Dynamic remodeling of septin structures fine-tunes myogenic differentiation.

Controlled myogenic differentiation is integral to the development, maintenance and repair of skeletal muscle, necessitating precise regulation of myogenic progenitors and resident stem cells. The transformation of proliferative muscle progenitors into multinuclear syncytia involves intricate cellular processes driven by cytoskeletal reorganization. While actin and microtubles have been extensively studied, we illuminate the role of septins, an essential yet still often overlooked cytoskeletal component, in myoblast architecture. Notably, Septin9 emerges as a critical regulator of myoblast differentiation during the initial commitment phase. Knock-down of Septin9 in C2C12 cells and primary mouse myoblasts accelerates the transition from proliferation to committed progenitor transcriptional programs. Furthermore, we unveil significant reorganization and downregulation of Septin9 during myogenic differentiation. Collectively, we propose that filmamentous septin structures and their orchestrated reorganization in myoblasts are part of a temporal regulatory mechanism governing the differentiation of myogenic progenitors. This study sheds light on the dynamic interplay between cytoskeletal components underlying controlled myogenic differentiation.

Odd skipped-related 1 controls the pro-regenerative response of fibro-adipogenic progenitors.

Skeletal muscle regeneration requires the coordinated interplay of diverse tissue-resident- and infiltrating cells. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) are an interstitial cell population that provides a beneficial microenvironment for muscle stem cells (MuSCs) during muscle regeneration. Here we show that the transcription factor Osr1 is essential for FAPs to communicate with MuSCs and infiltrating macrophages, thus coordinating muscle regeneration. Conditional inactivation of Osr1 impaired muscle regeneration with reduced myofiber growth and formation of excessive fibrotic tissue with reduced stiffness. Osr1-deficient FAPs acquired a fibrogenic identity with altered matrix secretion and cytokine expression resulting in impaired MuSC viability, expansion and differentiation. Immune cell profiling suggested a novel role for Osr1-FAPs in macrophage polarization. In vitro analysis suggested that increased TGFß signaling and altered matrix deposition by Osr1-deficient FAPs actively suppressed regenerative myogenesis. In conclusion, we show that Osr1 is central to FAP function orchestrating key regenerative events such as inflammation, matrix secretion and myogenesis.

Differential Impact of Fluid Shear Stress and YAP/TAZ on BMP/TGF-ß Induced Osteogenic Target Genes.

Bone is a remarkable dynamic structure, which integrates mechanical and biochemical signaling inputs. Interstitial fluid in the intramedullary space transmits signals derived from compression-induced fluid shear stress (FSS) to stimulate osteoblasts for bone formation. Using a flow system and human osteoblasts, this study demonstrates how BMP/TGF-ß  signaling integrates stimuli derived from FSS and YAP/TAZ and confirms these findings by transcriptome analyses. Here, FSS positively affects the phosphorylation of both SMAD1/5 and SMAD2/3, the respective BMP- and TGFß-R-SMADs. Increase in phosphorylated SMAD1/5 levels affects distinct target genes, which are susceptible to low levels of phosphorylated SMADs (such as ID1-3) or dependent on high levels of phosphorylated SMAD1/5 (NOG, noggin). Thus, FSS lowers the threshold for genes dependent on high levels of phosphorylated SMAD1/5 when less BMP is available. While the impact of FSS on direct BMP target genes is independent of YAP/TAZ, FSS acts cooperatively with YAP/TAZ on TGF-ß  target genes, which are shared by both pathways (such as CTGF). As mechanical stimuli are key in bone regeneration, their crosstalk to biochemical signaling pathways such as BMP and TGF-ß and YAP/TAZ acts on different levels, which allows now to think about new and more specified intervention strategies for age-related bone loss.

RIM-binding protein couples synaptic vesicle recruitment to release sites.

At presynaptic active zones, arrays of large conserved scaffold proteins mediate fast and temporally precise release of synaptic vesicles (SVs). SV release sites could be identified by clusters of Munc13, which allow SVs to dock in defined nanoscale relation to Ca2+ channels. We here show in Drosophila that RIM-binding protein (RIM-BP) connects release sites physically and functionally to the ELKS family Bruchpilot (BRP)-based scaffold engaged in SV recruitment. The RIM-BP N-terminal domain, while dispensable for SV release site organization, was crucial for proper nanoscale patterning of the BRP scaffold and needed for SV recruitment of SVs under strong stimulation. Structural analysis further showed that the RIM-BP fibronectin domains form a "hinge" in the protein center, while the C-terminal SH3 domain tandem binds RIM, Munc13, and Ca2+ channels release machinery collectively. RIM-BPs' conserved domain architecture seemingly provides a relay to guide SVs from membrane far scaffolds into membrane close release sites.