[Proposal and Analysis of "Ternary" Model of Sensitization for Proton Therapy].

In order to improve the biological effect of proton therapy, the authors first propose a new method of boron-based proton-enhanced radiotherapy in a " ternary " radiotherapy mode, based on the existing sensitizing effect of proton radiotherapy: i.e, Boron-based mediators (11B and 10B) induce the proton-hydrogen-boron fusion reaction of the low-energy protons arriving at the Bragg peak region of the tumor target area (p+11B→3α) and thermal neutron capture (10B+n→7Li3+(0.84 MeV)+4He2+(1.47 MeV)+γ(0.477 MeV)), which release low-energy α-particles with high LETs to enhance the biological effect of proton dose in the target area, thus improve the clinical effect of proton therapy. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of the "ternary" model were analyzed from the theoretical basis and current research status, and finally, the "ternary" model is summarized and prospected.

Improving the cytotoxicity of immunotoxins by reducing the affinity of the antibody in acidic pH.

BACKGROUND: Immunotoxins are antibody-toxin conjugates that bind to surface antigens and exert effective cytotoxic activity after internalization into tumor cells. Immunotoxins exhibit effective cytotoxicity and have been approved by the FDA to treat multiple hematological malignancies, such as hairy cell leukemia and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. However, most of the internalized immunotoxin is degraded in lysosomes, and only approximately 5% of free toxin escapes into the cytosol to exert cytotoxicity. Many studies have improved immunotoxins by engineering the toxin fragment to reduce immunogenicity or increase stability, but how the antibody fragment contributes to the activity of immunotoxins has not been well demonstrated. METHODS: In the current study, we used 32A9 and 42A1, two anti-GPC3 antibodies with similar antigen-binding capabilities and internalization rates, to construct scFv-mPE24 immunotoxins and evaluated their in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities. Next, the antigen-binding capacity, trafficking, intracellular protein stability and release of free toxin of 32A9 scFv-mPE24 and 42A1 scFv-mPE24 were compared to elucidate their different antitumor activities. Furthermore, we used a lysosome inhibitor to evaluate the degradation behavior of 32A9 scFv-mPE24 and 42A1 scFv-mPE24. Finally, the antigen-binding patterns of 32A9 and 42A1 were compared under neutral and acidic pH conditions. RESULTS: Although 32A9 and 42A1 had similar antigen binding capacities and internalization rates, 32A9 scFv-mPE24 had superior antitumor activity compared to 42A1 scFv-mPE24. We found that 32A9 scFv-mPE24 exhibited faster degradation and drove efficient free toxin release compared to 42A1 scFv-mPE24. These phenomena were determined by the different degradation behaviors of 32A9 scFv-mPE24 and 42A1 scFv-mPE24 in lysosomes. Moreover, 32A9 was sensitive to the low-pH environment, which made the 32A9 conjugate easily lose antigen binding and undergo degradation in lysosomes, and the free toxin was then efficiently produced to exert cytotoxicity, whereas 42A1 was resistant to the acidic environment, which kept the 42A1 conjugate relatively stable in lysosomes and delayed the release of free toxin. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that a low pH-sensitive antibody-based immunotoxin degraded faster in lysosomes, caused effective free toxin release, and led to improved cytotoxicity compared to an immunotoxin based on a normal antibody. Our findings suggested that a low pH-sensitive antibody might have an advantage in the design of immunotoxins and other lysosomal degradation-dependent antibody conjugate drugs.

F. prausnitzii-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate experimental colitis by regulating intestinal homeostasis in mice.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence has shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from gut bacteria play a crucial role in microbiota-host interactions. Here, we aimed to evaluate the attenuating effect of EVs derived from a reduced commensal bacterium, F. prausnitzii (Fp-EVs), in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. RESULTS: Fp-EVs isolated by ultracentrifugation and typically exhibited a double concave disc shape with an average diameter of 172 nm. Fp-EVs treatment reduced DSS-induced weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) score, colon length shortening, histological damage, neutrophil infiltration and increased intestinal epithelial apoptotic cells in DSS-induced colitis mice. Fp-EVs upregulated the protein expression of zona occludens (ZO)-1 and Occludin and increased the ratio of Tregs in the colon tissue of colitis mice. Furthermore, Fp-EVs downregulated the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-2, IL-6, IL-12a, IL-17a, Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF-α), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) in DSS-treated mice. Moreover, Fp-EV treatment markedly reduced the phosphorylation of these proteins Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and regulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that Fp-EVs attenuated DSS-induced colitis by modulating the intestinal mucosal barrier function and immunological profile. Our findings reveal that Fp-EVs attenuate DSS-induced colitis by modulating intestinal mucosal barrier function and the immunological profile.

