Anti-hepatitis C virus seroprevalence in the working age population in Poland, 2004 to 2014.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be a serious public health concern and one of the major public health priorities. In 2005, it was estimated that there are 185 million anti-HCV positive people in the world, which constitutes 2.8% of the global population. Our study estimates the anti-HCV seroprevalence in the working age population (15-64 years-old), mostly urban and suburban residents, in Poland from 2004 to 2014. The studied group consisted of 61,805 working-age population representatives whose data were obtained from electronic medical records of an outpatient clinic network operating on a countrywide level. Positive anti-HCV test results were obtained in 957 patients, representing 1.5% of the whole population studied throughout the analysed period. The average age of all anti-HCV positive patients was 36.8 years. Analysis of the data suggests that the proportion of anti-HCV positive patients decreased over the study period (mean positive anti-HCV = -0.0017 × year + 3.3715; R2 = 0.7558). In 2004, positive results were noted among 3.2% of patients undergoing HCV antibody tests, but in 2014, the percentage of patients with a positive result stood at 1.1%. The apparent decrease affected men and women similarly. Our study also provides evidence that screening people born before 1965 could be beneficial.

The influence of hepatitis B and C virus coinfection on liver histopathology in children.

The influence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection on liver histology in children remains unknown. We analyzed histopathological features in 70 treatment-naïve children: 10 with HBV/HCV coinfection (case group A), 30 with HBV (control group B), and 30 with HCV (control group C). Liver biopsies were scored for grading and staging according to Knodell's modified system and were tested for an association with demographic and laboratory data. The mean grade was higher in coinfected children compared to control group C (6.2 ± 3.0 vs. 4.2 ± 2.5, p = 0.04), but not control group B (p = 0.47). A higher proportion of patients with moderate to severe necroinflammation were observed in case group A compared to isolated HCV (p = 0.05). Mean staging did not differ between the case and control groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that HBV/HCV coinfection and aminotransferase activity were independently associated with moderate to severe necroinflammatory activity Conclusion: HBV/HCV coinfection was associated with moderate to severe necroinflammation irrespective of age at biopsy or duration of infection and led to significantly higher necroinflammatory activity than HCV monoinfection. HBV/HCV coinfection did not enhance fibrosis. High aminotransferase levels were positively associated with moderate to severe necroinflammation.

Determinants of liver disease progression in children with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

Histopathological features and determinants of liver disease progression were analyzed in 42 treatment-naïve children (mean age: 10.7 ±3.7) with chronic hepatitis C (14/42 infected vertically and 26/42 horizontally). Histopathological evaluation was performed according to Knodell's modified system. Predictors of necroinflammation and fibrosis were identified using linear regression analyses. Most children presented with mild necroinflammation and fibrosis (mean grade 4.3 ±2.7, mean staging 1.2 ±0.8), irrespective of the mode of transmission. Vertically infected children were younger than those infected horizontally (8.6 ±2.5 vs. 11.5 ±3.7 years, p = 0.02). Alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT and AST) levels were associated with necroinflammation (p = 0.003 and p = 0.01 for ALT and AST, respectively) and fibrosis (p = 0.01 and p = 0.04, respectively). Other positive independent predictors of fibrosis included duration of infection (p = 0.03) and body mass index (BMI) z-score (p = 0.03). Children with chronic hepatitis C presented with mild liver changes over a decade after the infection, irrespective of the mode of transmission. Since fibrosis is a time-dependent process, progression of the liver disease in vertically infected children may occur at a younger age compared to patients infected horizontally. Aminotransferase levels were associated with necroinflammation and fibrosis. Longer duration of infection and a higher BMI z-score were associated with more severe fibrosis.

Extracellular matrix and cytochrome P450 gene expression can distinguish steatohepatitis from steatosis in mice.

