Autosomal dominant in cis D4Z4 repeat array duplication alleles in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy.

Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) has a unique genetic aetiology resulting in partial chromatin relaxation of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat array on 4qter. This D4Z4 chromatin relaxation facilitates inappropriate expression of the transcription factor DUX4 in skeletal muscle. DUX4 is encoded by a retrogene that is embedded within the distal region of the D4Z4 repeat array. In the European population, the D4Z4 repeat array is usually organized in a single array that ranges between 8 and 100 units. D4Z4 chromatin relaxation and DUX4 derepression in FSHD is most often caused by repeat array contraction to 1-10 units (FSHD1) or by a digenic mechanism requiring pathogenic variants in a D4Z4 chromatin repressor like SMCHD1, combined with a repeat array between 8 and 20 units (FSHD2). With a prevalence of 1.5% in the European population, in cis duplications of the D4Z4 repeat array, where two adjacent D4Z4 arrays are interrupted by a spacer sequence, are relatively common but their relationship to FSHD is not well understood. In cis duplication alleles were shown to be pathogenic in FSHD2 patients; however, there is inconsistent evidence for the necessity of an SMCHD1 mutation for disease development. To explore the pathogenic nature of these alleles we compared in cis duplication alleles in FSHD patients with or without pathogenic SMCHD1 variant. For both groups we showed duplication-allele-specific DUX4 expression. We studied these alleles in detail using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis-based Southern blotting and molecular combing, emphasizing the challenges in the characterization of these rearrangements. Nanopore sequencing was instrumental to study the composition and methylation of the duplicated D4Z4 repeat arrays and to identify the breakpoints and the spacer sequence between the arrays. By comparing the composition of the D4Z4 repeat array of in cis duplication alleles in both groups, we found that specific combinations of proximal and distal repeat array sizes determine their pathogenicity. Supported by our algorithm to predict pathogenicity, diagnostic laboratories should now be furnished to accurately interpret these in cis D4Z4 repeat array duplications, alleles that can easily be missed in routine settings.

C-terminal frameshift variant of TDP-43 with pronounced aggregation-propensity causes rimmed vacuole myopathy but not ALS/FTD.

Neuronal TDP-43-positive inclusions are neuropathological hallmark lesions in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Pathogenic missense variants in TARDBP, the gene encoding TDP-43, can cause ALS and cluster in the C-terminal prion-like domain (PrLD), where they modulate the liquid condensation and aggregation properties of the protein. TDP-43-positive inclusions are also found in rimmed vacuole myopathies, including sporadic inclusion body myositis, but myopathy-causing TDP-43 variants have not been reported. Using genome-wide linkage analysis and whole exome sequencing in an extended five-generation family with an autosomal dominant rimmed vacuole myopathy, we identified a conclusively linked frameshift mutation in TDP-43 producing a C-terminally altered PrLD (TDP-43p.Trp385IlefsTer10) (maximum multipoint LOD-score 3.61). Patient-derived muscle biopsies showed TDP-43-positive sarcoplasmic inclusions, accumulation of autophagosomes and transcriptomes with abnormally spliced sarcomeric genes (including TTN and NEB) and increased expression of muscle regeneration genes. In vitro phase separation assays demonstrated that TDP-43Trp385IlefsTer10 does not form liquid-like condensates and readily forms solid-like fibrils indicating increased aggregation propensity compared to wild-type TDP-43. In Drosophila TDP-43p.Trp385IlefsTer10 behaved as a partial loss-of-function allele as it was able to rescue the TBPH (fly ortholog of TARDBP) neurodevelopmental lethal null phenotype while showing strongly reduced toxic gain-of-function properties upon overexpression. Accordingly, TDP-43p.Trp385IlefsTer10 showed reduced toxicity in a primary rat neuron disease model. Together, these genetic, pathological, in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that TDP-43p.Trp385IlefsTer10 is an aggregation-prone partial loss-of-function variant that causes autosomal dominant vacuolar myopathy but not ALS/FTD. Our study genetically links TDP-43 proteinopathy to myodegeneration, and reveals a tissue-specific role of the PrLD in directing pathology.

Bone scan findings in erythromelalgia.

The use of hyaluronic acid nanoshells has been proposed to encapsulate prodrugs and exploit the mechanisms of interactions between living cells, like endocytes or cancer cells and hyaluronic acid, which is a natural component of the extracellular matrix. In this review we describe the potential and the limits of this promising research trend and discuss the theoretical advantages of such an engineering approach. Is it a possible scalability to increase the efficacy and biodegradability of molecules like contrast media and radiotracers especially for neuroradiology and nuclear medicine studies.

Exome Sequencing and Multigene Panel Testing in 1,411 Patients With Adult-Onset Neurologic Disorders.

