Effects of personal relative deprivation on the relationship between anger rumination and aggression during and after the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: A longitudinal moderated network approach.

INTRODUCTION: Several studies have demonstrated a directional link between rage rumination and aggression. However, recent research suggests that this relationship is bidirectional. The current study examined the complex relationships between anger rumination and aggression using a moderated network approach in a longitudinal design while considering personal relative deprivation. METHOD: A total of 665 participants (59.25% female, agemean±SD = 19.01 ± 1.25) were enrolled at two-time points. Assessments included self-report measures of the Anger Rumination Scale, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, and Relative Deprivation Scale. A Moderated Network Model (MMN) was used to test the complex links among anger rumination, aggression, and personal relative deprivation. RESULTS: The analysis revealed that the link between anger rumination and aggression was complex and bidirectional. Notably, as the level of personal relative deprivation increased, verbal aggression had a positive conditional effect on anger afterthoughts in Wave 2, and thoughts of revenge had a positive conditional effect on verbal aggression in Wave 2. Moreover, as the first discovery, anger afterthoughts and anger had a negative conditional effect on each other across levels of personal relative deprivation in Wave 2. In addition, network comparison indicates that the MNMs structure was significantly different across timepoints, implying that anger rumination and aggression were inextricably linked in college students during isolation and that this complicated relationship was weakened after isolation. CONCLUSIONS: This study deepens our understanding of the bidirectional relationships between anger rumination and aggression and recognizes the moderating role of personal relative deprivation.

Mapping Violent Behaviors and Psychiatric Symptoms Among Male Psychiatric Inpatients from a Network Perspective.

Psychiatric symptoms are common risk factors of violent behaviors among psychiatric patients. This study explored the interrelationship between violence and psychiatric symptoms in male psychiatric inpatients. This is a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2019. All patients admitted to the Male Psychiatry Unit of the Second Xiangya Hospital were consecutively recruited. The presence of five violent behaviors and eleven psychiatric symptoms were collected by reviewing medical records and were included as categorical variable in the network analyses. A total of 673 participants were included. The most central symptoms were "flight of ideas", "property-oriented violence", "emotional high", "verbal violence", "physical violence attempt", and "physical violence" in the network of psychiatric symptoms and violent behaviors. The bridge symptoms connecting violence and psychiatric symptoms were "verbal violence", "property-oriented violence", "hyperbulia", and "emotional high" according to the indices of bridge expected influence. The directed acyclic graph analysis revealed that "emotional high" and "hyperbulia" were the key psychiatric symptoms triggering violence, while "verbal violence" and "property-oriented violence" were the most upstream violent behavior. Verbal and property-oriented violence should be addressed in the risk assessment among male psychiatric inpatients. In addition, emotional high and hyperbulia are the potential treatment targets for violent behaviors.

Melatonin attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through the CyPA/CD147 signaling pathway.

Melatonin is well known for its cardioprotective effects; however, whether melatonin exerts therapeutic effects on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy remains to be investigated, as do the mechanisms underlying these effects, if they exist. Cyclophilin A (CyPA) and its corresponding receptor, CD147, which exists in a variety of cells, play crucial roles in modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In this study, we explored the role of the CyPA/CD147 signaling pathway in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the protective effects exerted by melatonin against Ang II-induced injury in cultured H9C2 cells. Cyclosporine A, a specific CyPA/CD147 signaling pathway inhibitor, was used to manipulate CyPA/CD147 activity. H9C2 cells were then subjected to Ang II or CyPA treatment in either the absence or presence of melatonin. Our results indicate that Ang II induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through the CyPA/CD147 signaling pathway and promotes ROS production, which can be blocked by melatonin pretreatment in a concentration-dependent manner, in cultured H9C2 cells and that CyPA/CD147 signaling pathway inhibition protects against Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. The protective effects of melatonin against Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy depend at least partially on CyPA/CD147 inhibition.

