Plant leaf chlorophyll content retrieval based on a field imaging spectroscopy system.

A field imaging spectrometer system (FISS; 380-870 nm and 344 bands) was designed for agriculture applications. In this study, FISS was used to gather spectral information from soybean leaves. The chlorophyll content was retrieved using a multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares (PLS) regression and support vector machine (SVM) regression. Our objective was to verify the performance of FISS in a quantitative spectral analysis through the estimation of chlorophyll content and to determine a proper quantitative spectral analysis method for processing FISS data. The results revealed that the derivative reflectance was a more sensitive indicator of chlorophyll content and could extract content information more efficiently than the spectral reflectance, which is more significant for FISS data compared to ASD (analytical spectral devices) data, reducing the corresponding RMSE (root mean squared error) by 3.3%-35.6%. Compared with the spectral features, the regression methods had smaller effects on the retrieval accuracy. A multivariate linear model could be the ideal model to retrieve chlorophyll information with a small number of significant wavelengths used. The smallest RMSE of the chlorophyll content retrieved using FISS data was 0.201 mg/g, a relative reduction of more than 30% compared with the RMSE based on a non-imaging ASD spectrometer, which represents a high estimation accuracy compared with the mean chlorophyll content of the sampled leaves (4.05 mg/g). Our study indicates that FISS could obtain both spectral and spatial detailed information of high quality. Its image-spectrum-in-one merit promotes the good performance of FISS in quantitative spectral analyses, and it can potentially be widely used in the agricultural sector.

[Research progress on structure and hydrological processes in the karst critical zone of southwest China]. / è¥¿å—å–€æ–¯ç‰¹å ³é”®å¸¦ç»“æž„åŠå ¶æ°´æ–‡è¿‡ç¨‹ç ”ç©¶è¿›å±•.

The southwestern region of China is the largest exposed karst area in the world and serves as an important ecological security barrier for the upstream of Yangtze River and Pearl River. Different from the critical zone of non-karst areas, the epikarst, formed by an interwoven network of denudation pores, is the core area of karst critical zone. Water is the most active component that participates in internal material cycle and energy flow within the critical zone. We reviewed relevant research conducted in the southwestern region from three aspects: the characte-rization of critical zone structure, the hydrological processes of soil-epikarst system, and their model simulations. We further proposed potential research hotpots. The main approach involved multi-scale and multi-method integrated observations, as well as interdisciplinary collaboration. Precisely characterizing the eco-hydrological processes of the vegetation-soil-epikarst coupling system was a new trend in the future research. This review would provide scientific reference for further studies on hydrological processes in critical zones and regional hydrological water resource management in karst areas.

Land reclamation and short-term cultivation change soil microbial communities and bacterial metabolic profiles.

BACKGROUND: Soil microbes play an important role in many critical ecosystem processes, but little is known about the effects of land reclamation and short-term cultivation on microbial communities in red soil. In this study, soil microbial communities under five land use patterns-artificial pine forest (Fp), tussock and shrub (TS), shrubbery (Sh), sugarcane (Su) and maize and cassava rotation (Ma)-were characterised by DNA fingerprinting and metabolic profiling to reveal how land reclamation and cultivation affect the underlying diversity and function of soil microbial communities in southwestern China. RESULTS: Eight years of reclamation and cultivation significantly affected population size, composition and structure, bacterial metabolic profiles and diversity values (Shannon-Wiener index) of soil microbial communities. Soil organic carbon and pH were the most important factors shaping the underlying microbial communities; however, with significant correlations between soil carbon/nitrogen ratio and bacterial taxonomic and metabolic diversities, soil total nitrogen was a potentially important factor for soil microbial composition and function, as well as soil moisture, cation exchange capacity and physical structure to a lesser extent. In addition, the lowest pH, lower nutrient availability and the most compact soil in pine forest resulted in the lowest microbial taxonomic and metabolic diversities among the five land use patterns studied. CONCLUSION: Soil organic carbon, nitrogen and pH appeared to be the most important factors influencing microbial biomass, composition and function in red soil of southwestern China. The study suggests that measures to lessen the impact of changes in this edaphic environment should be taken to avoid an imbalance of microbial function and improve ecological sustainability in southwestern China.

[Feasibility of monitoring karst standing conditions with vegetation spectra].

