A PARylation-phosphorylation cascade promotes TOPBP1 loading and RPA-RAD51 exchange in homologous recombination.

The efficiency of homologous recombination (HR) in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is closely associated with genome stability and tumor response to chemotherapy. While many factors have been functionally characterized in HR, such as TOPBP1, their precise regulation remains unclear. Here, we report that TOPBP1 interacts with the RNA-binding protein HTATSF1 in a cell-cycle- and phosphorylation-dependent manner. Mechanistically, CK2 phosphorylates HTATSF1 to facilitate binding to TOPBP1, which promotes S-phase-specific TOPBP1 recruitment to damaged chromatin and subsequent RPA/RAD51-dependent HR, genome integrity, and cancer-cell viability. The localization of HTATSF1-TOPBP1 to DSBs is potentially independent of the transcription-coupled RNA-binding and processing capacity of HTATSF1 but rather relies on the recognition of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated RPA by HTATSF1, which can be blunted with PARP inhibitors. Together, our study provides a mechanistic insight into TOPBP1 loading at HR-prone DSB sites via HTATSF1 and reveals how RPA-RAD51 exchange is tuned by a PARylation-phosphorylation cascade.

BMP suppresses Wnt signaling via the Bcl11b-regulated NuRD complex to maintain intestinal stem cells.

Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are crucial for the intestinal epithelium renewal and regeneration after injury. However, the mechanism underlying the interplay between Wnt and BMP signaling in this process is not fully understood. Here we report that Bcl11b, which is downregulated by BMP signaling, enhances Wnt signaling to maintain Lgr5+ ISCs and thus promotes the regeneration of the intestinal epithelium upon injury. Loss of Bcl11b function leads to a significant decrease of Lgr5+ ISCs in both intestinal crypts and cultured organoids. Mechanistically, BMP suppresses the expression of Bcl11b, which can positively regulate Wnt target genes by inhibiting the function of the Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase (NuRD) complex and facilitating the ß-catenin-TCF4 interaction. Bcl11b can also promote intestinal epithelium repair after injuries elicited by both irradiation and DSS-induced inflammation. Furthermore, Bcl11b deletion prevents proliferation and tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer cells. Together, our findings suggest that BMP suppresses Wnt signaling via Bcl11b regulation, thus balancing homeostasis and regeneration in the intestinal epithelium.

Late stages of T cell maturation in the thymus involve NF-κB and tonic type I interferon signaling.

Positive selection occurs in the thymic cortex, but critical maturation events occur later in the medulla. Here we defined the precise stage at which T cells acquired competence to proliferate and emigrate. Transcriptome analysis of late gene changes suggested roles for the transcription factor NF-κB and interferon signaling. Mice lacking the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) kinase TAK1 underwent normal positive selection but exhibited a specific block in functional maturation. NF-κB signaling provided protection from death mediated by the cytokine TNF and was required for proliferation and emigration. The interferon signature was independent of NF-κB; however, thymocytes deficient in the interferon-α (IFN-α) receptor IFN-αR showed reduced expression of the transcription factor STAT1 and phenotypic abnormality but were able to proliferate. Thus, both NF-κB and tonic interferon signals are involved in the final maturation of thymocytes into naive T cells.

Hyperosmotic Stress Induces Inflammation and Excessive Th17 Response to Blunt T-Cell Immunity in Tilapia.

Despite the advances in study on osmotic physiology in bony fish, the mechanism by which the immune system, especially T-cell immunity, adapts and responds to osmotic stress remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated the response of T cells to hyperosmotic stress in the bony fish Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). As a euryhaline fish, tilapia was able to adapt to a wide range of salinities; however, hypertonic stress caused inflammation and excessive T-cell activation. Furthermore, hypertonic stress increased the expression of IL-17A in T cells, upregulated the transcription factor RORα, and activated STAT3 signaling, along with IL-6- and TGF-ß1-mediated pathways, revealing an enhanced Th17 response in this early vertebrate. These hypertonic stress-induced events collectively resulted in an impaired antibacterial immune response in tilapia. Hypertonic stress elevated the intracellular ROS level, which in turn activated the p38-MK2 signaling pathway to promote IL-17A production by T cells. Both ROS elimination and the p38-MK2 axis blockade diminished the increased IL-17A production in T cells under hypertonic conditions. Moreover, the produced proinflammatory cytokines further amplified the hypertonic stress signaling via the MKK6-p38-MK2 axis-mediated positive feedback loop. To our knowledge, these findings represent the first description of the mechanism by which T-cell immunity responds to hypertonic stress in early vertebrates, thus providing a novel perspective for understanding the adaptive evolution of T cells under environmental stress.

