The limits of persuasion: advertising, gender and the culture of Australian smoking.

This article examines the shift from pipe to cigarette smoking in Australia from World War I to the 1950s; challenges the assumption that women were the major source of the rising popularity of cigarette smoking; questions, through a content analysis of themes in cigarette advertisements in major newspapers, the impact on smoking patterns of mass advertising before the 1950s; and shows the rising importance of roll-your-own cigarette consumption as a sign of masculine and working-class identity and as an adaptation to modern urban life.

In vitro culture and serologic and molecular identification of Septata intestinalis isolated from urine of a patient with AIDS.

Microsporidian spores were identified, on the basis of Weber's staining, in urine, stool, nasal, and saliva samples of an AIDS patient with diarrhea, hematuria, dysuria, and dementia. Urine and stool samples contained numerous spores, whereas few spores were seen in the nasal and saliva samples. Spores were concentrated from urine samples and inoculated into monkey kidney cell (E6) monolayers. After 6 to 8 weeks of culture, infected E6 cells filled with spores as well as spores free in the culture supernatants were seen daily. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that all stages of the parasite (CDC:V297) developed within septated, honeycomb-shaped parasitophorous vacuoles. Indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblotting studies using rabbit anti-Encephalitozoon cuniculi, anti-Encephalitozoon hellem, and anti-CDC:V297 sera revealed that CDC:V297 reacted intensely with the homologous serum but minimally with the heterologous sera. DNA isolated from CDC:V297, when PCR amplified with E. hellem and E. cuniculi primers, did not produce the diagnostic bands of approximately 547 and approximately 549 bp characteristic of E. hellem and E. cuniculi, respectively. On the basis of these studies, we concluded that CDC:V297 fits the description of Septata intestinalis (A. Cali, D. P. Kotler, and J. M. Orenstein, J. Eukaryot, Microbiol. 40:101-112, 1993).