One of the main questions regarding nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the molecular background of the transition from simple steatosis (SS) to the inflammatory and fibrogenic condition of steatohepatitis (NASH). We examined the gene expression changes during progression from histologically normal liver to SS and NASH in models of obesity caused by hyperphagia or a high-fat diet. Microarray-based analysis revealed that the expression of 1445 and 264 probe sets was changed exclusively in SS and NASH samples, respectively, and 1577 probe sets were commonly altered in SS and NASH samples. Functional annotations indicated that transcriptome alterations that were common for NASH and SS, as well as exclusive for NASH, involved extracellular matrix (ECM)-related processes, although they differed in the type of matrix structure change. The expression of 80 genes was significantly changed in all three comparisons: SS versus control, NASH versus control and NASH versus SS. Of these genes, epithelial membrane protein 1, IKBKB interacting protein and decorin were progressively up-regulated in both SS and NASH compared to normal tissue. The molecular context of interactions of encoded 80 proteins revealed that they are highly interconnected and significantly enriched for processes involving metabolism by cytochrome P450. Validation of 10 selected mRNAs encoding genes related to ECM and cytochrome P450 with quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed consistent changes in their expression during NASH development. The expression profile of these genes has the potential to distinguish NASH from SS and normal tissue and may possibly be beneficial in the clinical diagnosis of NASH.

Laboratory-based scoring system for prediction of hepatic inflammatory activity in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: In autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), inflammation is closely related to fibrosis. Although transaminase levels are commonly used to assess hepatic inflammation, they may not relate directly to the histology. We developed a noninvasive diagnostic score as an alternative to liver biopsy to help optimize treatment for AIH and monitor disease progress. METHODS: Eighty-two participants with type 1 AIH who had undergone liver biopsy were included (44 in training and 38 in validation sets). Liver histology was assessed according to the histologic activity index (HAI; score 0-18) and Ishak's histologic fibrosis index (HFI; score 0-6). High inflammation was defined as HAI>4, and advanced fibrosis was defined as HFI>2. Routine laboratory test findings and stepwise linear regression were used to develop the best models predicting HAI and HFI. The best cut-off value to predict high inflammation and advanced fibrosis for these formulas was then calculated based on receiver-operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: The cut-off value for a model predicting high inflammation was ≥3.57 (AUROC = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.86-1.00), with 100% sensitivity and 85% specificity. High inflammation was confirmed with an 81% positive predictive value and excluded with a 100% negative predictive value. In the validation set, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values were 100, 56, 88 and 100% respectively. The diagnostic yield of the fibrosis score was unsatisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: The noninvasive inflammatory score based on four routine laboratory parameters discriminated patients with and without significant hepatic inflammation and may facilitate follow-up of type 1 AIH patients.

[Study on engagement in health promotion at the workplace of non-public health providers in Poland]. / Badanie zaangazowania firm oferujacych pracownikom opieik medyczna w promowanie zdrowia w miejscu pracy w Polsce.

UNLABELLED: Increasing life expectancy in Europe impose a necessity to extend a work ability span. Appropriate health status of working population requires not merely curative care in case of diagnosed diseases but also comprehensive preventive care. AIM: The article provides results of a study on engagement of the Polish companies that are covered by a private employee health plans in certain workplace health promotion activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: [corrected] 411 companies out of invited 3512 (11,7% participation rate) took part in the study performed in 2011. The majority of study group were large companies (over 50 employees--74%), and smaller, privately owned (less than 50 employees--77%). Companies were asked questions using ENWHP checklist tool on supporting employees in physical activity, smoking cessation, healthy diet and coping with stress. RESULTS: In general, 44% of the companies declared any engagement in employee health promotion. Results showed that companies support mainly physical activity (27% of a study group) and quitting smoking (19%). Researched employers rarely offered support in healthy diet (8%) or stress reduction (5%). There is also a significant relation between higher engagement rate in health promotion among companies that have implemented a special health policy and detailed action plans. However, small enterprises were less likely to provide any preventive action to employees. Even if small enterprises decide to implement any health promotion they usually were based on a single action without broader planning.