Study on the osmotic response and function of myo-inositol oxygenase in euryhaline fish nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

To understand the role of myo-inositol oxygenase (miox) in the osmotic regulation of Nile tilapia, its expression was analyzed in various tissues. The results showed that the expression of miox gene was highest in the kidney, followed by the liver, and was significantly upregulated in the kidney and liver under 1 h hyperosmotic stress. The relative luminescence efficiency of the miox gene transcription starting site (-4,617 to +312 bp) under hyperosmotic stress was measured. Two fragments (-1,640/-1,619 and -620/-599) could induce the luminescence activity. Moreover, the -1,640/-1,619 and -620/-599 responded to hyperosmotic stress and high-glucose stimulation by base mutation, suggesting that osmotic and carbohydrate response elements may exist in this region. Finally, the salinity tolerance of Nile tilapia was significantly reduced after the knocking down of miox gene. The accumulation of myo-inositol was affected, and the expression of enzymes in glucose metabolism was significantly reduced after the miox gene was knocked down. Furthermore, hyperosmotic stress can cause oxidative stress, and MIOX may help maintain the cell redox balance under hyperosmotic stress. In summary, MIOX is essential in osmotic regulation to enhance the salinity tolerance of Nile tilapia by affecting myo-inositol accumulation, glucose metabolism, and antioxidant performance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) is the rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the first step of MI metabolism and determines MI content in aquatic animals. To understand the role of miox in the osmotic regulation of Nile tilapia, we analyzed its expression in different tissues and its function under hyperosmotic stress. This study showed that miox is essential in osmotic regulation to enhance the salinity tolerance of Nile tilapia by affecting myo-inositol accumulation, glucose metabolism, and antioxidant performance.

Potato calcium sensor modules StCBL3-StCIPK7 and StCBL3-StCIPK24 negatively regulate plant immunity.

BACKGROUND: Potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is the most devastating disease on potato. Dissecting critical immune components in potato will be supportive for engineering P. infestans resistance. Upon pathogens attack, plant Ca2+ signature is generated and decoded by an array of Ca2+ sensors, among which calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) coupled with plant specific CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) are much less explored in plant immunity. RESULTS: In this study, we identified that two differential potato CBL-CIPK modules regulate plant defense responses against Phytophthora and ROS production, respectively. By deploying virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system-based pathogen inoculation assays, StCBL3 was shown to negatively regulate Phytophthora resistance. Consistently, StCBL3 was further found to negatively regulate PTI and ETI responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, StCIPK7 was identified to act together with StCBL3 to negatively regulate Phytophthora resistance. StCIPK7 physically interacts with StCBL3 and phosphorylates StCBL3 in a Ca2+-dependent manner. StCBL3 promotes StCIPK7 kinase activity. On the other hand, another StCBL3-interacting kinase StCIPK24 negatively modulating flg22-triggered accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by interacting with StRBOHB. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these findings demonstrate that the StCBL3-StCIPK7 complex negatively modulates Phytophthora resistance and StCBL3-StCIPK24 complex negatively regulate ROS production. Our results offer new insights into the roles of potato CBL-CIPK in plant immunity and provide valuable gene resources to engineer the disease resistance potato in the future.

Spinster homolog 2 (SPNS2) deficiency drives endothelial cell senescence and vascular aging via promoting pyruvate metabolism mediated mitochondrial dysfunction.

