Factorial structural analysis of the Spanish version of WHOQOL-BREF: an exploratory structural equation model study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the factor structure of the abbreviated Spanish version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF; WHOQOL Group in Psychol Med 28(3): 551-558, 1998b) questionnaire in a sample of individuals from several Spanish-speaking countries. METHOD: The data were based on a sample of 1,972 undergraduates from nine Spanish-speaking countries. Within the framework of a somewhat wider research protocol, they were administered the WHOQOL-BREF. RESULTS: The data were initially analyzed using a confirmatory factor analysis, which yielded a poor fit to the four-factor theoretical model. Based on these results, the best solution was estimated assuming structural invariance across countries. The data showed a four-factor structure that differed slightly from the model proposed. This four-factor model was subsequently analyzed using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM; Asparouhov and Muthén in Struct Equ Model 16(3): 397-438, 2009) to obtain the invariant structure across countries and an estimation of the relation between the four latent factors. The results obtained allowed us to establish that the factor structure of WHOQOL-BREF maintains the four-factor solution hypothesized for a Spanish-speaking population, although the solution has a different and more complex configuration than the original one with a clear tendency toward non-orthogonality of the latent factors. CONCLUSIONS: As has been suggested by some studies on the application of ESEM, it is reasonable to think that the ESEM approximation is a useful approach for conducting the factor analysis of instruments measuring complex psychological phenomena.

[Global food quality in the migrant population residing in Chile]. / Calidad global de la alimentación en la poblacion migrante residente en Chile.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the migration process involves change, modification, or acquisition of new eating patterns and ways of eating, which do not always positively impact the health of migrants, being frequently associated with a higher risk of metabolic diseases and excess malnutrition when the quality of food is not adequate. Objective: to analyze the global food quality index (GQI) in the Colombian migrant population in Chile, comparing it with the Chilean population and non-migrant Colombians. Methods: the total sample consisted of 834 individuals over 18 years of age - 206 Colombian migrants residing in Chile, 266 Colombians residing in Colombia, and 362 Chileans. A global food quality index survey was applied to categorize the healthiness of the participants' dietary patterns. Results: there were significant differences in all the ICGA scores analyzed regarding healthy foods, unhealthy foods, and mealtimes. It was observed that Colombians residing in Colombia have the highest score in the healthy classification, while Colombian migrants have the highest figures in the unhealthy condition. Regarding meal times, Chileans are the least compliant with meal times. However, other influences related to food groups stand out. Conclusion: it is necessary to delve deeper into variables linked to the sociodemographic context, analyze potential changes over time, and replicate in migrants of other nationalities to have more information on the relationship between food quality and the migration process.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el proceso de migración involucra cambio, modificación o adquisición de nuevos patrones y formas de alimentación, los cuales no siempre impactan de manera positiva en la salud de los migrantes, siendo frecuentemente asociadas a un mayor riesgo de enfermedades metabólicas y malnutrición por exceso cuando la calidad de la alimentación no es la adecuada. Objetivo: analizar el índice de calidad global de la alimentación (ICGA) en la población migrante colombiana en Chile, comparándola con la población chilena y la colombiana no migrante. Material y método: el total de la muestra fue de 834 individuos mayores de 18 años: 206 migrantes colombianos residiendo en Chile, 266 colombianos residentes en Colombia y 362 chilenos. Se les aplicó una encuesta de índice de calidad global de la alimentación para categorizar cuán saludable es el patrón alimentario de los participantes. Resultados: existen diferencias significativas en todos los puntajes analizados del ICGA en cuanto a alimentos saludables, no saludables y por tiempos de comidas. Se observó que los colombianos residentes en Colombia cuentan con el mayor puntaje de clasificación saludable mientras que los colombianos migrantes presentan las más altas cifras dentro de la condición poco saludable. En cuanto a los tiempos de comida, los chilenos son los que menos cumplen con los horarios. No obstante, destacan otras influencias relacionadas con los grupos de alimentos. Conclusión: es necesario ahondar en las variables vinculadas al contexto sociodemográfico, analizar los potenciales cambios en el tiempo y replicar la investigación en migrantes de otras nacionalidades para contar con mayores antecedentes sobre la relación entre la calidad de la alimentación y el proceso migratorio.