Activation of SIRT3 by resveratrol ameliorates cardiac fibrosis and improves cardiac function via the TGF-ß/Smad3 pathway.

Sirtuins [sirtuin (SIRT)1-SIRT7] mediate the longevity-promoting effects of calorie restriction in yeast, worms, flies, and mice. Additionally, SIRT3 is the only SIRT analog whose increased expression has been shown to be associated with longevity in humans. The polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) is the first compound discovered able to mimic calorie restriction by stimulating SIRTs. In the present study, we report that RSV activated SIRT3 in cardiac fibroblasts both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, in wild-type mice, RSV prevented cardiac hypertrophy in response to hypertrophic stimuli. However, this protective effect was not observed in SIRT3 knockout mice. Additionally, the activation of SIRT3 by RSV ameliorated collagen deposition and improved cardiac function. In isolated cardiac fibroblasts, pretreatment with RSV suppressed fibroblast-to-myoblast transformation by inhibiting the transforming growth factor-ß/Smad3 pathway. Therefore, these data indicate that the activation of SIRT3 by RSV could ameliorate cardiac fibrosis and improve cardiac function via the transforming growth factor-ß/Smad3 pathway.

Role of SIRT3 in Angiotensin II-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: SIRT3, a member of the sirtuin family of NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases, resides primarily in the mitochondria and has been shown to deacetylate several metabolic and respiratory enzymes that regulate important mitochondrial functions. Previous researches show an important role of SIRT3 in regulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and highlight the ability of SIRT3 to protect cells from oxidative damage. A key substance of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), Angiotensin II (AngII) can induce cells dysfunction by increasing the production of ROS. In this paper, we focus on the role of SIRT3 in AngII-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) dysfunction. METHODS: To study the influence of AngII on SIRT3 expression, HUVECs were treated with AngII of 10(-7), 10(-6), 10(-5) mol/L for 24 h. SIRT3 expression was detected by wester-blotting analysis and RT-PCR. In addition, to research the role of SIRT3 in AngII-induced HUVECs,we used SIRT3 siRNA to knock down SIRT3 expression in HUVECs. Cells pretreated with negative control siRNA or SIRT3 siRNA were exposed to AngII for 24 h, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression, eNOS activity, total level of nitric oxide (NO) and ROS generation of each group were detected. RESULTS: Here we show that AngII treatment could increase generation of ROS, and decrease eNOS activity and total level of NO, while upregulated eNOS expression as a compensatory mechanism. The stimulation of AngII upregulated the expression of SIRT3 in HUVECs. SIRT3 siRNA worsen the AngII-induced effects above, besides, downregulated eNOS protein expression. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that SIRT3 plays a role of protection in AngII-induced HUVECs dysfunction via regulation of ROS generation.

Mapping network connection and direction between anxiety and depression symptoms across the early, middle, and late adolescents: Insights from a large Chinese sample.

Depression and anxiety are two mental disorders prevailing among adolescents. However, issues regarding the trajectory of depression and anxiety are still controversial on both the disease and symptom dimensions. The novel method of network analysis was used to provide insight into the symptom dimension. 20,544 adolescents (female = 10,743, 52.3%) aged between 14 and 24 years (age mean ± sd = 16.9 ± 2.94) were divided into three subgroups according to age so that the course of depression and anxiety could be traced. Network analysis and the Bayesian network model were used in the current study. The results indicated that uncontrollable worry - excessive worry was the most significant edge for all adolescents, whereas concentration - motor had the highest edge weights for early adolescents, and anhedonia - energy was the most critical pairwise symptom for middle and late adolescents. Irritability can bridge anxiety and depression in the early and middle stages of adolescence, while suicide plays a bridging role in the early and late stages of adolescence. Restlessness and guilt can bridge anxiety and depression in middle- and late-stage adolescents, and feeling afraid plays a unique role in middle-stage adolescents. Except for sad mood, which can trigger middle adolescents' anxiety and depression, the other three subgroups were mainly triggered by nervousness. In addition, all results in our current study were shown to be stable and accurate. In treatment, targeting central and triggering symptoms at different stages of adolescence may be critical to alleviating the comorbidity of anxiety and depression.