Karst regions are typically ecological fragile zones constrained by geological setting, which resulted in high heterogeneity of vegetation standing conditions. The karst vegetation was featured with stone, dry and high calcium carbonate content growth conditions. Based on vegetation spectral analysis and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), the present study aimed to examine the feasibility of using vegetation spectra to monitor the heterogeneous karst standing conditions. The results showed that there were significant differences between karst vegetation and non-karst vegetation within the spectral range of 1 300-2 500 nm reflectance and 400 - 680 nm first-derivative spectra. It was found that soil moisture and calcium carbonate contents had the most significant effects on vegetation spectral features in karst regions. Ordination diagrams of CCA could distinguish the differences of karst vegetation and non-karst vegetation. Our study demonstrates that vegetation spectra are highly related to karst standing conditions and it is feasible to monitor karst standing conditions with vegetation spectral features.

Case report: Conversion therapy to permit resection of initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.

Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are diagnosed when the disease is already at an advanced stage, so they are not eligible for resection and their prognosis is poor. The combination of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with immune checkpoint inhibitors or tyrosine kinase inhibitors can improve unresectable HCC to the point that patients can be treated with surgery. Here we describe two cases of such "conversion therapy". One patient was a 52-year-old man in Child-Pugh class A with treatment-naive HCC whose 11.3-cm tumor had invaded the middle hepatic vein and right branch of the portal vein. He was treated with TACE plus camrelizumab, and radical resection was performed 3 months later. No evidence of recurrence was observed during 5-month follow-up. The other patient was a 42-year-old man in Child-Pugh class A with HCC involving a 11.4-cm tumor and severe liver cirrhosis. The patient was treated with TACE and lenvatinib, but the embolic effect after one month was unsatisfactory, so the regional treatment was changed to hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy and transcatheter arterial embolization. Radical resection was performed 2 months later, and no recurrence was evident at 1-month follow-up. These cases demonstrate two conversion therapies that may allow patients with initially unresectable HCC to benefit from resection.

[Study on the relation between fraction cover and mixed spectra in karst environment].

Karst rocky desertification is one of the most serious eco-environmental problems of land degradation in karst regions, southwest China. The fractional cover of vegetation and exposed bedrock are the main land surface symptoms and essential assessing indicators of karst rocky desertification. To assess the extent of rocky desertification in complex karst environments, the information of multiple land cover types fraction is needed. Based on in situ spectral reflectance data, this study proposed several spectral indices and explored the relationship between spectral features of main land cover types and their responding fractional cover. The results showed that spectral indices have much higher correlation coefficients with fractional cover than does spectral reflectance. Vegetation indices have good linear relation with fractional cover of photosynthetic vegetation (PV). The proposed spectral indices have high correlation coefficients with fractional cover of non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV) and bare soil, with R2 0.70 and 0.73, respectively. Lower correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.55) with the factional cover of exposed bedrock, were observed. The absorption depth of four forms of the proposed indices has the highest correlation coefficient with the fractional cover of NPV, bare soil, and exposed rock. This study indicates that hyperspectral remote sensing has the potential for the extraction of karst rocky desertification information.

[Responses of sap flow to natural rainfall and continuous drought of tree species growing on bedrock outcrops]. / å‡ºéœ²åŸºå²©ç”Ÿå¢ƒå ¸åž‹æ¤ç‰©æ ‘å¹²æ¶²æµå¯¹è‡ªç„¶é™æ°´å’Œè¿žç»­å¹²æ—±çš„å“åº”ç‰¹å¾.

This study focused on bedrock outcrops, a very common habitat in karst region of southwest China. To reveal the responses of plant transpiration to natural rainfall and continuous drought, two tree species typical to this habitat, Radermachera sinica and Triadica rotundifolia, were selected as test materials. A rainout shelter was used to simulate continuous drought. The sap flow dynamics were monitored using the method of Granier's thermal dissipation probe (TDP). Our results showed that sap flow density increased to different degrees after rain in different stages of the growing season. Sap flow density of the deciduous species T. rotundifolia was always higher than that of the semi-deciduous species R. sinica. After two months without rainfall input, both species exhibited no obvious decrease in sap flow density, indicating that rainfall was not the dominant source for their water uptake, at least in the short-term. Based on the regression relationships between sap flow density and meteorological factors before and after rainfall, as well as at different stages of continuous drought, we found that the dynamics of meteorological factors contributed little to plant transpiration. The basic transpiration characteristics of both species were not changed in the circumstance of natural rainfall and short-term continuous drought, which would be closely related to the special water storage environments of bedrock outcrops and the reliance on deep water sources by tree species.

