RESUMEN
The MYCN oncoprotein binds active promoters in a heterodimer with its partner protein MAX. MYCN also interacts with the nuclear exosome, a 3'-5' exoribonuclease complex, suggesting a function in RNA metabolism. Here, we show that MYCN forms stable high-molecular-weight complexes with the exosome and multiple RNA-binding proteins. MYCN binds RNA in vitro and in cells via a conserved sequence termed MYCBoxI. In cells, MYCN associates with thousands of intronic transcripts together with the ZCCHC8 subunit of the nuclear exosome targeting complex and enhances their processing. Perturbing exosome function results in global re-localization of MYCN from promoters to intronic RNAs. On chromatin, MYCN is then replaced by the MNT(MXD6) repressor protein, inhibiting MYCN-dependent transcription. RNA-binding-deficient alleles show that RNA-binding limits MYCN's ability to activate cell growth-related genes but is required for MYCN's ability to promote progression through S phase and enhance the stress resilience of neuroblastoma cells.
Asunto(s)
Proteína Proto-Oncogénica N-Myc , Proteínas Nucleares , Proteínas Oncogénicas , Proteínas de Unión al ARN , Proteína Proto-Oncogénica N-Myc/metabolismo , Proteína Proto-Oncogénica N-Myc/genética , Humanos , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Oncogénicas/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Línea Celular Tumoral , Neuroblastoma/metabolismo , Neuroblastoma/genética , Neuroblastoma/patología , Exosomas/metabolismo , Exosomas/genética , Intrones , Unión Proteica , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Complejo Multienzimático de Ribonucleasas del Exosoma/metabolismo , Complejo Multienzimático de Ribonucleasas del Exosoma/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , ARN/metabolismo , ARN/genética , Proteínas Represoras/metabolismo , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Proliferación CelularRESUMEN
Oncoproteins of the MYC family drive the development of numerous human tumours1. In unperturbed cells, MYC proteins bind to nearly all active promoters and control transcription by RNA polymerase II2,3. MYC proteins can also coordinate transcription with DNA replication4,5 and promote the repair of transcription-associated DNA damage6, but how they exert these mechanistically diverse functions is unknown. Here we show that MYC dissociates from many of its binding sites in active promoters and forms multimeric, often sphere-like structures in response to perturbation of transcription elongation, mRNA splicing or inhibition of the proteasome. Multimerization is accompanied by a global change in the MYC interactome towards proteins involved in transcription termination and RNA processing. MYC multimers accumulate on chromatin immediately adjacent to stalled replication forks and surround FANCD2, ATR and BRCA1 proteins, which are located at stalled forks7,8. MYC multimerization is triggered in a HUWE16 and ubiquitylation-dependent manner. At active promoters, MYC multimers block antisense transcription and stabilize FANCD2 association with chromatin. This limits DNA double strand break formation during S-phase, suggesting that the multimerization of MYC enables tumour cells to proliferate under stressful conditions.
Asunto(s)
ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN , Humanos , Cromatina/genética , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN/metabolismo , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , ARN Polimerasa II/metabolismo , Transcripción Genética , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/metabolismo , Roturas del ADN de Doble Cadena , Fase S , Sitios de Unión , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesisRESUMEN
MYC oncoproteins are key drivers of tumorigenesis. As transcription factors, MYC proteins regulate transcription by all three nuclear polymerases and gene expression. Accumulating evidence shows that MYC proteins are also crucial for enhancing the stress resilience of transcription. MYC proteins relieve torsional stress caused by active transcription, prevent collisions between the transcription and replication machineries, resolve R-loops, and repair DNA damage by participating in a range of protein complexes and forming multimeric structures at sites of genomic instability. We review the key complexes and multimerization properties of MYC proteins that allow them to mitigate transcription-associated DNA damage, and propose that the oncogenic functions of MYC extend beyond the modulation of gene expression.
Asunto(s)
Reparación del ADN , Factores de Transcripción , Humanos , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Daño del ADN/genética , Carcinogénesis , Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
Cachexia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with cancer and is characterized by weight loss due to adipose and muscle tissue wasting. Hallmarks of white adipose tissue (WAT) remodeling, which often precedes weight loss, are impaired lipid storage, inflammation and eventually fibrosis. Tissue wasting occurs in response to tumor-secreted factors. Considering that the continuous endothelium in WAT is the first line of contact with circulating factors, we postulated whether the endothelium itself may orchestrate tissue remodeling. Here, we show using human and mouse cancer models that during precachexia, tumors overactivate Notch1 signaling in distant WAT endothelium. Sustained endothelial Notch1 signaling induces a WAT wasting phenotype in male mice through excessive retinoic acid production. Pharmacological blockade of retinoic acid signaling was sufficient to inhibit WAT wasting in a mouse cancer cachexia model. This demonstrates that cancer manipulates the endothelium at distant sites to mediate WAT wasting by altering angiocrine signals.