Effects of empathy on the bidirectional relationships between problematic smartphone use and aggression among secondary school students: a moderated network approach.

Background: Existing literature on the relationship between problematic smartphone use (PSU) and aggression has primarily focused on examining their unidirectional association, with limited attention paid to the bidirectional nature of this relationship, particularly when considering the role of empathy. This study employs a novel moderated network approach to examine the bidirectional relationship between problematic smartphone use and aggression, while also investigating the moderating mechanism of empathy. Methods: A total of 2,469 students (49.1% female, Mean age = 13.83, SD age = 1.48) from 35 junior and senior high schools in Harbin, China, participated in this study. Empathy level, aggressiveness, and PSU symptoms were assessed using the Basic Empathy Scale, the Buss-Warren Aggression Questionnaire, and the Mobile Phone Addiction Index. Results: Analysis revealed that the relationship between PSU and aggression was complex and bidirectional. The strongest association was observed between "hostility" and "withdrawal/escape". In addition, "anger" had the highest Expected Influence (EI) in both affective and cognitive moderate network models. An important discovery was also made regarding the conditional effect of "productive loss" and "physical aggression" across different levels of affective empathy. Specifically, at lower levels of affective empathy, a positive bidirectional relationship was found between "productive loss" and "physical aggression". However, this relationship turned negative and bidirectional at higher levels of affective empathy. Conclusion: The findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics between PSU and aggression and highlight the need for targeted interventions that promote affective empathy to mitigate the negative consequences of excessive smartphone use.

The impact of long-term online learning on social anxiety and problematic smartphone use symptoms among secondary school students with different levels of fear of missing out: Evidence from a symptom network and longitudinal panel network analysis.

Background: The advancement of communication technology and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have led to an increased reliance on online education. However, the effects of the long-term use of smart devices for online learning on students' social anxiety and problematic smartphone use (PSU) and the role of fear of missing out (FoMO) in this process have yet to be fully explored. Methods: This study analysed longitudinal data from 2,356 high school students (female = 1,137 (48.26%), mean age = 13.84, SD age = 1.37) in China, divided into high- and low-FoMO groups based on their scores on the FoMO scale, to examine the impact of four months of online learning on social anxiety and PSU. The Social Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) were used to assess social anxiety and PSU symptoms. Results: The undirected symptom networks revealed more bridge symptoms among the students in the high-FoMO group, although their overall symptom scores decreased. The results of the directed cross-lagged panel networks showed that "productivity loss" predicted other symptoms in the low-FoMO group but that "afraid of negative evaluation" was the predictor in the high-FoMO group. Meanwhile, "withdrawal/escape" and "productivity loss" were the symptoms that were most affected by other symptoms in the high-FoMO and low-FoMO groups, respectively. Conclusions: The current study therefore sheds light on the changes in social anxiety and PSU symptoms among secondary school students during long-term online learning, as well as the moderating role of FoMO.

Effects of childhood trauma on the symptom-level relation between depression, anxiety, stress, and problematic smartphone use: A network analysis.

