib-containing therapy. CONCLUSION: The findings convey that familial predisposition is an important determinant of treatment outcome in WM. Prospective studies to confirm these observations are needed.