[Effects of testosterone and cortisol in sports fatigued organism by Chinese material medica of shixiang yaofa].

OBJECTIVE: To study the endogenous hormone of testosterone and cortisol that secretes volume and rhythm in sports fatigued human bodies and animals. To determine secretory volume and rhythm in sports fatigued human bodies and animals when Shixiang yaofa's drug are used. METHOD: Radio-immunity method was used to determine secretory volume and rhythm in sports fatigued human bodies and animals and to analyze secretory volume and rhythm. According to the secretory volume and rhythm of testosterone and cortisol, the Shixiang Yaofa's drugs were used. Doses: wenyang jihuo bead 10 g/sack 2 sack, ziyin xiuyang capsule 0.5 g/pill 8 pill pd in human bodies for 28 days. Wenyang jihuo bead 10 g x kg(-1) of crude drug, ziyin xiuyang capsule 4 g x kg(-1) of crude drug pd for hight doses in animals. Other groups for low doses 5 g x kg(-1) and 2 g x kg(-1) of crude drug pd for 15 days. The blood samples were collected for determination. RESULT: (1) In human bodies the peak value of testosterone was appeared in 8:00 and valley value was appeared in 18:00, ranges: 176.93-281.73 x 10(-5) mg x L(-1). The peak value of cortisol was appeared in 8:00 and valley value was appeared in 22:00, ranges: 1.31-16.13 x 10(-3) mg x L(-1). In the same condition, the mouse peak value of testosterone was appeared in 20:00 and valley value was appeared in 0:00, ranges: (0.56 x 10(-5) - 124.0 x 10(-5)) mg x L(-1). The rhythm in animals was compatible with human bodies, howerer, the peak value was delayed for 12 hours. (2) The testosterone was step up and the cortisol was cut down in sports fatigued human bodies and animals when shixiang yaofa's drug were used (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The secretion of testosterone and cortisol in sports fatigued human bodies and animals are existed conclusive biologic rhythm. The secretory volume can be available accommodation by shixiang yaofa's drugs.

[Challenges and probable solutions for using stable isotope techniques to identify plant water sources in karst regions: A review]. / é‡‡ç”¨ç¨³å®šåŒä½ç´ æŠ€æœ¯åˆ¤å®šå–€æ–¯ç‰¹åœ°åŒºæ¤ç‰©æ°´åˆ†æ¥æºçš„æŒ‘æˆ˜ä¸Žå¯èƒ½åº”å¯¹æ–¹æ¡ˆ.

Karst regions, which account for about 15% of the terrestrial surface area, are characte-rized by specific hydrogeological structure different from most non-karst regions. Thus, many research methods that are used in non-karst regions cannot be directly used in karst regions. This issue is especially relevant to research on plant water sources. In this paper, origins and possible solutions to the common problems associated with research on water sources used by karst plant species were reviewed. Four questions were addressed: 1) why is it important to determine plant water source in karst regions? 2) Why are stable isotopes used? 3) What are the challenges associated with using stable isotopes in karst regions? 4) What are the probable solutions for these challenges? This review emphasized the advantages of using stable isotope techniques to identify sources of water used by karst plant species and the challenges associated with satisfying the prerequisites of this method. It is suggested that sources of water used by plant species in karst regions need not to be divided into specific depths and the method of identifying sources of water used by plant species based on their hydrologic properties was much applicable.

[Hydrological characteristics of calcareous soil with contrasting architecture on dolomite slope of Northwest Guangxi]. / æ¡‚è¥¿åŒ—ç™½äº‘å²©å¡åœ°å ¸åž‹åœŸä½“æž„åž‹çŸ³ç°åœŸæ°´æ–‡ç‰¹å¾.

The traditional hydrology method, stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope technology, and rainfall simulation method were combined to investigate the hydrological function of small experimental plots (2 m×1.2 m) of contrasting architecture in Northwest Guangxi dolomite area. There were four typical catenary soils along the dolomite peak-cluster slope, which were the whole-sand, up-loam and down-sand, the whole loam, up-clay and down-sand soil types, respectively. All the experimental plots generated little amounts of overland runoff and had a high surface infiltration rate, ranging from 41 to 48 mm·h-1, and the interflow and deep percolation were the dominant hydrological progress. The interflow was classified into interflow in soil clay A and C according to soil genetic layers. For interflow in soil clay A, matrix flow was generated from the whole-sand, up-loam and down-sand, up-clay and down-sand soil types, but preferential flow dominated in the whole-loam soil type. As for interflow in soil clay C, preferential flow dominated in the whole-loam, up-clay and down-sand, up-loam and down-sand soil types. The soils were shallow yet continuously distributed along the dolomite slope. The difference of hydrological characteristics in soil types with different architectures mainly existed in the runoff generation progress of each interface underground. It proved that the a 3-D perspective was needed to study the soil hydrological functions on dolomite slope of Northwest Guangxi, and a new way paying more attention on underground hydrological progress should be explored to fully reveal the near-surface hydrological processes on karst slope.

