[Questionnaire for urological emergency room quality evaluation]. / Cuestionario de evaluación de la calidad asistencial en un servicio de urgencias urológicas.

INTRODUCTION: Quality is defined as an essential and distinguishing attribute of something, which allows to evaluate its worth. The quality evaluation has become something necessary during the last years. The assistencial quality should be something inherent to the offered service, including scientific and technical quality, management and quality noticed. A periodical assesment, as auto-evaluation or through an outsourcing, is a recommendable way to detect potential improvement items. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using the EFQM,ISO 9001:2000 and Malcolm Baldrige model, and through the items from National Health System, a self-questionnaire of urological emergency room quality evaluation is proposed. CONCLUSION: A new self-questionnaire of urological emergency room quality evaluation is proposed.

[Retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma in the infancy]. / Ganglioneuroma retroperitoneal en la infancia.

Specific management guides for suprarenal incidentalomas detected after birth do not exist for children, but due to the high proportion of malignant tumors, surgical resection is recommended. We present the case of a 7-year-old patient with a non-functioning left suprarenal incidentaloma. Surgical resection and subsequent anatomopathologic analysis of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of ganglioneuroma in process of maturation. Most ganglioneuromas are incidental and have a good prognosis due to their benign behaviour, even though malignant transformation has also been described, for which reason postoperative controls to detect local recurrence and occurrence of new foci are recommended.

[Algorithm for the treatment of patients with obstructive uropathy secondary to prostate cancer]. / Algoritmo para el manejo de pacientes con uropatía obstructiva secundaria a cáncer de próstata.

BACKGROUND: One of the prostate cancer progression complications is the obstructive uropathy, by infiltration and compression of the distal ureteral section, that can entail to an acute renal insufficiency, with affectation of the quality of life and the survival of these patients. The treatment of prostate cancer with secondary ureterohidronefrosis is palliative and following the present tendencies, the positioning of a nephrostomy is considered. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search was made in PUBMED and the most representative articles were reviewed. The algorithm was constructed with the daily routine clinical base, the protocol of our center and with the scientific evidence available in medical literature. RESULTS: An algorithm of decisions sets out to define the urinary derivation in patients with obstructive uropathy secondary to prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The indication to place a nephrostomy in patients with obstructive uropathy secondary to prostate cancer must be approached individually, according to the general conditions and the quality of life of the patient with base in scales defined in literature (ECOG and Karnofsky) and in factors of good or bad prognosis, always considering ethical considerations and the consent of the patient and his family.

[Adenocarcinoma in a ileal conduit after cystectomy for bladder exstrophy]. / Adenocarcinoma en conducto ileal después de cistectomía por extrofia vesical.

Exstrophy of the urinary bladder is an uncommon congenital anormaly for wich cystectomy was recommended because of a high risk of developing carcinoma. We report a patient treated by cystectomy and ileal loop diversion, who, 34 years later, developed carcinoma of the ileal loop. It is the third report of a tumor developing in a ileal conduit constructed after cystectomy for bladder exstrophy.

[Complex reconstructive surgery of cervico-urethral sclerosis after radical prostatectomy, due to endoscopic solution failure]. / Cirugía reconstructiva compleja de la esclerosis cervico-uretral tras prostatectomía radical, por fracaso de la solución endoscópica.

The sclerosis of the cervico-urethral union is one of the complications that may arise after a radical prostatectomy, in most cases, the endoscopic treatment usually solves it. We introduce repair by open approach of a sclerosis cervico-urethral after radical prostatectomy that did not respond to endoscopic management. The surgical technique had two times, the first perineal and a second time with hypogastric approach. After six months of this complex surgery an artificial sphincter was placed to patient. The patient is asymptomatic and continent after three years of follow up surgery.

[Severe cystitis and perivesical collection posterior to Mitomycin C immediate instillation in a patient with inadverted bladder perforation]. / Cistitis severa y colección perivesical posterior a instilación inmediata de Mitomicina C en paciente con perforación vesical inadvertida.

