Assessing Glycemic Control Using CGM for Women with Diabetes in Pregnancy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diabetes during pregnancy increases the risk of maternal and fetal complications. This article reviews the types of CGM currently available, the glucose metrics which correlate with pregnancy outcomes, endocrine organization recommendations, clinical considerations for CGM implementation, and anticipated directions for future research. RECENT FINDINGS: CGM use during pregnancy is increasing, and recommendations for use have been incorporated into many organizations' consensus guidelines. Increased time spent within a target range of 63-140 mg/dL and lower mean glucose are associated with lower risk of neonatal complications including large for gestational age infants. Use of CGM during pregnancy can detect postprandial and nocturnal hyperglycemia missed by self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) which can be used for prognosis and to guide pharmacologic interventions. The use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) during pregnancies complicated by type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes has been shown to improve outcomes.

The association between neighborhood disadvantage and frailty: A retrospective case series.

Background: Frailty predicts poorer outcomes in surgical patients. Recent studies have found socioeconomic status to be an important characteristic for surgical outcomes. We evaluated the association of Area Deprivation Index (ADI) and Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), two geospatial atlases that provide a multidimensional evaluation of neighborhood deprivation, with frailty in a surgery population. Design & methods: A retrospective study of patients undergoing routine frailty screening was conducted 12/2020-8/2022. Frailty was measured using Fried's Frailty Phenotype (FFP) and the five-item Modified Frailty Index (mFI-5). ADI and SVI quartiles were determined using patient residence. Logistic regression models were used to evaluated associations of FFP (frail only vs not frail) and mFI-5 (≥2 vs 0-1) with ADI and SVI (α = 0.05). Results: Of 372 screened patients, 41% (154) were women, median age was 68% (63-74), and 46% (170) identified as non-White. Across ADI and SVI quartiles, higher number of comorbidities, decreasing median income, and frailty were associated with increasing deprivation (p < 0.01). When controlling for age, sex, comorbidities, and BMI category, frailty by FFP was associated with the most deprived two quartiles of ADI (OR 2.61, CI: [1.35-5.03], p < 0.01) and the most deprived quartile of SVI (OR 2.33, [1.10-4.95], p < 0.05). These trends were also seen with mFI-5 scores ≥2 (ADI: OR 1.64, [1.02-2.63], p < 0.05; SVI: OR 1.71, [1.01-2.91], p < 0.05). Conclusions: Surgical patients living in socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods are more likely to be frail. Interventions may include screening of disadvantaged populations and resource allocation to vulnerable neighborhoods.