Endothelial cell (EC) senescence and vascular aging are important hallmarks of chronic metabolic diseases. An improved understanding of the precise regulation of EC senescence may provide novel therapeutic strategies for EC and vascular aging-related diseases. This study examined the potential functions of Spinster homolog 2 (SPNS2) in EC senescence and vascular aging. We discovered that the expression of SPNS2 was significantly lower in older adults, aged mice, hydrogen peroxide-induced EC senescence models and EC replicative senescence model, and was correlated with the expression of aging-related factors. in vivo experiments showed that the EC-specific knockout of SPNS2 markedly aggravated vascular aging by substantially, impairing vascular structure and function, as evidenced by the abnormal expression of aging factors, increased inflammation, reduced blood flow, pathological vessel dilation, and elevated collagen levels in a naturally aging mouse model. Moreover, RNA sequencing and molecular biology analyses revealed that the loss of SPNS2 in ECs increased cellular senescence biomarkers, aggravated the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and inhibited cell proliferation. Mechanistically, silencing SPNS2 disrupts pyruvate metabolism homeostasis via pyruvate kinase M (PKM), resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and EC senescence. Overall, SPNS2 expression and its functions in the mitochondria are crucial regulators of EC senescence and vascular aging.

Phosphodiesterase 8 (PDE8): Distribution and Cellular Expression and Association with Alzheimer's Disease.

Phosphodiesterase 8 (PDE8), as a member of PDE superfamily, specifically promotes the hydrolysis and degradation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which may be associated with pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is currently known about potential role in the central nervous system (CNS). Here we investigated the distribution and expression of PDE8 in brain of mouse, which we believe can provide evidence for studying the role of PDE8 in CNS and the relationship between PDE8 and AD. Here, C57BL/6J mice were used to observe the distribution patterns of two subtypes of PDE8, PDE8A and PDE8B, in different sexes in vivo by western blot (WB). Meanwhile, C57BL/6J mice were also used to demonstrate the distribution pattern of PDE8 in selected brain regions and localization in neural cells by WB and multiplex immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, the triple transgenic (3×Tg-AD) mice and wild type (WT) mice of different ages were used to investigate the changes of PDE8 expression in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex during the progression of AD. PDE8 was found to be widely expressed in multiple tissues and organs including heart, kidney, stomach, brain, and liver, spleen, intestines, and uterus, with differences in expression levels between the two subtypes of PDE8A and PDE8B, as well as two sexes. Meanwhile, PDE8 was widely distributed in the brain, especially in areas closely related to cognitive function such as cerebellum, striatum, amygdala, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus, without differences between sexes. Furthermore, PDE8A was found to be expressed in neuronal cells, microglia and astrocytes, while PDE8B is only expressed in neuronal cells and microglia. PDE8A expression in the hippocampus of both female and male 3×Tg-AD mice was gradually increased with ages and PDE8B expression was upregulated only in cerebral cortex of female 3×Tg-AD mice with ages. However, the expression of PDE8A and PDE8B was apparently increased in both cerebral cortex and hippocampus in both female and male 10-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice compared WT mice. These results suggest that PDE8 may be associated with the progression of AD and is a potential target for its prevention and treatment in the future.

Linker Engineering toward Tunable Emission Behavior of Porous Interpenetrated Zr-Organic Frameworks.