Evidence-Based Care Reduces Unnecessary Medical Procedures and Healthcare Costs in the Outpatient Setting.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to examine the number of unnecessary medical procedures and healthcare costs with the use of the educational intervention in Poland. METHODS: Secondary data were collected between 2014 and 2015. Analysis of events and cost per patient revealed significant variability and overutilization of diagnostics and other services by physicians practicing in a network of private outpatient clinics in Poland. To reduce unjustified referrals and costs, a 2-year educational intervention was carried out, which included printed evidence-based practice recommendations and quarterly verification of the results from each of the 617 participating physicians. We analyzed the effects of the intervention on the number of medical events and costs with 17 diagnoses generating the highest costs. RESULTS: After 2 years of the intervention, the number of medical events per patient decreased by over 20% compared to baseline, primarily in orthopedics (by 31%-37%). Moreover, the healthcare costs per patient decreased by about 18% at the end of the intervention. Patient satisfaction remained high during the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Intervention based on evidence-based practice reduced both the number of unnecessary medical procedures and healthcare costs in the outpatient setting, while not affecting patient satisfaction.

Impacts of a Re-designed Care Path for Back Pain Directing Patients to Physiotherapists: A Pre-Post Intervention Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate impact of directing patients with back pain for first visit to a physiotherapist on sick leaves, healthcare utilization, and patient satisfaction. METHODS: Pre-post intervention study of 70,138 patients treated in Poland for back pain: 27,034 before the care pathway redesign and 43,104 after. RESULTS: After the redesign, all per-patient measures (mean ±â€ŠSD) significantly decreased over the 12-month follow-up: sick leaves number from 0.32 ±â€Š0.87 to 0.29 ±â€Š0.86, sick leaves days from 2.78 ±â€Š11.56 to 2.56 ±â€Š11.25, doctors' visits from 2.02 ±â€Š1.70 to 1.51 ±â€Š1.63, diagnostic imaging services from 0.63 ±â€Š0.79 to 0.43 ±â€Š0.71 and rehabilitation services from 7.55 ±â€Š14.90 to 4.70 ±â€Š12.61.The Net Promoter Score was higher for physiotherapist (83), than for orthopedists (59), primary care (74), or neurologists (67). CONCLUSIONS: Involving physiotherapists early in the back pain care may result in benefits for patients and healthcare organizations.

Factors Related to the Level of Depression and Suicidal Behavior Among Men With Diagnosed Depression, Physically Ill Men, and Healthy Men.

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in people who die by suicide. Awareness of risk factors for suicide in depression is important for clinicians. The study was aimed at establishing models of factors related to the level of depression and suicidal behavior among men from three different groups-in men with depressive disorder, in comparison to men with physical disorder and healthy men. A total of 598 men were included in the study. The following questionnaires were used in research model: test with sociodemographic variables, AUDIT Test, Fagerström Test, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Inventory for Measuring Coping with Stress (Mini-COPE), Resilience Evaluation Questionnaire (KOP-26), Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) by Osman, and Gotland Male Depression Scale. In men with depression, the positive factors strongly related to the intensity of depression and suicidal behavior were as follows: vocational education, active coping, turning toward religion, social competence for resilience, and bachelor status. The factors negatively related to the intensity of depression and suicidal behavior in this group were as follows: unemployed status, student status, low satisfaction with the financial situation, having children, history of mental disorders in family, alcohol addiction, and seeking instrumental support. In the group of men with physical disorders, the following protection factors were identified: the medium or small city as a place of living, active coping, venting, and personal competence. The following risk factors were identified in this group: psychiatric treatment in the past. In the group of healthy men, the following protective factors were identified: the medium city as a place of living, positive reappraisal, planning abilities, and personal and social competence for resilience. In this group, the following risk factors were identified: vocational and higher education, student status, satisfaction with the financial situation, having more than one children, the occurrence of mental disorders in the family, the occurrence of alcohol abuse in the family, and use of psychoactive substances as a strategy of dealing with stress. The risk factors identified in this study should be included in the clinical assessment of depression and suicidal behavior risk in male patients. There are some protective factors identified, including productive coping and personal and social competencies, which can be developed and should be especially considered and strengthened in mental health promotion programs aimed at men.