[Runoff and nitrogen loss characteristics in soil-epikarst system on a karst shrub hillslope]. / 喀斯特灌丛坡地土壤-è¡¨å±‚å²©æº¶å¸¦äº§æµåŠæ°®ç´ æµå¤±ç‰¹å¾.

With the development of the binary structure of karst landforms, surface water is largely drained with rapid loss of nutrients. However, the pathway and mechanism of nutrient loss remain elusive. From a three-dimensional (vegetation-soil-epikarst system) perspective of a critical zone in karst area, this study conducted rainfall induced runoff and nitrogen loss monitoring during monsoon in karst shrub slopes. Isotope-based (D and 18O) hydrograph separation method was applied to partition the ratio of 'old' and 'new' water in main hydrological path. The main results were summarized as follows. Deep percolation and interflow were the dominant hydrological pathways, accoun-ting for 71% and 9% of total rainfall amount, respectively. In contrast, surface runoff occupied less than 2%. Both deep percolation and interflow were dominated with 85% and 61% of old water, respectively. The highest nitrate concentration occurred in deep percolation (1.97 mg·L-1), while the highest ammonium nitrogen concentration occurred in interflow (1.18 mg·L-1). Deep percolation contributed 89.4% of total nitrogen loss, which was significantly higher than that of surface runoff and interflow. Old water ratio showed a significant positive correlation with nitrate nitrogen concentration, ammonium nitrogen concentration, and total nitrogen loss, suggesting it might be the main agent driving nitrogen migration for the whole soil-epikarst system in karst hillslopes. The results would provide scientific basis for rational allocating water resources and developing nutrient loss control technology in karst region of southwestern China.

Extended Holstein small polaron model for charge transfer in dry DNA.

In this paper, the charge transfer problem in dry DNA was investigated by employing an extended Holstein small polaron model with external potential traps being involved in consideration. The ground state energy and the probability amplitude of polaron in various DNA chains with different external trap potentials were obtained by variational method with the trial function being taken in coherent state form. The stability of transfered charges in various circumstances was discussed accordingly.

[Water use strategy of Eucalyptus urophylla ×E. grandis on karst hillslope based on isotope analysis.] / åŸºäºŽç¨³å®šåŒä½ç´ çš„å–€æ–¯ç‰¹å¡åœ°å°¾å·¨æ¡‰æ°´åˆ†åˆ©ç”¨ç‰¹å¾.

Using stable isotope techniques, water sources and water use efficiencies of Eucalyptus urophylla ×E. grandis (exotic tree species) and Liquidambar formosana (native tree species, as a reference) were studied in a typical karst artificial forest, and the risk of drought stress of the plantation was discussed. The results showed that the isotope value of shallow soil water (0-50 cm) had obvious gradient features and was similar to the recent rain, while that of deep water was more stable and different from the shallow soil water. The soil water content in wet season (May and September) was higher than in dry season (October), and was higher in upslope than in downslope segment. The main water source of L. formosana was shallow soil water, which corresponded to high water use efficiency in different seasons. The main water sources for E. urophylla ×E. grandis on the upper slope and downslope segments were both shallow soil water in wet season, however, the sum of average water using the proportion of deep soil water increased for the downslope segment in the end of wet season. In dry season, E. urophylla ×E. grandis on the downslope segment mainly used shallow soil water, while it used deeper soil water on the upslope segment when soil water was relatively low. Meanwhile, the water use efficiency of E. urophylla ×E. grandis was lower compared with L. formosana, which revealed E. urophylla ×E. grandis did not get enough water supply under drought stress. The above results indicated that E. urophylla ×E. grandis would encounter high risk of water stress if extreme drought events happened in karst regions in the coming future.

[Effects of nitrogen addition on microbial respiration and root respiration in a sandy grassland.] / æ°®æ·»åŠ å¯¹æ²™è´¨è‰åœ°å¾®ç”Ÿç‰©å‘¼å¸ä¸Žæ ¹ç³»å‘¼å¸çš„å½±å“.