We present the clinical case of a 40 years male patient who, after a TURBt for non-muscle invasive recurrence with inadverted vesical perforation and Mitomycin C immediate instillation, come in his fourth postoperative day to the emergency room with severe irritative urinary symptomatology. An ultrasound was indicated, documenting a perivesical collection. The management was conservative with vesical drilling for 10 days and a puncture/drainage was necessary to solve it.

[The cystic component in the renal cancer: conceptual overiew]. / Componente quístico del cáncer renal: Revisión conceptual.

The renal cancer (RC) cystic component is on the radiological tests and could be consolidate with pathological analysis. The concepts "cystic renal cancer" or "cystic renal tumor" contain a group of entities range from cystic grown pattern RCs to pseudocystic tumors as well as cystic renal diseases coinciding with the RC. The CR and the cystic renal diseases have a great variety to sorts of presentations, giving different ways of radiological images, blending solid and cystic areas. Some papers use indiscriminately expression "cystic" without pathologic proof. Just cystic grown pattern RCs and multilocular cystic carcinoma could be named "cystic renal tumors". For de rest, especially over image study, is more suitable to use expressions as "renal tumor of cystic configuration", while pathologic report are available.

[Urethrocavernous fistula due to penile fracture]. / Fistula uretrocavernosa por fractura penena.

Penile fracture with urethral laceration usually presents with pain and haematoma, detumescence, erectile failure and blood loss through urethral meatus. We describe the third published case of urethrocavernous fistula following blunt penile trauma sustained durind sexual intercourse.

Laparoscopic adenomectomy: 10 years of experience. / Adenomectomía laparoscópica: 10 años de experiencia.

INTRODUCTION: Lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to increased prostate volume are associated with ageing and are becoming more prevalent due to increased life expectancy. We present our experience with transperitoneal laparoscopic adenomectomy for the management of bladder outlet obstruction caused by benign prostatic enlargement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent laparoscopic adenomectomy between 2005 and 2015. We recorded age, maximum flow and postvoid residual urine (preoperative and postoperative), surgical time, operative bleeding, weight and pathology, complications and duration of catheterisation and hospitalisation. RESULTS: We included 80 patients with a mean age of 70 years. The mean preoperative and postoperative Qmax was 8.21mL/s and 22.52mL/s, respectively. The mean preoperative and postoperative postvoid residual urine was 91.4mL and 14.2mL, respectively. The mean surgical time was 137.7min. Conversion to open surgery was necessary in one case due to intestinal injury. The mean intraoperative bleeding was 227.6mL. The mean hospital stay was 5.46 days, and the catheterisation time was 4.86 days. There were 13 complications, which were recorded according to the Clavien-Dindo system, 3 of which were severe. The mean weight of the surgical specimen was 80.02g. Pathology showed benign hyperplasia in 75 cases and prostate cancer in the remaining 5. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic adenomectomy is a safe, reproducible technique with the same functional results as open surgery. Our series shows that this approach is useful and safe and has a low rate of complications.

[Frozen section in urological oncology]. / La biopsia intraoperatoria en patología oncológica urológica.

The indications of Frozen section diagnosis (FS) in surgery due to urologic neoplasia are quite specific, and this explains the fact that they amount to a mere 7.3% of the FSs performed in general hospitals. This also makes the knowledge of their usefulness necessary, and thus we are submitting the present review. Generally speaking, FS is not warranted to identify the nature of a tumoral mass, with the following exceptions: (1) Renal masses of a doubtf ul parenchymal origin, or in the urinary tract: (2) Intesticular neoplasias,when the possibility of a conservative treatment arises; (3) Determination of the presence of a prostate adenocarcinoma in an organ donor with high serum PSA; but even in these circumstances its need is widely controversial. Intraoperative determination of surgical margins is particularly useful in: (1) Partial nephrectomies (it may be limited to inspection after dyeing the margin with Indian ink--bed freezing is very seldom needed); (2) Urethral margins in women with total cystectomies and orthotopic substitution; (3) In partial penectomies (always studying the urethral margin and the cavernosal and spongIosal corpora margins). The study of the nodes is a widely debated issue, and except for those cases in which unexpectedly increased node size is found, systematic FS is indicated neither of the bladder nor of the prostate. The situation regarding penis carcinoma is different, as in the groups with intermediate and high risk of node metastasis, even though there is around 16%-18% of false negatives FS is recommended, particularly of radioisotope-marked sentinel nodes.