Analysis of adolescents' opinions on suicide prevention. / Analiza opinii mlodziezy na temat profilaktyki samobójstw.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to investigate the views of adolescents aged 16-19, attending public high schools in Warsaw, on effectiveness of suicide prevention. METHODS: The studied population covered adolescents aged 16-19 back in 2015 (M = 17.29; SD = 0.94). The respondents attended eight public high schools in Warsaw in eight different districts. The study group was representative. 1,439 respondents participated in the study - 821 girls (57.1%) and 592 boys (41.1%). PAPI method was used in the conducted study. The questionnaire consisted of 34 questions. RESULTS: In most cases respondents did not know whether there was an organized system of suicide prevention in Poland (42.0%), however, a large proportion of the respondents (39.7%) was aware of nonexistence of such a system in Poland. The respondents considered the activity of a school (46.7%), the Church (38.3%) and the police (55.9%) in the field of suicide prevention ineffective, the activity of health care institutions (47.7%) and the media (46.6%) hardly effective, while the family was considered effective (70.9%). Persons who perceive significant role of the Church in suicide prevention at the same time indicate considerable share of the family and a much lesser role of the remaining institutions. CONCLUSIONS: 1) More than . of studied adolescents realize that there is no integrated system of suicide prevention; 2) The family, according to high school students, plays the greatest role in preventing self-destructive behaviors; 3) There is a need of greater involvement of schools, the Church, the police, health care institutions and the media in education and raising adolescents' awareness in the field of self-destructive behaviors.`.

Composition of inflammatory infiltrate and its correlation with HBV/HCV antigen expression.

AIM: To study the composition of liver inflammatory infiltrate in biopsy material from patients chronically infected with hepatotropic viruses and to evaluate the correlation of inflammatory infiltrate with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) viral antigen expression in chronic B and C hepatitis. METHODS: The phenotype of inflammatory cells was evaluated by the EnVision system, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. HBV and HCV antigens were detected with the use of monoclonal anti-HBs, polyclonal anti-HBc and anti-HCV antibodies, respectively. RESULTS: The cellular composition of liver inflammatory infiltrate was similar in the patients with B and C hepatitis: approximately 50%-60% of cells were T helper lymphocytes. Approximately 25% were T cytotoxic lymphocytes; B lymphocytes comprised 15% of inflammatory infiltrate; other cells, including NK, totalled 10%. Expression of HLA antigens paralleled inflammatory activity. Portal lymphadenoplasia was found more often in hepatitis C (54.5%) than in hepatitis B (30.6%). Expression of HBcAg was found more often in chronic B hepatitis of moderate or severe activity. Overall inflammatory activity in HBV-infected cases did not correlate with the intensity of HBsAg expression in hepatocytes. Inflammatory infiltrates accompanied the focal expression of HCV antigens. A direct correlation between antigen expression and inflammatory reaction in situ was noted more often in hepatitis C than B. CONCLUSION: Irrespective of the etiology and activity of hepatitis, components of the inflammatory infiltrate in liver were similar. Overall inflammatory activity did not correlate with the expression of HBsAg and HCVAg; HBcAg expression, however, accompanied chronic hepatitis B of moderate and severe activity.

Immunity to hepatitis A virus among working professionals in Poland - Results of a 3-year serological survey 2013-2015.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis A (HA) is caused by infection with the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The differential etiological diagnosis of acute hepatitis is based on a positive result of the serological test detecting IgM class anti-HAV. For epidemiological studies on past infection and seroprevalence of HAV in populations, the tests measuring IgG class anti-HAV or total anti-HAV are used. Since the 1990s, specific prophylaxis is possible by vaccination against HA. In Poland, vaccination is recommended and in majority is performed at own cost. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Database was obtained from electronic medical records of the 2 major private health care providers networks (Luxmed and Medicover) operating in Poland. During a 3-year period (2013-2015), 1,124 persons with unknown status of anti-HA vaccination were tested for the presence of total anti-HAV. Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of anti-HAV among working professionals in Poland. RESULTS: Anti-HAV were detected in 603 (53.6%) persons, while 521 (46.3%) tested negative. The study group was divided into 2 subgroups: 25-44 and 45-64-years-old. For detailed statistical analysis, the presence of anti-HAV was considered as a dependent variable, and its predictors were gender, age and the year of the test performance. The presence of anti-HAV was significantly more prevalent in older age group. The lack of specific antibodies was more prevalent in younger age group. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the study show increasing susceptibility to HAV infection in the younger age group, compared with the older age group of corporate professional employees in large cities in Poland. Since the epidemiological situation of HA is currently changing with increasing number of symptomatic cases of HA, it is suggested that employers might consider including an additional procedure of vaccination against HA into their private health insurance portfolio.