BACKGROUND: Childhood trauma experience is closely associated with depression, anxiety, stress, and problematic smartphone use (PSU). However, few studies have explored the complex symptom-level relations between these variables among people with and without trauma experiences, leaving a gap in treating and alleviating these mental disorders among individuals with childhood trauma. METHODS: The current study used a convenience sampling method and recruited 2708 participants who completed Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21), and Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale (MPATS), dividing them into trauma (n = 1454, Mean age = 19.67) and no-trauma (n = 1254, Mean age = 19.57) groups according to the cut-off scores of CTQ-SF. Symptom network analysis and network comparison test were conducted to construct and compare the network models between trauma and no-trauma groups. RESULTS: The findings indicate that the trauma group and females exhibit greater average levels of DASS-21 and PSU symptoms compared to the no-trauma group and males, respectively. Additionally, the edge between "Stress" and "Anxiety" is the strongest across trauma and no-trauma groups. "Social comfort" is a bridge symptom of the trauma group network and the results of bridge symptoms in the no-trauma group are not stable. LIMITATIONS: This study did not categorize all individuals according to specific types of trauma experiences and it is a cross-sectional design. The prevalences calculated in this study may not be generalizable. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions targeting different bridge symptoms in the trauma and no-trauma network models may help reduce the severity of symptoms.

Longitudinal associations between capacity to be alone, life satisfaction, self-compassion, anxiety, and depression among Chinese college students.

Although the world has entered the post-pandemic period, the mental health and life satisfaction of college students still need to be addressed. However, previous literature has primarily focused on negative variables and has paid little attention to positive variables, such as self-compassion and the capacity to be alone. Therefore, this longitudinal study aims to investigate the relationships between the capacity to be alone, self-compassion, life satisfaction, depression, and anxiety among college students. This study analyzed data from 1460 Chinese college students who completed an online survey at two time-points one year apart. We employed cross-lagged analysis and constructed longitudinal mediation models to explore the relationships between five variables (i.e., capacity to be alone, self-compassion, life satisfaction, depression, and anxiety). Our findings indicate that depression and life satisfaction could negatively predict each other over time. Self-compassion in wave 1 could negatively predict depression and anxiety in wave 2. Higher life satisfaction in wave 1 was associated with a lower capacity to be alone in wave 2. We also found reciprocal positive predictive relationships between depression and anxiety, and life satisfaction and self-compassion. Life satisfaction mediated the relationship between self-compassion and psychopathological variables (i.e., depression and anxiety). Additionally, self-compassion mediated the association between life satisfaction and psychopathological variables and the association between capacity to be alone and psychopathological variables. Our study highlights the significance of early identification and intervention in depression and anxiety. We also discovered the possible self-soothing function of self-compassion as well as the importance of fostering positive personal characteristics.

Structures and nonlinear optical properties of the endohedral metallofullerene-superhalogen compounds Li@C60-BX4 (X = F, Cl, Br).

It has recently been demonstrated that superatoms, which can exhibit behaviors reminiscent of atoms in the periodic table, might have synthetic utility, and represent potential building blocks for the assembly of novel, nanostructured materials [Science 2004, 304, 84-87; Science 2005, 307, 231-235; J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 2664]. In this work, a new type of endohedral metallofullerene-superhalogen compound, Li@C60-BX4 (X = F, Cl, Br), is proposed and characterized using density functional theory. The electron transfer from Li@C60 to BX4 contributes greatly to the Li@C60-BX4 compound formation. Such compounds exhibit considerable stabilities with large binding energies and ionization potentials, as well as large HOMO-LUMO gaps. The investigation of the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of Li@C60-BX4 reveals a strong dependence of the static first hyperpolarizability, ß0, on the atomic number of the involved halogen atom X. This means that one can enhance the first hyperpolarizabilities of the endohedral metallofullerene by introducing superhalogens. The present investigation may promote the development of novel nanomaterials with unusual properties (i.e. NLO properties), and enrich the knowledge of chemical bonds (for example, long-range interactions between trapped atoms in a C60 cage and the outside superatom motif).

The prevalence of hyperuricemia and its correlates in an inland Chinese adult population, urban and rural of Jinan.