A planning strategy may reduce the risk of heart diseases and radiation pneumonia: Avoiding the specific heart substructures.

BACKGROUND: Dose to heart substructures is a better predictor for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) than mean heart dose (MHD). We propose an avoidance planning strategy for important cardiac substructures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two plans, clinical and cardiac substructure-avoidance plan, were generated for twenty patients. Five dose-sensitive substructures, including left ventricle, pulmonary artery, left anterior descending branch, left circumflex branch and the coronary artery were chosen. The avoidance plan aims to meet the target criteria and organ-at-risk (OARs) constraints while minimizing the dose parameters of the above five substructures. The dosimetric assessments included the mean dose and the maximum dose of cardiac substructures and several volume parameters. In addition, we also evaluated the relative risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic heart failure (CHF), and radiation pneumonia (RP). RESULTS: Pearson correlation coefficient and R2 value of linear regression fitting demonstrated that MHD had poor prediction ability for the mean dose of the cardiac substructures. Compared to clinical plans, an avoidance plan is able to statistically significantly decrease the dose to key substructures. Meanwhile, the dose to OARs and the coverage of the target are comparable in the two plans. In addition, it can be observed that the avoidance plan statistically decreases the relative risks of CAD, CHF, and RP. CONCLUSIONS: The substructure-avoidance planning strategy that incorporates the cardiac substructures into optimization process, can protect the important heart substructures, such as left ventricle, left anterior descending branch and pulmonary artery, achieving the substantive sparing of dose-sensitive cardiac structures, and have the potential to decrease the relative risks of CAD, CHF, and RP.

Pediococcus pentosaceus CECT 8330 protects DSS-induced colitis and regulates the intestinal microbiota and immune responses in mice.

BACKGROUND: Compelling evidences demonstrated that gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Therapies for targeting the microbiota may provide alternative options for the treatment of IBD, such as probiotics. Here, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of a probiotic strain, Pediococcus pentosaceus (P. pentosaceus) CECT 8330, on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were administered phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or P. pentosaceus CECT 8330 (5 × 108 CFU/day) once daily by gavage for 5 days prior to or 2 days after colitis induction by DSS. Weight, fecal conditions, colon length and histopathological changes were examined. ELISA and flow cytometry were applied to determine the cytokines and regulatory T cells (Treg) ratio. Western blot was used to examine the tight junction proteins (TJP) in colonic tissues. Fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels and microbiota composition were analyzed by targeted metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, respectively. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Cluster of orthologous groups of proteins (COG) pathway analysis were used to predict the microbial functional profiles. RESULTS: P. pentosaceus CECT 8330 treatment protected DSS-induced colitis in mice as evidenced by reducing the weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) score, histological damage, and colon length shortening. P. pentosaceus CECT 8330 decreased the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6), and increased level of IL-10 in DSS treated mice. P. pentosaceus CECT 8330 upregulated the expression of ZO-1, Occludin and the ratio of Treg cells in colon tissue. P. pentosaceus CECT 8330 increased the fecal SCFAs level and relative abundances of several protective bacteria genera, including norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Dubosiella. Furthermore, the increased abundances of bacteria genera were positively correlated with IL-10 and SCFAs levels, and negatively associated with IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α, respectively. The KEGG and COG pathway analysis revealed that P. pentosaceus CECT 8330 could partially recover the metabolic pathways altered by DSS. CONCLUSIONS: P. pentosaceus CECT 8330 administration protects the DSS-induced colitis and modulates the gut microbial composition and function, immunological profiles, and the gut barrier function. Therefore, P. pentosaceus CECT 8330 may serve as a promising probiotic to ameliorate intestinal inflammation.