Analysis of the opinions of adolescents on the risk factors of suicide. / Analiza opinii mlodziezy na temat czynników ryzyka popelnienia samobójstwa.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper was to identify the opinions of adolescents aged 16-19, attending public high schools in Warsaw, on the risk factors of suicide. METHODS: The study group consisted of adolescents who were aged 16-19 in the year 2015 (M = 17.29; SD = 0.94). The respondents attended eight public high schools in Warsaw, from eight different districts of the city. The study group was representative. 1,439 respondents participated in the study -821 girls (57.1%) and 592 boys (41.1%). PAPI method was used in the conducted study. The questionnaire consisted of 34 questions divided into three sections - concerning epidemiology, risk factors and prevention of suicidal behaviors. RESULTS: According to 37.0% of respondents, the main problem occurring in a family that could become a risk factor in committing suicide is lack of understanding from the parents. The respondents indicated that conflicts between peers are school-related situations that could be the source of suicidal thoughts (48.6%). More than half of respondents (59.1%) believed that being rejected by close and important persons was the main factor related to the feeling of loneliness that could contribute to a suicidal act. CONCLUSIONS: 1) An important element in the prevention of self-destructive behaviors of young people should be parental training in understanding and accepting their children. 2) Itis advisable to conduct classes developing psycho-social skills of adolescents, in particular their ability to solve interpersonal problems, in order to reduce the number of conflicts with peers that occur in the school environment.

Expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins can distinguish nonalcoholic steatosis from steatohepatitis.

In patients without substantial alcohol use, triglyceride accumulation in the liver can lead to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that may progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The differential diagnosis between NAFLD and NASH can be accomplished only by morphological examination. Although the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and the progression of liver pathologic changes has been described, the exact mechanisms initiating primary liver steatosis and its progression to NASH are unknown. We selected 16 genes encoding mitochondrial proteins which expression was compared by quantitative RT-PCR in liver tissue samples taken from patients with NAFLD and NASH. We found that 6 of the 16 examined genes were differentially expressed in NAFLD versus NASH patients. The expression of hepatic HK1, UCP2, ME2, and ME3 appeared to be higher in NASH than in NAFLD patients, whereas HMGCS2 and hnRNPK expression was lower in NASH patients. Although the severity of liver morphological injury in the spectrum of NAFLD-NASH may be defined at the molecular level, expression of these selected 6 genes cannot be used as a molecular marker aiding histological examination. Moreover, it is still unclear whether these differences in hepatic gene expression profiles truly reflect the progression of morphological abnormalities or rather indicate various metabolic and hormonal states in patients with different degrees of fatty liver disease.

Liver steatosis in children with chronic hepatitis B and C: Prevalence, predictors, and impact on disease progression.

Only scarce data on liver steatosis in children with chronic hepatitis B and C (CHB and CHC) are available. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, predictors, and impact of hepatic steatosis on children with CHB and CHC. A total of 78 patients aged 11.5 ±â€Š3.4 years were included: 30 (38%) had CHB, and 48 (62%) had CHC. Steatosis was scored on a 5-point scale, as follows: absent; minimal (≤5% hepatocytes affected), mild (6-33%), moderate (34-66%), and severe (>66%). Stepwise logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with steatosis and moderate-to-severe steatosis. Steatosis was observed in 4/30 (13%) patients with CHB and 13/48 (27%) patients with CHC (P = 0.17). Moderate-to-severe steatosis was observed in 6/78 (8%) patients: 1/30 (3%) had CHB and 5/48 (10%) had CHC (P = 0.40). The body mass index (BMI) z-score was positively associated with the presence of steatosis in children with CHB (odds ratio [OR] = 3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-10.64). In CHC, steatosis occurred more frequently in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 3 compared with other genotypes (P = 0.002). In patients with non-3 genotype hepatitis C virus, steatosis was associated with the stage of fibrosis (OR = 3.35, 95% CI: 1.01-11.07) and inversely associated with the duration of infection (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.55-0.97). Moderate-to-severe steatosis was positively associated with the BMI z-score (OR = 3.62, 95% CI: 1.22-10.75) and stage of fibrosis (OR = 3.89, 95% CI: 1.05-14.47). Steatosis is a common finding in children with chronic viral hepatitis. It is associated with metabolic factors in CHB, whereas in patients with CHC, metabolic and viral factors may have a combined effect, leading to more advanced grades of steatosis in children with higher BMI z-scores. Moderate-to-severe steatosis is a predictor of advanced fibrosis in children with CHC.