Economy has developed rapidly in China, and the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects increased remarkably over the past two decades. However, no data are available regarding the temporal prevalence of hyperuricemia and its correlates in this rapidly developing area, especially in the inland area. The cross-sectional survey was based on a random sample of 4,218 residents aged 35-64 years in the Jinan area. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid ≥ 416 µmol/L in men and ≥ 357 µmol/L in women. Subjects underwent physical examination and fasting blood testing. Complete data were available for analysis from 1,979 men and 2,062 women. The age-adjusted prevalence of hyperuricemia was 6.4 % for men and 2.1 % for women. The prevalence of hyperuricemia was greater in urban (6.7 %) than in rural areas (1.7 %) of Jinan city. Multivariate logistic regression models revealed hyperuricemia associated with hypertriglyceridemia [men: odds ratio (OR) = 6.101, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 4.064-9.159; women: OR = 7.103, 95 % CI 3.578-14.099] and high serum creatinine level (men: OR = 2.603, 95 % CI 1.602-4.230; women: OR = 5.237, 95 % CI 2.667-10.284). Hyperuricemia was also significantly associated with male sex, urban residence, hypertension, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia. Age (1-year increase) was negatively associated with hyperuricemia in men but positively associated with hyperuricemia in women. In conclusion, the prevalence of hyperuricemia is higher in urban than rural areas of Jinan, China. Male sex, urban residence, hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and high serum creatinine level contributed to hyperuricemia in this population.

Centrality depression-anxiety symptoms linked to suicidal ideation among depressed college students--A network approach.

The long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have caused severe mental health problems among college students, which can eventually cause suicidal ideation. Therefore, through network analysis, this study aims to explore the new characteristics of the depression-anxiety symptom network that arose during the long-term lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify the most influential symptoms linked to suicidal ideation. We used a Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score above 10 as the cutoff and screened 622 participants with an inclination toward depressive disorders from 7976 college students, and then divided the sample into suicidal and nonsuicidal groups based on the presence or absence of suicidal ideation. The General Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) was also used. Network analysis was used to identify the network structure of anxiety-depression and which symptoms were directly related to suicidal ideation in the network. The prevalence of depression and anxiety among Chinese college students in the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic was 7.8% and 17.8%, respectively. The most central symptoms in the nonsuicidal group were "excessive worry," "uncontrollable worry," and "nervousness," and in the suicidal group they were "excessive worry," "motor function," and "irritability." The network of the suicidal group was denser than that of the nonsuicidal group. The most influential symptom directly related to suicidal ideation was "guilt." The most influential central symptom of depression-anxiety comorbidity characteristics of Chinese adolescents showed a tendency to shift from depression-oriented (i.e., sad mood) to anxiety-oriented (i.e., excessive worry) with the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Treatments or interventions focused on these critical symptoms could be useful in preventing college students from suicide risk.

The association between online learning, parents' marital status, and internet addiction among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic period: A cross-lagged panel network approach.

INTRODUCTION: Previous research has identified the association between online learning and Internet addiction (IA) and the role of family factors in it. However, few studies have treated IA as a multidimensional mechanism and explored the underlying linkage of online learning, IA, and parental marital status with a cross-lagged network approach. The study aimed to examine the relationship between online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, Internet addiction (IA), and parental marital status among Chinese adolescents. METHODS: The sample consisted of 2356 adolescents who completed the Internet Addiction Test twice over a four-month period. Four symptom networks and two cross-lagged panel networks were performed. RESULTS: The results showed that adolescents from divorced families had a higher prevalence of IA (27 %) compared to those from non-divorced families (17 %). The strongest cross-lagged association was found between "spending more time online" and "preferring the excitement online". In the divorced group, "school grades suffering" had the highest influence, while in the non-divorced group, "anticipation" had the highest influence. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the relationship between online learning, IA, and parental divorce and suggests that long-term online learning may contribute to IA, and parental divorce may exacerbate problematic Internet use and increase IA levels.

The impact of romantic relationships on deception detection: Exploring the gender differences and the mediating role of mentalizing.