Soil respiration includes root respiration and microbial respiration. Effects of nitrogen addition on root respiration and microbial respiration may be quite different. We examined the effects of N-addition on the releasing of soil CO2 and the responses of root respiration and microbial respiration in a Keerqin sandy grassland, Northeast China. Results showed that both soil respiration and microbial respiration firstly rose then declined during the growing season (May to October). Microbial respiration was the main contributor of soil respiration, accounting for 82.6%. Contribution rate of root respiration altered with months, peaking in May (49.4%) and August (41.9%), with an average contribution rate of 17.4% during the growing season. Root respiration (with a decrease of 17.7%) was more sensitive to N-addition compared with microbial respiration (with a decrease of 3.9%) at 10 ℃. N-addition increased Q10 values of soil respiration and microbial respiration, and enhanced their sensitivity to soil water content variation.

[Effect of irregular bedrock topography on the soil profile pattern of water content in a Karst hillslope.] / å–€æ–¯ç‰¹å¡åœ°åŸºå²©èµ·ä¼å¯¹åœŸå£¤å‰–é¢æ°´åˆ†æ ¼å±€çš„å½±å“.

Based on three manually excavated trenches (projection length of 21 m, width of 1 m) along a typical Karst hillslope, the changing trends for soil-bedrock structure, average water content of soil profile and soil-bedrock interface water content along each individual trench were studied. The effect of irregular bedrock topography on soil moisture distribution was discussed. The results showed that the surface topography was inconsistent with the bedrock topography in the Karst hill-slopes. The bedrock topography was highly irregular with a maximum variation coefficient of 82%. The distribution pattern of soil profile of moisture was significantly affected by the underlying undulant bedrock. The soil water content was related to slope position when the fluctuation was gentle, and displayed a linear increase from upslope to downslope. When the bedrock fluctuation increased, the downslope linear increasing trend for soil water content became unapparent, and the spatial continuity of soil moisture was weakened. The soil moisture was converged in rock dents and cracks. The average water content of soil profile was significantly positively correlated with the soil-bedrock interface water content, while the latter responded more sensitively to the bedrock fluctuation.

[Differences of soil nutrients among different vegetation types and their spatial prediction in a small typical karst catchment.] / å ¸åž‹å–€æ–¯ç‰¹å°æµåŸŸä¸åŒæ¤è¢«ç±»åž‹é—´åœŸå£¤å »åˆ†çš„å·®å¼‚æ€§åŠå ¶ç©ºé—´é¢„æµ‹æ–¹æ³•.

Vegetation types restrict soil structure and heterogeneous processes of elements, which result in difference in spatial distribution of soil nutrients. In this study, the differences in contents of soil nutrients, TN, TP, TK, and soil organic matter (SOM) among different vegetation types were analyzed, and the accuracy of ordinary kriging, regression model and regression model based on vegetation type in predicting soil nutrients was compared. The results showed that, TN, TK and SOM were significantly (P<0.05) correlated to vegetation type, and TP had no significant correlation with vegetation type (P=0.390). TN and SOM had significant difference between shrubbery and arable land. TK had significant difference between arbor and scrub-grassland, shrubbery and arable land, and scrub-grassland and arable land, respectively. In a non-continuous typical small karst catchment, because of high spatial heterogeneity of terrain, the accuracy of multivariate linear regression model based on the real terrain factors of various points was considerably higher than that of ordinary kriging prediction method considering the locations of the known points and prediction points. Moreover, the regression model based on vegetation type improved the prediction accuracy of the TN.

[Genetic diversity of rhizobia isolated from common legumes in the Karst area. Northwest Guangxi].

Legumes, with a strong resistance to the adverse environmental conditions, are pioneer plants in degraded habitats, and play an important role in ecosystem restoration. In this study, the nodulation characteristics of 24 legumes were surveyed in the Karst area of Northwest Guangxi. A total of 39 nodule samples were collected from 15 legumes, the DNA was extracted and the 16S rDNA and nifH gene were amplified. A phylogenetic tree was then constructed to analyze the genetic diversity of rhizobia. The results showed that 15 legumes were nodulated, of which 14 belonged to the Papilionoideae, one to the Mimosaceae, and none to the Caesalpinoideae. No nodules were found on some legumes that were reported as nodulated, which might result from soil water stress in Karst. BLAST result and phylogenetic analyse indicated that most of the legumes were associated with rhizobia that belonged to the genus Bradyrhizobium, with the exception of two samples from Callerya nitida that were associated with the genus Mesorhizobium. In the phylogenetic tree, the sequences obtained from the same plot or the sequences from the same host species clustered together in most cases. This finding suggested that host selection and the ecological environment are the major factors that influence the genotype of rhizobia.