Clinical Applicability of Whole-Exome Sequencing Exemplified by a Study in Young Adults with the Advanced Cryptogenic Cholestatic Liver Diseases.

BACKGROUND: The proper use of new medical tests in clinical practice requires the establishment of their value and range of diagnostic usefulness. While whole-exome sequencing (WES) has already entered the medical practice, recognizing its diagnostic usefulness in multifactorial diseases has not yet been achieved. AIMS: The objective of this study was to establish usability of WES in determining genetic background of chronic cholestatic liver disease (CLD) in young patients. METHODS: WES was performed on six young patients (between 17 and 22 years old) with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis due to CLD and their immediate families. Sequencing was performed on an Ion Proton sequencer. RESULTS: On average, 19,673 variants were identified, of which from 7 to 14 variants of an individual were nonsynonymous, homozygous, recessively inherited, and considered in silico as pathogenic. Although monogenic cause of CLD has not been determined, several heterozygous rare variants and polymorphisms were uncovered in genes previously known to be associated with CLD, including ATP8B1, ABCB11, RXRA, and ABCC4, indicative of multifactorial genetic background. CONCLUSIONS: WES is a potentially useful diagnostic tool in determining genetic background of multifactorial diseases, but its main limitation results from the lack of opportunities for direct linkage between the uncovered genetic variants and molecular mechanisms of disease.

A novel approach to genome-wide association analysis identifies genetic associations with primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis in Polish patients.

BACKGROUND: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are forms of hepatic autoimmunity, and risk for both diseases has a strong genetic component. This study aimed to define the genetic architecture of PBC and PSC within the Polish population. METHODS: Subjects were 443 women with PBC, 120 patients with PSC, and 934 healthy controls recruited from Gastroenterology Departments in various Polish hospitals. Allelotyping employed a pooled-DNA sample-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach, using Illumina Human Omni2.5-Exome BeadChips and the following novel selection criteria for risk loci: blocks of at least 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in strong linkage disequilibrium, where the distance between each adjacent SNP pair in the block was less than 30 kb, and each SNP was associated with disease at a significance level of P < 0.005. A selected index SNP from each block was validated using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. RESULTS: Nineteen and twenty-one SNPs were verified as associated with PBC and PSC, respectively, by individual genotyping; 19 (10/9, PBC/PSC) SNPs reached a stringent (corrected) significance threshold and a further 21 (9/12, PBC/PSC) reached a nominal level of significance (P < 0.05 with odds ratio (OR) > 1.2 or < 0.83), providing suggestive evidence of association. The SNPs mapped to seven (1p31.3, 3q13, 6p21, 7q32.1, 11q23.3, 17q12, 19q13.33) and one (6p21) chromosome region previously associated with PBC and PSC, respectively. The SNP, rs35730843, mapping to the POLR2G gene promoter (P = 1.2 × 10-5, OR = 0.39) demonstrated the highest effect size, and was protective for PBC, whereas for PSC respective SNPs were: rs13191240 in the intron of ADGRB3 gene (P = 0.0095, OR = 0.2) and rs3822659 (P = 0.0051, OR = 0.236) along with rs9686714 (P = 0.00077, OR = 0.2), both located in the WWC1 gene. CONCLUSIONS: Our cost-effective GWAS approach followed by individual genotyping confirmed several previously identified associations and discovered new susceptibility loci associated with PBC and/or PSC in Polish patients. However, further functional studies are warranted to understand the roles of these newly identified variants in the development of the two disorders.