In evolution, romantic relationships serve as the foundation for breeding and producing offspring. The ability to detect deception in these relationships can safeguard the investment and cultivation of descendants, leading to greater chances of survival and reproduction. However, barely any research has been carried out within this domain. The current study investigated the preliminary relationship between romantic relationships, mentalizing ability, and deception detection ability through an empirical experiment. Participants were primed by their romantic experiences and neutral experiences, and then went through a Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RTM) task and the deception detecting task for real person crime-type videos. Results showed that romantic relationships can improve participants' emotion recognition ability toward negative emotions, and females performed better in the deception detection task than males did. Most importantly, romantic relationships can improve participants' deception detection ability through the mediator of mentalizing ability. Though gender difference was not statistically significant in the RTM task, the results lay a solid foundation for further investigation into females' mentalizing ability and disclose the evolutionary meaning of romantic relationships.

Comparing the centrality symptoms of major depressive disorder samples across junior high school students, senior high school students, college students and elderly adults during city lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic-A network analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Recently, in the view of network analysis, depression has been conceptualized as a complex and dynamic network model combining individual symptoms. To date, no studies have systematically examined and compared depressive symptom networks across different populations. METHODS: A total of 36,105 participants were recruited and asked to complete the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 among junior high school students, senior high school students, college students, and elderly adults who were more susceptible to depression during the COVID-19 lockdown in China. In the analysis, we applied the optimal cutoff score ≥ 8 for students and a score ≥ 6 for elderly adults to identify 5830 participants who were likely to be depressed. The index of "strength" was used to identify central symptoms in the network structure. RESULTS: The results showed that Sad Mood was the most central symptom among junior high school students, senior high school students, and college students, but the most central symptom in the elderly was Guilt. Among the top three central symptoms, Suicide Ideation was unique to senior high school students, while Anhedonia was most prevalent among college students. Guilt - Suicide Ideation, Anhedonia - Energy, Anhedonia - Sad Mood, and Sleep - Energy showed the strongest association among junior and senior high school students, college students, and elderly adults, respectively. NCT (i.e., Network Comparison Test) suggested that the network's global connectivity was ultimately inconsistent, but the network structure remained roughly intact. CONCLUSION: In treatment, targeting central symptoms may be critical to alleviating depression.

The Impact of Long-Term Online Learning on Internet Addiction Symptoms among Depressed Secondary School Students: Insights from a Cross-Panel Network Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic and the shift to online learning have increased the risk of Internet addiction (IA) among adolescents, especially those who are depressed. This study aims to identify the core symptoms of IA among depressed adolescents using a cross-lagged panel network framework, offering a fresh perspective on understanding the interconnectedness of IA symptoms. METHODS: Participants completed the Internet addiction test and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. A total of 2415 students were initially included, and after matching, only 342 students (a cutoff score of 8) were retained for the final data analysis. A cross-lagged panel network analysis was conducted to examine the autoregressive and cross-lagged trajectories of IA symptoms over time. RESULTS: The incidence rate of depression rose remarkably from 14.16% (N = 342) to 17.64% (N = 426) after the four-month online learning. The symptom of "Anticipation" exhibited the highest out-expected influence within the IA network, followed by "Stay online longer" and "Job performance or productivity suffer". Regarding the symptom network of depression, "Job performance or productivity suffer" had the highest in-expected influence, followed by "Life boring and empty", "Snap or act annoyed if bothered", "Check email/SNS before doing things", and "School grades suffer". No significant differences were found in global network strength and network structure between waves 1 and 2. CONCLUSION: These findings prove the negative effects of online learning on secondary students' mental health and have important implications for developing more effective interventions and policies to mitigate IA levels among depressed adolescents undergoing online learning.

The Temporal Relationship between Depressive Symptoms and Loneliness: The Moderating Role of Self-Compassion.