Conjugated molecules with donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) moieties have garnered significant attention for their ability to form luminescent metal-organic frameworks (LMOFs). D-A-D molecules feature tunable bandgaps, which can be varied systematically to control the fluorescence wavelength of LMOFs. In this study, we prepared and characterized the fluorescence properties of two porous interpenetrated Zr-organic frameworks (PIZOFs) constructed using 4,4'-(benzo[c][1,2,5]selenadiazole-4,7-diylbis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))dibenzoic acid (L-Se) or 4,4'-(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-4,7-diylbis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))dibenzoic acid (L-S) as linkers. The corresponding MOFs are denoted as PIZOF-Se and PIZOF-S, respectively. Through our investigation, we explored the correlation between the structure of the frameworks and their respective optical properties. Our findings revealed that there are distinct differences in the fluorescence properties of the two PIZOFs. Specifically, the fluorescence of PIZOF-S is red-shifted from that characteristic of the corresponding linker, L-S. By contrast, the fluorescence of PIZOF-Se is substantially blue-shifted from that of linker L-Se. The emission of mixed-linker MOFs is explored by combining L-S or L-Se with structurally analogous, but nonfluorescent linker, 4,4'-((perfluoro-1,4-phenylene)bis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))dibenzoic acid (L-F). Based on steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence experiments, as well as confocal fluorescence microscopy combined with fluorescence lifetime imaging (FILM), we demonstrated that linker engineering is an effective method to tune the emission behavior of LMOFs.

The interaction between lipid and vitamin D3 impacts lipid metabolism and innate immunity in Chinese mitten crabs Eriocheir sinensis.

As a fat-soluble vitamin, vitamin D3 relies on fat to perform its biological function, affecting lipid metabolism and innate immunity. This study used different percentages of lipid and vitamin D3 diets to evaluate the synergistic effects on the growth, lipid metabolism and immunity of juvenile Eriocheir sinensis (5.83 ± 0.01 g) for 56 days, including low lipid (LL, 1.5%) and normal lipid (NL, 7.5%) and three levels of vitamin D3: low (LVD, 0 IU/kg), medium (MVD, 9000 IU/kg) and high (HVD, 27,000, IU/kg). The synergistic effect of lipid and vitamin D3 was not significant on growth but significant on ash content, total protein, hepatopancreas lipid content, hemolymph 1α,25-hydroxy vitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3] content, hepatopancreas lipolysis and synthesis genes. Crabs fed normal lipid (7.5%) and medium vitamin D3 (9000 IU/kg) had the highest hepatopancreas index, hemolymph 1α,25(OH)2D3 content, antibacterial ability, immune-related genes and hepatopancreatic lipid synthesis genes expression, but down-regulated the lipolysis genes expression. In contrast, crabs fed diets with low lipid percentage (1.5%) had low growth performance, hemolymph 1α,25(OH)2D3, mRNA levels of lipid synthesis genes, antibacterial ability and immune-related gene expression. At the 1.5% lipid level, excessive or insufficient vitamin D3 supplementation led to the obstruction of ash and protein deposition, reduced growth and molting, aggravated the reduction in antioxidant capacity, hindered antimicrobial peptide gene expression and reduced innate immunity, and resulted in abnormal lipid accumulation and the risk of oxidative stress. This study suggests that diets' lipid and vitamin D3 percentage can enhance antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism and innate immunity in E. sinensis. A low lipid diet can cause growth retardation, reduce antioxidant capacity and innate immunity, and enhance lipid metabolism disorder.

The effect of optical-acoustic phonon coupling on the thermal conductivity of 2D MgI2.

2D MgI2 has a large phonon band gap and strong coupling of optical and acoustic phonons, and it is difficult to accurately predict thermal conductivity by considering only three-phonon scattering. Thus, in this study, the effect of four-phonon scattering on the thermal conductivity of a 2D MgI2 lattice was investigated using first-principles calculations combined with Boltzmann transport theory. The results show that with increasing temperature, four-phonon scattering induces an increase in the scattering of phonons at the optical and acoustic phonon coupling (2 THz), as well as in the vicinity of the optical phonon branch (4.5 THz), which leads to the enhancement of the anharmonicity of phonon transport and results in a decrease in the thermal conductivity of the 2D material. At 700 K, the thermal conductivity of MgI2 decreases by over half, from 0.47 W m-1 K-1 to 0.23 W m-1 K-1, when considering both three- and four-phonon scattering, compared to considering only three-phonon scattering. This study confirms the need to consider the role of four-phonon scattering to enhance optical and acoustic phonon coupling to accurately predict the thermal conductivity of 2D materials with larger phonon band gaps.

Plant uptake of CO2 outpaces losses from permafrost and plant respiration on the Tibetan Plateau.