[Spatial variation characteristics of surface soil water content, bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity on Karst slopes].

Surface soil water-physical properties play a decisive role in the dynamics of deep soil water. Knowledge of their spatial variation is helpful in understanding the processes of rainfall infiltration and runoff generation, which will contribute to the reasonable utilization of soil water resources in mountainous areas. Based on a grid sampling scheme (10 m x 10 m) and geostatistical methods, this paper aimed to study the spatial variability of surface (0-10 cm) soil water content, soil bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity on a typical shrub slope (90 m x 120 m, projected length) in Karst area of northwest Guangxi, southwest China. The results showed that the surface soil water content, bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity had different spatial dependence and spatial structure. Sample variogram of the soil water content was fitted well by Gaussian models with the nugget effect, while soil bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity were fitted well by exponential models with the nugget effect. Variability of soil water content showed strong spatial dependence, while the soil bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity showed moderate spatial dependence. The spatial ranges of the soil water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity were small, while that of the soil bulk density was much bigger. In general, the soil water content increased with the increase of altitude while it was opposite for the soil bulk densi- ty. However, the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity had a random distribution of large amounts of small patches, showing high spatial heterogeneity. Soil water content negatively (P < 0.01) correlated with the bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity, while there was no significant correlation between the soil bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity.

[Stoichiometric characteristics of plant and soil C, N and P in different forest types in depressions between karst hills, southwest China].

The stoichiometric properties of plant carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and their relationships with soil were studied in six dominant plant communities in three forest types, i.e., plantation forest, secondary forest and primary forest in depressions between karst hills, southwest China. The C, N and P contents of both plant and soil had significant differences among the different forest types. Soil C and N contents were the highest in the secondary forest and the lowest in the plantation forest. Soil P content was the highest in the plantation forest and the lowest in the primary forest. Plant C and P contents were in the order of plantation forest > primary forest > secondary forest, and plant N content was the highest in the plantation forest and the lowest in the primary forest. Soil N:P,C:P and plant C:P ratios were significantly higher in the primary forest than in the other two forest types. There were no significant difference for the soil C:N ratio among the three forest types. Plant N:P ratio was the highest in the secondary forest and the lowest in the plantation forest. Plant C:N ratio was in the order of primary forest > plantation forest > secondary forest. There were significantly positive linear correlations between N and P contents, C:N and C:P ratios, C:P and N:P ratios of arbor leaves in the different forest types, and significant negative linear correlations between plant C:N and N:P ratios, and between soil C:N and N:P ratios. There were no significant correlations between plant and soil C, N, P contents and C:P ratio, suggesting that the supply of C, N and P from soil had little influence on plant C, N and P contents.

[Spatial heterogeneity of surface soil mineral components in a small catchment in Karst peak-cluster depression area, South China].

A total of 163 soil samples (0-20 cm layer) were collected from the grid sampling plots (80 m x 80 m) in Huanjiang Observation and Research Station of Karst Ecosystem in a small catchment in Karst cluster-peak depression area, South China. By using classical statistics and geostatistics, the spatial heterogeneity of mineral components (SiO2, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, Al2O3, MnO, and TiO2) in the soils were studied. The contents of the seven soil mineral components in the study area differed greatly, being in the order of SiO2 > Al2O3 > CaO > MgO > Fe2O3 > TiO2 > MnO, and the variance coefficients also varied obviously, in the order of CaO > MgO > Fe2O3 > TiO2 > SiO2 > Al2O3 > MnO. The seven mineral components accounted for 69.4% of the total soil mass. The spatial patterns and the fittest models of the seven soil mineral components differed from each other. All the seven soil mineral components had a strong spatial autocorrelation, with shorter variation ranges and stronger spatial dependence. The Kriging contour maps indicated that the distribution patterns of soil SiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, MnO, and TiO2 were similar, being higher in south and east, lower in north and west, higher in depression, and lower in slope, while the distribution patterns of soil CaO and MgO were in adverse. Natural conditions (vegetation, bare rock rate, slope degree, and slope aspect, etc. ) and human disturbance were the most important factors affecting the spatial patterns of the soil mineral components.