[Food and migration: a descriptive-comparative analysis of food behavior between Chileans and Colombians residing in the north and center of Chile]. / Alimentación y migración: análisis descriptivo-comparativo del comportamiento alimentario entre chilenos y colombianos residentes en el norte y centro de Chile.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: migration has been associated with the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disorders. Similarly, the food transition during migration has been related to a high consumption of foods high in refined sugars and saturated fats. There are specific characteristics of the eating behavior that may influence quality in the migrant population's diet. Objective: to compare feeding behavior between the Colombian and Chilean populations residing in the north and center of Chile. Method: the structured interview E-TONA, focused on assessing the behavioral components of daily and anomalous eating habits, was administered to 1,872 individuals, both Chileans and Colombians. Descriptive analyses of frequency distribution and logistic regressions were performed, and odds ratios were calculated. Results: there are significant differences in the majority of eating behaviors, both daily and anomalous, between Chileans and Colombian migrants. Chileans tend to follow more regular schedules and "snack" more between meals than migrants. Migrants have twice the risk of eating alone because they feel ashamed of their eating amount and speed, tend to show fewer behaviors related to better quality in their diet, and tend to be less worried about their diet than Chileans; however, Chileans are almost twice as likely to binge on food and use food as a method to calm anxiety. Conclusion: there are significant differences in most of the evaluated eating behaviors that must be addressed in depth considering cultural differences.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la migración se ha asociado al desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como obesidad, diabetes, hipertensión y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Del mismo modo, la transición de la alimentación durante la migración se ha relacionado con un consumo elevado de alimentos altos en azúcares refinados y grasas saturadas. Existen características específicas del comportamiento alimentario que pueden influir en la calidad de la alimentación de la población migrante. Objetivo: comparar el comportamiento alimentario de la población colombiana y la chilena residentes en el norte y centro de Chile. Método: se aplicó a 1872 individuos, chilenos y colombianos, la entrevista estructurada E-TONA, enfocada en evaluar los componentes conductuales de los hábitos alimentarios cotidianos y anómalos. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos de distribución de frecuencias y regresiones logísticas, y se calcularon los odds ratios. Resultados: existen diferencias significativas en la mayoría de las conductas alimentarias, tanto cotidianas como anómalas, entre los chilenos y los colombianos migrantes. Los chilenos tienden a seguir horarios más regulares y a "picar" más entre comidas que los migrantes. Los migrantes tienen el doble de riesgo de comer solos por sentir vergüenza de la cantidad y velocidad con la que comen, tienden a ejecutar menos conductas relacionadas con una mejor calidad de la dieta y suelen estar menos preocupados por su alimentación que los chilenos; sin embargo, los chilenos tienen casi el doble de probabilidades de darse atracones de comida y utilizar los alimentos como método para calmar la ansiedad. Conclusión: existen diferencias significativas en la mayoría de los comportamientos alimentarios evaluados que deben ser abordadas en profundidad considerando las diferencias culturales.

Efecto mediador de la motivación a buscar venganza en la relación de la ansiedad y la evitación en el apego con la calidad de vida / Mediating effect of revenge-seeking motivation on the relationship of attachment anxiety and avoidance to quality of life

OBJETIVO: Determinar el efecto mediador de la motivación a buscar venganza en la relación de la ansiedad y la evitación en el apego con la calidad de vida. METODOLOGÍA: estudio transversal correlacional. La muestra estuvo constituida por 558 personas de 18 a 65 años de la ciudad de Antofagasta, Chile. Fueron utilizados los instrumentos: Cuestionario WHOQoL-Bref; Experiencia en Relaciones Cercanas; y Motivación a buscar venganza. Se realizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que consideró efectos directos, indirectos y totales. RESULTADOS: Del total de participantes, 289 (51,8%) fueron hombres. Las edades fluctuaron entre 18 y 65 años (M=39,7; ±13,42). Se encontraron efectos significativos en la relación entre la ansiedad y evitación en el apego en los dominios físico, psicológico y social-relacional de la calidad de vida. La motivación a buscar venganza tiene efecto de mediación total en la relación entre evitación en el apego y el dominio físico, y efecto de mediación parcial de la evitación en el apego sobre el dominio psicológico de la calidad de vida. CONCLUSIÓN: ansiedad y evitación en el apego disminuyen la calidad de vida y la motivación a buscar venganza media parcial o totalmente la relación entre la evitación en el apego sobre los dominios físico y psicológico de la calidad de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the mediating effect of revenge-seeking motivation on the relationship between anxiety and avoidance in attachment and quality of life. METHODOLOGY: cross-sectional correlational study. The sample consisted of 558 people aged 18 to 65 years from the city of Antofagasta, Chile. The following instruments were used: WHOQoL-Bref Questionnaire; Experience in Close Relationships; and Motivation to seek revenge. Structural equation modeling was performed considering direct, indirect and total effects. RESULTS: Of the total number of participants, 289 (51.8%) were male. Ages ranged from 18 to 65 years (M=39.7; ±13.42). Significant effects were found in the relationship between anxiety and avoidance on attachment in the physical, psychological, and social-relational domains of quality of life. Revenge-seeking motivation has full mediation effect on the relationship between attachment avoidance and the physical domain, and partial mediation effect of attachment avoidance on the psychological domain of quality of life. CONCLUSION: Anxiety and attachment avoidance decrease quality of life, and revenge-seeking motivation partially or fully mediates the relationship between attachment avoidance and the physical and psychological domains of quality of life.