High-latitude and high-altitude regions contain vast stores of permafrost carbon. Climate warming may result in the release of CO2 from both the thawing of permafrost and accelerated autotrophic respiration, but it may also increase the fixation of CO2 by plants, which could relieve or even offset the CO2 losses. The Tibetan Plateau contains the largest area of alpine permafrost on Earth. However, the current status of the net CO2 balance and feedbacks to warming remain unclear, given that the region has recently experienced an atmospheric warming rate of over 0.3 °C decade-1 We examined 32 eddy covariance sites and found an unexpected net CO2 sink during 2002 to 2020 (26 of the sites yielded a net CO2 sink) that was four times the amount previously estimated. The CO2 sink peaked at an altitude of roughly 4,000 m, with the sink at lower and higher altitudes limited by a low carbon use efficiency and a cold, dry climate, respectively. The fixation of CO2 in summer is more dependent on temperature than the loss of CO2 than it is in the winter months, especially at higher altitudes. Consistently, 16 manipulative experiments and 18 model simulations showed that the fixation of CO2 by plants will outpace the loss of CO2 under a wetting-warming climate until the 2090s (178 to 318 Tg C y-1). We therefore suggest that there is a plant-dominated negative feedback to climate warming on the Tibetan Plateau.

Nonylphenol displays immunotoxicity by triggering hemocyte extracellular traps in Manila clam via ROS burst, ERK pathway and glycolysis.

Nonylphenol (NP), an endocrine disruptor, has been demonstrated to be a harmful environmental contaminant and toxic to organisms. In this study, to address concerns regarding the immunotoxicity of NP, we treated clam Ruditapes philippinarum hemocytes with NP in vitro and explored the underlying mechanisms of NP-induced extracellular traps (ETs). NP could induce the formation of hemocytes ETs in a dose-dependent manner. Transcriptomics analysis revealed changes of signaling pathway involved in immunity and energy metabolism in hemocytes after NP stimulation. In this process, both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were up-regulated. Moreover, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was proved to be activated in the formation of NP-induced ETs, manifested as enhanced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but not p38 or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In the presence of U0126, an ERK phosphorylation inhibitor, the NP-induced expression of NADPH oxidase enzyme (NOX) was significantly decreased, which further alleviated the ROS production and ultimately limited the release of ETs. NP exposure increased glucose uptake, along with enhanced activities of glycolysis-related enzymes such as hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK). After inhibiting glycolysis by the inhibitor 2-DG, the formation of NP-induced ETs was significantly suppressed. ERK could regulate mTOR signaling and the PI3K/AKT pathway, potentially directing ETs formation by orchestrating the glycolysis through the activation of key transcription factors c-Myc and HIF-1α. Collectively, the results preliminary confirm that the ERK-NOX-ROS axis and glycolysis are involved in NP-induced ETs formation, contributing to the cellular immunotoxicity in clam.

Resveratrol alleviates imidacloprid-induced mitochondrial apoptosis, necroptosis, and immune dysfunction in chicken lymphocyte lines by inhibiting the ROS/MAPK signaling pathway.

Imidacloprid (IMI) is a neonicotinoid insecticide with the highest global market share, and IMI exposure in the environment can negatively affect many nontarget organisms (a general term for organisms affected by drugs other than target organisms). Resveratrol (RSV), a non-flavonoid polyphenolic organic compound derived from peanuts, grapes, and other plants, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. It is currently unclear how RSV protects against cell damage caused by IMI. Therefore, we established an experimental model of chicken lymphocyte lines exposed to 110 µg/mL IMI and/or 0.5 µM RSV for 24 h. According to the experimental results, IMI markedly raised intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and diminished the activity of the cellular antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, and GPx), leading to MDA accumulation and decreased T-AOC. JNK, ERK, and P38, the essential components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, were also expressed more when IMI was present. Additionally, IMI resulted in upregulation of mitochondrial apoptosis (Caspase 3, Caspase 9, Bax, and Cyt-c) and necroptosis (Caspase 8, RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL) related factors expression, downregulation of Bcl-2 expression, induction of upregulation of cytokine IL-6 and TNF-α expression, and downregulation of IFN-γ expression. The combined treatment of RSV and IMI significantly reduced cellular oxidative stress levels, inhibited the MAPK signaling pathway, and alleviated IMI-induced mitochondrial apoptosis, necroptosis, and immune dysfunction. To summarize, RSV antagonized IMI-induced mitochondrial apoptosis, necroptosis, and immune dysfunction in chicken lymphocyte lines by inhibiting the ROS/MAPK signaling pathway.