Background and Objectives: Owing to their extensive clinical and molecular heterogeneity, hereditary neurologic diseases in adults are difficult to diagnose. The current knowledge about the diagnostic yield and clinical utility of exome sequencing (ES) for neurologic diseases in adults is limited. This observational study assesses the diagnostic value of ES and multigene panel analysis in adult-onset neurologic disorders. Methods: From January 2019 through April 2022, ES-based multigene panel testing was conducted in 1,411 patients with molecularly unexplained neurologic phenotypes at the Ghent University Hospital. Gene panels were developed for ataxia and spasticity, leukoencephalopathy, movement disorders, paroxysmal episodic disorders, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, progressive myoclonic epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Single nucleotide variants, small indels, and copy number variants were analyzed. Across all panels, our analysis covered a total of 725 genes associated with Mendelian inheritance. Results: A molecular diagnosis was established in 10% of the cases (144 of 1,411) representing 71 different monogenic disorders. The diagnostic yield depended significantly on the presenting phenotype with the highest yield seen in patients with ataxia or spastic paraparesis (19%). Most of the established diagnoses comprised disorders with an autosomal dominant inheritance (62%), and the most frequently mutated genes were NOTCH3 (13 patients), SPG7 (11 patients), and RFC1 (8 patients). 34% of the disease-causing variants were novel, including a unique likely pathogenic variant in APP (Ghent mutation, p.[Asn698Asp]) in a family presenting with stroke and severe cerebral white matter disease. 7% of the pathogenic variants comprised copy number variants detected in the ES data and confirmed by an independent technique. Discussion: ES and multigene panel testing is a powerful and efficient tool to diagnose patients with unexplained, adult-onset neurologic disorders.

Trends in diagnosis, referral, red flag onset, patient profiles and natural outcome of de novo cardiac amyloidosis and their multidisciplinary implications.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is often overlooked or misdiagnosed. Effects of growing disease awareness, diagnostic ameliorations and novel treatment options on CA diagnosis and management are scarcely reported. OBJECTIVE: To report trends in diagnosis, referral routes, clinical presentation, early onset diagnostic red flags and outcome in de novo CA subjects. METHODS: An unselected cohort of 139 de novo CA patients over an 8-year period in a tertiary referral hospital was recruited. RESULTS: Transthyretin (ATTR, 82%, n = 114) was the most common CA form; Light-chain (AL, 15%, n = 21) and secondary (AA, 3%, n = 4) are less prevalent. Increased awareness over time led to a marked ATTR diagnostic surge, steep non-invasive diagnostic approach increment and increased nuclear medicine and external cardiologist referrals (all p < 0.001). A total of 41% (n = 57/139) of patients were referred by non-cardiology specialist disciplines. Specific referral to rule out CA (24-36%) and diagnostic time lag from symptom onset (9 ± 12 to 8 ± 14 months), however, did not improve (all p > 0.050). Multiple early red flag events preceded CA diagnose several years in ATTR: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH, 60%, 4.9 ± 4.3 y), heart failure (54%, 2.5 ± 3.5 y), atrial fibrillation (47%, 5.9 ± 6.7 y), bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome (43%, 9.5 ± 5.7 y) and spinal stenosis (40%, 7.4 ± 6.5 y). LVH ≥ 12 mm was absent in 11% ATTR (n = 13/114) and 5% AL (n = 1/21) patients. Hypertension was common in both ATTR (n = 70/114, 62%) and AL (n = 10/21, 48%). 56% (n = 78/139) of CA presented with heart failure. Cumulative 1 and 5-year mortality of 10%/66%, 40%/52% and 75%/75% for ATTR, AL, and AA, respectively, remains high. CONCLUSIONS: Although CA diagnostic uptake and referral improve, specialist-specific disease and diagnostic red flag ignorance result in non-timely diagnosis and unfavourable outcome.

Decreasing pain in electrical nerve stimulation.

OBJECTIVE: Do large stimulation electrodes reduce pain in nerve conduction testing? METHODS: Fourteen healthy subjects (6 men, 22-42 years) blinded for study design underwent 8 H-reflex studies, using a large (36 x 36 mm) or a small (6 x 6 mm) electrode, placed on either the patella or the popliteal fossa; either site could be used for the cathode or the anode. Stimulation intensity was adjusted to obtain M- and H-waves. Intensity and other characteristics of pain were noted, as were M- and H-wave parameters. RESULTS: Pain was felt strongest near the smaller electrode when two sizes were used. Large electrodes reduced pain without compromising H- or M-waves. CONCLUSIONS: Large stimulation electrodes reduce pain. SIGNIFICANCE: The results apply for tests relying on amplitude measurements.