Social Well-Being Among Colombian and Peruvian Immigrants in Northern Chile.

In recent years, northern Chile has received a large number of immigrants attracted mainly by mining and related services. The last population census revealed that 70.5 % of foreigners in Chile came from South America, and were mainly Peruvians (30.5 %), Argentines (16.8 %), and Colombians (8.1 %). The aim of this cross-sectional study is to describe the social well-being levels reported by Colombian and Peruvian immigrants in northern Chile, as well as their connection to socio-demographic and relational factors. The Spanish version of the Scale of Social Well-being (Keyes in Soc Psychol Q 61:121-140, 1998) was administered to 431 men and women over 18 years old, with a minimum residence of 6 months in the city of Antofagasta. The highest-rated aspect was Social Contribution, and the lowest-rated aspect was Social Acceptance. The relational variables that show statistically significant differences in both populations relate to who the subject lives with, the degree of contact that the subject has with people from Chile, and the subject's relationship status. There are no differences that indicate a higher level of social well-being in one population more than the other; however, it appears that the Peruvian population has a greater perception of Social Coherence, while Colombians show a greater perception of Social Contribution.

Asociación entre sentido de coherencia y control glucémico en personas con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 / Associação entre Senso de Coerência e controle glicêmico em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 / Association between Sense of Coherence and glycemic control in people with Type 2 Mellitus Diabetes

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre sentido de coherencia y control glucémico en adultos con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Estudio de tipo transversal desarrollado durante el año 2018 en el cual fueron encuestados 220 diabéticos de tres unidades de Salud de la Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Jalisco en Ciudad Guzmán, México. Se les aplicó el instrumento SOC-13 para sentido de coherencia y el control glucémico se evaluó por medio del nivel de hemoglobina glucosilada que se obtuvo del expediente médico. Los datos se analizaron por medio del análisis de regresión logística. Resultados: Se obtuvieron resultados con un total de 220 participantes en un rango de edad entre 23 y 69 años de los que el 67% presentó control glucémico inadecuado y el 33% control glucémico adecuado; de los encuestados con control glucémico inadecuado el 24% refirió puntuaciones bajas de sentido de coherencia, mientras que el 96% de quienes tienen control glucémico adecuado obtuvo puntuaciones medio/alta de sentido de coherencia. Los análisis de regresión logística arrojan que el sentido de coherencia se asocia significativamente con el control glucémico (OR = 7.2; 95% C.I: 2.0-24.7; p = 0.002) después de ajustar los análisis por diversas variables confusoras como sexo, apego al plan alimenticio, actividad física, ausencia de complicaciones y ausencia de tabaquismo. Conclusión: Los diabéticos con puntuaciones medio/altas de sentido de coherencia tienen hasta 7 veces más probabilidad de tener control glucémico adecuado que diabéticos con puntuaciones bajas de sentido de coherencia independientemente de variables intervinientes.