Comparative Evaluation of PCR-Based, LAMP and RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a Assays for the Rapid Detection of Diaporthe aspalathi.

Southern stem canker (SSC) of soybean, attributable to the fungal pathogen Diaporthe aspalathi, results in considerable losses of soybean in the field and has damaged production in several of the main soybean-producing countries worldwide. Early and precise identification of the causal pathogen is imperative for effective disease management. In this study, we performed an RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a, as well as LAMP, PCR and real-time PCR assays to verify and compare their sensitivity, specificity and simplicity and the practicality of the reactions. We screened crRNAs targeting a specific single-copy gene, and optimized the reagent concentrations, incubation temperatures and times for the conventional PCR, real-time PCR, LAMP, RPA and Cas12a cleavage stages for the detection of D. aspalathi. In comparison with the PCR-based assays, two thermostatic detection technologies, LAMP and RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a, led to higher specificity and sensitivity. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay could reach 0.01 ng µL-1 genomic DNA, and was 10 times more sensitive than real-time PCR (0.1 ng µL-1) and 100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR assay (1.0 ng µL-1); the reaction was completed within 1 h. The sensitivity of the RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a assay reached 0.1 ng µL-1 genomic DNA, and was 10 times more sensitive than conventional PCR (1.0 ng µL-1), with a 30 min reaction time. Furthermore, the feasibility of the two thermostatic methods was validated using infected soybean leaf and seeding samples. The rapid, visual one-pot detection assay developed could be operated by non-expert personnel without specialized equipment. This study provides a valuable diagnostic platform for the on-site detection of SSC or for use in resource-limited areas.

Multiscale spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of ecosystem service value of groundwater in China.

Ecosystem services are fundamental to human survival on Earth, but studies on ecosystem service value of groundwater (ESV-G) are rare. The multiscale characteristics and influencing factors of ESV-G in China from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed in this study. The results showed that ESV-G decreased first and then increased, the average ESV-G was 130.30 thousand yuan/km2, and ESV-G tended to shift towards middle level (second to fourth class). The Hu Line was the dividing line between the first class (more than half area) and the others. The AI and FRAC values indicated that the patches of ESV-G were more concentrated, with simpler shapes that were more amenable to governance at the province scale. Hot spots and cold spots were mainly located in the eastern and western parts of Hu Line, respectively. The ESV-G of the cold spots per unit area at the province scale was higher than that at the city scale, which indicated that the province scale had the potential for higher ESV-G per unit area and cost advantage. Precipitation and temperature were the main factors affecting ESV-G; the influence of human activities on ESV-G increased on a larger scale as time went by. Combination of precipitation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) had the greatest influence on ESV-G among the combinational influencing factors. The province scale was the optimal scale to manage ESV-G. Climate change had led to the expansion of hot and cold spots of ESV-G, northern and southern areas should combine existing policies to carry out differentiated governance. This study extended the scope of ecosystem service value studies from land surface to underground, providing a scientific basis for the management of groundwater ecosystem.

Enhanced soil microbial stability is associated with soil organic carbon storage under high-altitude forestation.