[Urothelial carcinoma in a woman with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: description of a case and review of the literature]. / Carcinoma urotelial renal en una paciente con enfermedad renal poliquística autosómico dominante: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

We describe a case of urothelial carcinoma of renal pelvis in a 48 years old woman affected of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). We discuss the difficulty of the radiological diagnostic and we revise the incidence of renal tumors in this entity. Association between urothelial carcinoma and ADPKD is highly infrequent and without apparently causal relation.

[Spontaneuos paracavernous haematoma]. / Hematoma espontáneo paracavernoso.

We report a case of spontaneous, perineal haematoma depending on corpora cavernosa but without injury of them. No erectile dysfunction was associated. Not traumatic injury was known. Etiopathology, diagnosis and treatment are analyses.

[Current treatment in high risk and locally advanced prostate cancer]. / Tratamiento actual del cáncer de próstata de alto riesgo y localmente avanzado.

Treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer remains controversial. Treatment options include radical prostatectomy (PR), radiotherapy (RT) and hormonotherapy (HT). A Medline database search with key words "prostate cancer", "locally advanced", "high risk" and "treatment" in articles published during the last 15 years was done. Fifty one out of 329 papers were selected and reviewed. Selection criteria were a minimum of scientific evidence level of IIa, except for some specific level IV reference. Numerous randomized studies show that patients may benefit of a combined therapy with RT and HT. RP has shown its usefulness in selected cases of locally advanced prostate cancer. Results of long follow-up series are similar to those obtained with RT and HT. Furthermore, the possibility of clinical over staging is an argument in favour of RP. We perform an updated revision of every possible choice available in the treatment of these tumours.

[Extraadrenal perirenal myelolipoma: report of a case and review of the literature]. / Mielolipoma extraadrenal perirenal: aportación de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

Extra-adrenal myelolipomas are rare bening tumours that are componed of mature fat cells and myeloid elements. These lesions are usually asyntomatic and often found incidentally on radiographic studies. We report a case of extra-adrenal perirenal myelolipoma.

[Loop diuretics and ototoxicity]. / Diuréticos del asa y ototoxicidad.

Loop diuretics are quite often used in medical practice. In spite of a wide security, there are several adverse events that should be known, in order to be early recognised as soon as they appear. Ototoxicity associated to furosemide is infrequent and reversible. However, permanent deafness associated with furosemide administration has been previously reported.

[History of robotics: from Archytas of Tarentum until da Vinci robot. (Part I)]. / Historia de la robótica: de Arquitas de Tarento al robot da Vinci (Parte I).

Robotic surgery is the newst technologic option in urology. To understand how new robots work is interesting to know their history. The desire to design machines imitating humans continued for more than 4000 years. There are references to King-su Tse (clasic China) making up automaton at 500 a. C. Archytas of Tarentum (at around 400 a.C.) is considered the father of mechanical engineering, and one of the occidental robotics classic referents. Heron of Alexandria, Hsieh-Fec, Al-Jazari, Roger Bacon, Juanelo Turriano, Leonardo da Vinci, Vaucanson o von Kempelen were robot inventors in the middle age, renaissance and classicism. At the XIXth century, automaton production underwent a peak and all engineering branches suffered a great development. At 1942 Asimov published the three robotics laws, based on mechanics, electronics and informatics advances. At XXth century robots able to do very complex self governing works were developed, like da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical Inc, Sunnyvale, CA, USA), a very sophisticated robot to assist surgeons.

[History of robotics: from archytas of tarentum until Da Vinci robot. (Part II)]. / Historia de la rob6tica: de arquitas de tarento al robot da Vinci. (Parte II).