Histopathological evaluation of liver biopsy specimens in children with chronic hepatitis B.

INTRODUCTION: Histopathological evaluation of the liver remains important diagnostic tool. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess inflammatory activity, fibrosis and their correlation to the expression of viral antigens in the liver of children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) before antiviral treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 190 liver biopsies of children aged 1.5-18 (mean 7.46+/-4.05 years) with CHB. The histopathological examination was based on the modified Knodell system. Additionally, immunomorphological analysis was performed in 125 specimens to detect HBsAg and HBcAg. RESULTS: Necroinflammatory activity was scored for mild in 109 children and moderate in 49. Fibrosis was scored for S1 in 90, S2 in 58 and S3-S4 in seven cases. Positive correlation between grading and staging was observed (chi(2)=77.65, p=0.000002). HBsAg was detected in 62 specimens, while HBcAg was found in the nuclei of 108 samples with cytoplasmic expression in 35-28% cases. No correlation of HBsAg expression to histopathological lesions was established whereas partial correlation of HBcAg expression with inflammatory infiltrate was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: Progression of liver injury in children with CHB varies in severity. Necroinflammatory activity correlates with fibrosis. Expression of viral antigens is independent of histological changes, however confirms the etiology of liver disease.

[Comparison of early virologic response among patients with chronic hepatitis C infected with genotype non 2/3 treated with pegylated interferon alfa-2B and ribavirin in dependence with hepatic fibrosis stages]. / Porównanie wczesnej odpowiedzi wirusologicznej w zaleznosci od zaawansowania wlóknienia u pacjentów z przewleklym wirusowym zapaleniem watroby typu c zakazonych genotypem innym niz 2 i 3 leczonych pegylowanym interferonem alfa-2B i rybawiryna.

Early virologic response (EVR) depending on various hepatic fibrosis was analyzed at 12 week of pegylated interferon alfa-2b (Pegintron, 12 KD) with ribavirin treatment among chronic hepatitis C patients (pts) infected with genotype non 2/3. The A group composed 29 pts. They were of staging 0 and grading 1. The group B composed 47 pts of staging 1, C 33 pts of staging 2, D 35 pts of staging 3 and 4. Liver biopsies were analyzed according to the Scheuer's and Knodell's scores. Early virologic response (ERV) was defined as decrease of VL >2 log or undetectable HCV RNA. Viral load (VL) was determined with HCV RNA Assay and CA HCV Monitor Test (Roche Diagn. Sys.). The EVR rates for the A, B, C, D groups were as follow: 86,2% (25/29), 80,9% (38/47), 75,8% (25/33) and 60% (15/25), respectively.

Assessment of pain, acceptance of illness, adjustment to life with cancer, and coping strategies in colorectal cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION: Every year more than 15,000 newly diagnosed cases of colorectal carcinoma are recorded in Poland. AIM: The objective of the study was an assessment of coping strategies and pain management, acceptance of illness, and adjustment to cancer in patients diagnosed with colorectal carcinoma. The analysis was extended to include the effect of socioeconomic variables on the above-mentioned issues. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 238 colorectal cancer patients treated on an outpatient basis at the Centre of Oncology, the Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute in Warsaw in the year 2013. The questionnaire interview comprised demographic questions (socioeconomic variables) and the following four psychometric tests: BPCQ (Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire), CSQ (Coping Strategies Questionnaire), AIS questionnaire (Acceptance of Illness Scale), and the Mini-Mac scale (Mental Adjustment to Cancer). RESULTS: The source of pain control depends on the respondent's level of education. An increase in patient income was associated with a lower mean result in the "power of doctors" subscale. The coping self-statements and increased behavioural activity are the two most frequently selected strategies of coping with pain. The most commonly followed ways of mental adjustment to cancer in the study group were a fighting spirit (23.42) and positive re-evaluation (22.31). CONCLUSIONS: Colorectal cancer patients believe that the greatest role in pain management is played by internal factors. The locus of pain control depends on the level of education. The study patients feature a constructive way of struggling with disease differentiated by the place of residence, professional status, and income.