Loneliness and depression are significant mental health challenges among college students; however, the intricate relationship between these phenomena remains unclear, particularly in the context of self-compassion. In this comprehensive study, we employ a cross-lagged panel network (CLPN) analysis to investigate the symptom-level association between depression and loneliness while exploring the potential moderating influence of self-compassion. Our sample consisted of 2785 college students, who were categorized into high- and low-self-compassion groups based on scores from the Self-Compassion Scale. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, while the UCLA Loneliness Scale-8 measured loneliness expressions. Our findings indicate that self-compassion plays a crucial role in the relationship between depression and loneliness. Specifically, we observed distinctive patterns within the high and low-self-compassion groups. In the low-self-compassion group, "energy" emerged as the most influential symptom, whereas "motor function" exhibited the highest influence in the high-self-compassion group. Furthermore, among individuals with high self-compassion, the pathway from depression to loneliness was characterized by "guilt-being alone when desired," while the reverse path from loneliness to depression encompassed "left out-feeling sad" and "left out-anhedonia." Conversely, in the low-self-compassion group, depression and loneliness demonstrated a more intricate mutual triggering relationship, suggesting that self-compassion effectively moderates the association between these variables. This study provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms driving the interplay between depression and loneliness, shedding light on the pivotal role of self-compassion in this intricate dynamic.

Contingent negative variation as an evaluation indicator of neurocognitive disorder after traumatic brain injury.

Introduction: Neurocognitive disorders are commonly observed in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods to assess neurocognitive disorders have thus drawn the general attention of the public, especially electrophysiology parameter such as contingent negative variation (CNV), which has been given more emphasis as a neurophysiological marker in event-related potentials (ERPs) for diagnosing a neurocognitive disorder and assessing its severity. The present study focused on the correlations between CNV parameters and levels of daily living activities and social function to explore the potential of CNV as an objective assessment tool. Methods: Thirty-one patients with a diagnosis of neurocognitive disorder after a TBI according to ICD-10 were enrolled as the patient group, and 24 matched healthy volunteers were enrolled as the control group. The activity of daily living scale, functional activities questionnaire, social disability screening schedule, and scale of personality change following TBI were used to assess daily living activity and social function. Results: The scale scores in patients were significantly higher than those in controls. Maximum amplitudes before S2 and during the post-imperative negative variation (PINV) period were also significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group and were positively correlated with four scale scores. The duration of PINV at Fz and Cz was significantly shorter in the patient group than in the control group. The CNV return to baseline from a positive wave at electrode Fz and Cz occurred significantly earlier in the control group than in the patient group, while at Pz, the result showed the opposite. Conclusion: Lower amplitudes of CNV were associated with more severe neurocognitive disorder and greater impairments in daily life abilities and social function. The duration of PINV and the latency of returning to baseline from a positive wave were correlated with the neurocognitive disorder to some extent. CNV could be used as an objective, electrophysiology-based parameter for evaluating the severity of the neurocognitive disorder and personality changes after TBI.

Photothermally driven decoupling of gas evolution at the solid-liquid interface for boosted photocatalytic hydrogen production.

The slow mass transfer, especially the gas evolution process at the solid-liquid interface in photocatalytic water splitting, restricts the overall efficiency of the hydrogen evolution reaction. Here, we report a novel gas-solid photocatalytic reaction system by decoupling hydrogen generation from a traditional solid-liquid interface. The success relies on annealing commercial melamine sponge (AMS) for effective photothermal conversion that leads to rapid water evaporation. The vapor flows towards the photocatalyst covering the surface of the AMS and is split by the catalyst therein. This liquid-gas/gas-solid coupling system avoids the formation of photocatalytic bubbles at the solid-liquid interface, leading to significantly improved mass transfer and conversion. Utilizing CdS nanorods anchored by highly dispersed nickel atoms/clusters as a model photocatalyst, the highest hydrogen evolution rate from water splitting reaches 686.39 µmol h-1, which is 5.31 times that of the traditional solid-liquid-gas triphase system. The solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency can be up to 2.06%. This study provides a new idea for the design and construction of efficient practical photocatalytic systems.