Robotic surgery is a reality. In order to to understand how new robots work is interesting to know the history of ancient (see part i) and modern robotics. The desire to design automatic machines imitating humans continued for more than 4000 years. Archytas of Tarentum (at around 400 a.C.), Heron of Alexandria, Hsieh-Fec, Al-Jazari, Bacon, Turriano, Leonardo da Vinci, Vaucanson o von Kempelen were robot inventors. At 1942 Asimov published the three robotics laws. Mechanics, electronics and informatics advances at XXth century developed robots to be able to do very complex self governing works. At 1985 the robot PUMA 560 was employed to introduce a needle inside the brain. Later on, they were designed surgical robots like World First, Robodoc, Gaspar o Acrobot, Zeus, AESOP, Probot o PAKI-RCP. At 2000 the FDA approved the da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical Inc, Sunnyvale, CA, USA), a very sophisticated robot to assist surgeons. Currently urological procedures like prostatectomy, cystectomy and nephrectomy are performed with the da Vinci, so urology has become a very suitable speciality to robotic surgery.

[Recurrent neobladder rupture: conservative management]. / Rotura recurrente de neovejiga ileal: manejo conservador.

PURPOSE: To present a case of recurrent neobladder rupture treated in a conservative fashion. To review the articles on conservative management of cases like this one published from 1985. RESULTS: Nineteen articles have been published since 1985 on spontaneous neobladder rupture, 4 of which describe the possibility of a successful conservative management, provided that the patients are carefully selected. CONCLUSIONS: Faced to abdominal pain in patients with neobladder, it is essential to suspect spontaneous perforation and, if possible, to confirm such suspicions by means of cystography or CT. An exploratory laparotomy may be necessary in many instances, sometimes due to lack of a diagnosis and sometimes because the patient's status rules out any other procedure, but in selected and precisely diagnosed cases a conservative management can be resolvent.

[Transurethral treatment of massive hematuria post retropubic adenomectomy]. / Tratamiento por vía transuretral de la hematuria masiva postadenomectomía retropúbica.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the frequency of reoperation caused by massive hematuria in the postoperation of open prostatectomy in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BHP) at our hospital. At the same time, we also want to evaluate the effectiveness and possible secondary effects of using transurethral approach to solve this surgical complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: we analyzed retrospectively 540 open surgeries in benign prostatic hyperplasia, carried out from 1998 to 2005. We evaluated effectiveness, average surgery time and complications in case of endoscopic review. RESULTS: a reoperation was necessary in 2.5% of all 540 cases. In all the cases reoperated, hemorrhage was controlled using transurethral approach. Average surgery time was 37 minutes and secondary effects observed were not important. CONCLUSIONS: transurethral approach is a simple and effective technique in the treatment of massive hematuria after open prostatectomy in BPH. Surgery time spent is acceptable, and early and delayed complications observed have been few and cannot, in our opinion, be imputed only to this tech-

[Incidence and prevalence of published studies about urolithiasis in Spain. A review]. / Incidencia y prevalencia de la urolitiasis en España: Revisión de los datos originales disponibles hasta la actualidad.

INTRODUCTION: San Antonio, Somacarrera (1977) and Rousaud-Inmark (1984) studies established the first data of incidence and prevalence about urolithiasis in Spain. Other regional or national epidemiologic details were given for several authors from 1977 to 2002. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Sixteen papers with original data about incidence or prevalence have been selected, 5 of them are about incidence, 8 about prevalence and 3 include both. Ten papers are based on poblational research (San Antonio, Martin, Pedrajas, Rousaud-Inmark, Torres, Ripa, Romero, Grases, Alapont, Aíbar), 5 on subjective estimations (Solé-Balcells, Cifuentes, Puigvert, Serrallach, Conte) and one include both (Somacarrera). Seven papers are nationwide and 9 are about local areas. A map with different location studies is presented and a data register show incidence and prevalence medians. RESULTS: The Spanish median urolithiasis incidence is 0.73%, corresponding to 325,079 new cases per year; and the prevalence is 5.06%, corresponding to 2,233,214 cases. DISCUSSION: Methodologically the best epidemiologic studies about lithiasis are based on general population survey. The commonest slant is extract data from retrospective clinical registers. Most studies have significant methodological difficulties, but they reflected interest about epidemiology of stone disease in Spain. There is a concordance between Spanish results and international published data.