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre senso de coerência e controle glicêmico em adultos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Estudo transversal desenvolvido durante 2018, com 220 diabéticos de três unidades de saúde da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Jalisco na cidade de Guzmán, México. Aplicou-se o instrumento SOC-13 para senso de coerência, e avaliou-se o controle glicêmico por meio do nível de hemoglobina glicosada obtido nos prontuários. Assim, obtiveram-se os dados por análise de regressão logística. Resultados: Os 220 participantes tinham faixa etária de 23 a 69 anos, dos quais 148 (67%) apresentavam controle glicêmico inadequado e 72 (33%) controle glicêmico adequado; 24% dos pesquisados com controle glicêmico inadequado relataram escores baixos para senso de coerência, enquanto 96% daqueles com controle glicêmico adequado obtiveram escores médios/ altos para senso de coerência. As análises de regressão logística mostram que o senso de coerência está significativamente associado ao controle glicêmico (OR=7,2; IC 95%: 2,0-24,7; p=0,002) após ajustar as análises para variáveis de confusão, como sexo, adesão ao plano alimentar, atividade física, ausência de complicações e ausência de tabagismo. Conclusão: Diabéticos, com escores médios/altos de senso de coerência, têm até 7 vezes mais chances de apresentar controle glicêmico adequado do que diabéticos com baixos escores de senso de coerência, independentemente das variáveis intervenientes.

Objective: To evaluate the association between a sense of coherence and glycemic control in adults with type 2 Mellitus Diabetes. Methods: Cross-sectional study, developed during 2018, 220 diabetics from three health units of the Secretaria de Salud del Estado de Jalisco in Ciudad Guzmán, Mexico, the SOC-13 instrument was applied for a sense of coherence, glycemic control was evaluated through the level of glycosylated hemoglobin obtained from the medical record, the data was analyzed through logistic regression analysis. Results: Results were obtained with a total of 220 participants in an age range of 23 to 69 years of which 67% presented inadequate glycemic control and 33% adequate glycemic control; 24% of those surveyed with inadequate glycemic control reported low scores for a sense of coherence, while 96% of those with adequate glycemic control obtained medium/high scores for a sense of coherence. The logistic regression analyzes show that the sense of coherence is significantly associated with glycemic control (OR=7.2; 95% CI: 2.0-24.7; p=0.002) after adjusting the analyzes for various confounding variables such as sex, adherence to eating plan, physical activity, absence of complications and absence of smoking. Conclusion: Diabetics with medium/high scores of coherence sense are up to 7 times more likely to have adequate glycemic control than diabetics with low scores of coherence sense regardless of intervening variables.

Are there any differences in the assessment of quality of life when children score the importance of what is asked to them?

INTRODUCTION: There are no studies that enable to explore the impact that might have the scoring of the importance that children assign to each dimension that encompass the assessment of their quality of life (QoL). OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of the importance assigned by children to the different spheres of their lives when having to assess their quality of life. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Correlational, crosssectional design. The modified KIDSCREEN-27 questionnaire was used to evaluate the importance assigned by the child to each dimension. RESULTS: A total of 300 schoolboys and 300 schoolgirls, with an average age of 12 years old, were evaluated. The dimension with the highest score was Peers, and the one with the lowest was Psychological well-being, both in the raw evaluation as in the weighted by importance ranking. In girls, the Physical well-being dimension scored the lowest. The dimensions Parent relations and School environment scored the highest in younger students. In girls, differences were found in the dimension that scored the lowest when they weighted the importance of the dimension; shifting the dimension with the lowest score from Psychological well-being to Physical well-being. CONCLUSION: There are differences in the perception of quality of life between boys and girls, the types of schools they attend and the different ages, which do not change when being weighted by importance.

Neuropsychological rehabilitation and quality of life in patients with cognitive impairments: a meta-analysis study in Spanish-speaking populations.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis on the effects of neuropsychological rehabilitation procedures on the quality of life in Spanish-speaking individuals with cognitive deficits. METHOD: Twenty four studies published during the last ten years were analyzed, and relevant information was extracted from each, including sample size, data analyses, measures, and publication year, among others. These data were then analyzed following the usual procedures for estimation of effect size. RESULTS: The data show a statistical significant value in all variables associated with the characteristics of the intervention (Duration, type of intervention, gender, year of publication and, more important, quality of life and neuropsychological outcomes). CONCLUSION: QOL can improve in certain conditions with neuropsychological rehabilitation, but this change is not permanent.

Are there any differences in the assessment of quality of life when children score the importance of what is asked to them?