The potential of forestation to mitigate climate warming depends largely on whether it can improve terrestrial carbon (C) storage. Changes in soil microbial stability can cause ecosystem C fluctuations. Unfortunately, it remains unclear whether forestation alters soil microbial stability with cascading effects on C storage in high-altitude ecosystems. In this study, a total of 14 typical planted forests were selected on the Tibetan Plateau. We showed that high-altitude forestation, particularly with poplars, altered the microbial diversity and potentially improved the stability of soil microbial communities. These changes were associated with soil C accumulation and potentially positive feedback on soil organic C storage. Variations in the microbial community stability were mostly caused by changes in soil bulk density and dissolved organic C. Superior network stability was found in fungal community rather than bacterial community. Additionally, there were strong interactions between bacterial and fungal communities that influenced soil C storage. These findings contribute to understand the differences and relationships between bacteria and fungi in plantation soils. This work reveals the potential of high-altitude forestation to mitigate climate warming through insights into the microbial-mediated mechanisms responsible for soil C storage in high-altitude ecosystems.

Design and impact assessment of policies to overcome oversupply in China's national carbon market.

China has adopted a national carbon emissions trading market to promote emission reductions, but until now, overallocation of allowances suffer low carbon prices and thus to unfulfilled emission reduction goals. We report a general equilibrium modeling that indicates the flexible compliance and price adjustment mechanism of the carbon market, along with explores the solution to the oversupply of allowances in the China's national carbon market. We find that, under the current policy, the initial loose allowance allocation decreases the overall carbon price, and simultaneously the total amount of banked carbon allowances reaches 4.880 billion tons in 2030, resulting in the level of carbon price cannot achieve NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution) targets. However, by introducing carbon market price adjustment schemes, we observe that the cumulative amount of allowances can effectively reduce, enabling the carbon price rising. Importantly, the amount of the supply of allowances decreases most under the benchmark decrease scenario, which increases the emission reduction pressure of the enterprises from the beginning, leading to the largest economic losses, the price-based adjustment mechanism raises the carbon price to expected level at the minimize economic losses, and the quantity-based adjustment mechanism is more sensitive to policy parameters compared to the price -based adjustment mechanism. These findings offer a promising avenue for selecting cost-effective price adjustment mechanism to improve price mechanism design for national carbon markets.

StructNet-DDI: Molecular Structure Characterization-Based ResNet for Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions.

This study introduces a deep learning framework based on SMILES representations of chemical structures to predict drug-drug interactions (DDIs). The model extracts Morgan fingerprints and key molecular descriptors, transforming them into raw graphical features for input into a modified ResNet18 architecture. The deep residual network, enhanced with regularization techniques, efficiently addresses training issues such as gradient vanishing and exploding, resulting in superior predictive performance. Experimental results show that StructNet-DDI achieved an AUC of 99.7%, an accuracy of 94.4%, and an AUPR of 99.9%, demonstrating the model's effectiveness and reliability. These findings highlight that StructNet-DDI can effectively extract crucial features from molecular structures, offering a simple yet robust tool for DDI prediction.

Fabrication of Human Milk Fat Substitute: Based on the Similarity Evaluation Model and Computer Software.

We aimed to obtain the optimal formula for human milk fat substitute (HMFS) through a combination of software and an evaluation model and further verify its practicability through an animal experiment. The results showed that a total of 33 fatty acid (FA) and 63 triglyceride (TAG) molecular species were detected in vegetable oils. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, 18:1/16:0/18:1, 18:2/16:0/18:2, 18:1/18:1/18:1 and 18:1/18:2/18:1, were the main molecular species among the FAs and TAGs in the vegetable oils. Based on the HMFS evaluation model, the optimal mixed vegetable oil formula was blended with 21.3% palm oil, 2.8% linseed oil, 2.6% soybean oil, 29.9% rapeseed oil and 43.4% maize oil, with the highest score of 83.146. Moreover, there was no difference in the weight, blood routine indices or calcium and magnesium concentrations in the feces of the mice between the homemade mixed vegetable oil (HMVO) group and the commercial mixed vegetable oil (CMVO) group, while nervonic acid (C24:1) and octanoic acid (C8:0) were absorbed easily in the HMVO group. Therefore, these results demonstrate that the mixing of the different vegetable oils was feasible via a combination of computer software and an evaluation model and provided a new way to produce HMFS.