Introduction. There are no studies that enable to explore the impact that might have the scoring of the importance that children assign to each dimension that encompass the assessment of their quality of life (QoL). Objective. To analyze the influence of the importance assigned by children to the different spheres of their lives when having to assess their quality of life. Material and Methods. Correlational, crosssectional design. The modified KIDSCREEN-27 questionnaire was used to evaluate the importance assigned by the child to each dimension. Results. A total of 300 schoolboys and 300 schoolgirls, with an average age of 12 years old, were evaluated. The dimension with the highest score was Peers, and the one with the lowest was Psychological well-being, both in the raw evaluation as in the weighted by importance ranking. In girls, the Physical well-being dimension scored the lowest. The dimensions Parent relations and School environment scored the highest in younger students. In girls, differences were found in the dimension that scored the lowest when they weighted the importance of the dimension; shifting the dimension with the lowest score from Psychological well-being to Physical well-being. Conclusion. There are differences in the perception of quality of life between boys and girls, the types of schools they attend and the different ages, which do not change when being weighted by importance.

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión en español de la escala revisada de restricción alimentaria en una muestra de adolescentes / Spanish version of the revised restraint scale: psychometric properties in an adolescent sample

La escala revisada de restricción (ER) es un instrumento psicométrico para medir restricción alimentaria crónica. Objetivo: Obtener la fiabilidad y estructura factorial de la versión en español de la ER en una muestra de adolescentes. Materiales y método: 838 adolescentes (15,48 años) completaron el instrumento. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio sobre los puntajes. Resultados: Ambas subescalas de la ER muestran una fiabilidad apropiada, aunque el ítem 9 mostró una homogeneidad corregida pobre (r<0,3). Dos factores correlacionados emergieron del análisis factorial, explicando el 55,76% de la varianza. El análisis confirmatorio develó un ajuste moderado de la estructura bifactorial hipotética. Conclusiones: El instrumento muestra una estructura bifactorial y niveles adecuados de fiabilidad en una muestra de adolescentes.

The revised restraint scale (RS) it is a psychometric instrument for measuring chronic alimentary restraint. Aim: To obtain reliability measures and factorial structure of a Spanish RS version in an adolescent sample. Materials and Methods: 838 adolescents female students (15.48 y.) completed the instrument. An exploratory (i.e. principals components, oblique rotation) and confirmatory factorial analysis was performed over the RS scores. Results: Both RS sub-scales shown appropriate reliability, although item 9 achieved low corrected homogeneity (r<.3). After exploratory factorial analysis two correlated factors (Diet Concern and Weight Fluctuations) emerged, explaining 55.76% of the variance. Confirmatory analyses yielded moderate fit of the hypothetic bifactorial structure. Conclusions: The Spanish RS version shows a bifactorial structure and good reliability levels in adolescent sample.

Calidad de vida y estilos de afrontamiento en personas con patologías crónicas / Quality of life and coping styles among chronic patients

Utilizando la Escala WHOQoL-Bref de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Escala de Estilos de Afrontamiento de Páez et al., se evalúa la relación existente entre el estilo de afrontamiento y la calidad de vida en una muestra de 440 participantes, 220 de las cuales viven con una patología física crónica y son usuarios de Servicios de Atención Primaria en Salud en España y Chile. Se observan diferencias tanto a nivel de calidad de vida como en estilos de afrontamiento, siendo el nivel de la primera superior en España que en Chile y mayor en no crónicos que crónicos, predominando estilos de tipo activo en España y estilos de tipo evitativos en Chile. Existen diferencias culturales en la relación entre Calidad de Vida y afrontamiento, vinculándose los estilos conductuales en Chile a la Calidad de Vida, mientras que en los participantes españoles se relaciona con estilos de tipo cognitivo.

The purpose of this study was report the linked between the quality of life and coping styles in people living with non transmissible chronic diseases. The Spanish version of WHOQoL - Bref and The Coping Styles Questionnaire was applied to 220 participants with chronic diseases and 220 non chronic, patients for primary care on health in Spain and Chile. The results show differences in levels of quality of life being higher in the Spanish and non chronic participants. About the coping styles, in the Chilean sample it prevails the avoidance styles whereas in the Spanish sample the active styles. There is cultural differences in both variables: linked the behavioural coping style to quality of life in the Chilean sample and the avoidance coping styles in the Spanish sample.