Advances in phosphoproteomics and its application to COPD.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was the third leading cause of global death in 2019, causing a huge economic burden to society. Therefore, it is urgent to identify specific phenotypes of COPD patients through early detection, and to promptly treat exacerbations. The field of phosphoproteomics has been a massive advancement, compelled by the developments in mass spectrometry, enrichment strategies, algorithms, and tools. Modern mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics allows understanding of disease pathobiology, biomarker discovery, and predicting new therapeutic modalities. AREAS COVERED: In this article, we present an overview of phosphoproteomic research and strategies for enrichment and fractionation of phosphopeptides, identification of phosphorylation sites, chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry detection strategies, and the potential application of phosphorylated proteomic analysis in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COPD disease. EXPERT OPINION: The role of phosphoproteomics in COPD is critical for understanding disease pathobiology, identifying potential biomarkers, and predicting new therapeutic approaches. However, the complexity of COPD requires the more comprehensive understanding that can be achieved through integrated multi-omics studies. Phosphoproteomics, as a part of these multi-omics approaches, can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of COPD.

New advances in quantitative proteomics research and current applications in asthma.

INTRODUCTION: Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease and has been declared a global public health problem by the World Health Organization. Due to the high heterogeneity and complexity, asthma can be classified into different 'phenotypes' and it is still difficult to assess the phenotypes and stages of asthma by traditional methods. In recent years, mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies have made significant progress in sensitivity and accuracy of protein identification and quantitation, and are able to obtain differences in protein expression across samples, which provides new insights into the mechanisms and classification of asthma. AREAS COVERED: In this article, we summarize research strategies in quantitative proteomics, including labeled, label-free and targeted quantification, and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each. In addition, new applications of quantitative proteomics and the current status of research in asthma have also been discussed. In this study, online resources such as PubMed and Google Scholar were used for literature retrieval. EXPERT OPINION: The application of quantitative proteomics in asthma has an important role in identifying asthma subphenotypes, revealing potential pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. But the proteomic studies on asthma are not sufficient, as most of them are in the phase of biomarker discovery.

Collimation principles of a hollow X-ray microbeam for high-contrast cytoplasm irradiation.

A Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the performance of a collimated hollow X-ray microbeam for subcellular cytoplasm irradiation. A high-Z coaxial collimation structure with an inner core for nucleus shielding was investigated. Two key performances, the extraction efficiency (cytoplasm dose per unit incident fluence) and the dose contrast (cytoplasm-to-nucleus dose ratio), were evaluated regarding the influences of the material, geometry and physical arrangements of the collimator, target dish and incident beam source. Simulation results demonstrate that a gold coaxial structure with a practical collimation geometry of a 1-mm length, 10-µm inner diameter and 200-µm outer diameter, with the top exit closely attached (with a minimized air gap) to the bottom of a cell dish with a 3-µm thick Mylar film is recommended for cytoplasm irradiation of adherent mammalian cells. For a synchrotron source in the energy range < 10 keV, a dose contrast of approximately 100 can be achieved. For a bremsstrahlung source <30-kV tube voltage, a dose contrast of approximately 50-100 can still be achieved. General principles are summarized with further explanations of the performance of the hollow X-ray microbeam.

A critical review of persulfate-based electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of emerging contaminants: From mechanisms and electrode materials to applications.

The persulfate-based electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (PS-EAOPs) exhibit distinctive advantages in the degradation of emerging contaminants (ECs) and have garnered significant attention among researchers, leading to a consistent surge in related research publications over the past decade. Regrettably, there is still a lack of a critical review gaining deep into understanding of ECs degradation by PS-EAOPs. To address the knowledge gaps, in this review, the mechanism of electro-activated PS at the interface of the electrodes (anode, cathode and particle electrodes) is elaborated. The correlation between these electrode materials and the activation mechanism of PS is systematically discussed. The strategies for improving the performance of electrode material that determining the efficiency of PS-EAOPs are also summarized. Then, the applications of PS-EAOPs for the degradation of ECs are described. Finally, the challenges and outlook of PS-EAOPs are discussed. In summary, this review offers valuable guidance for the degradation of ECs by PS-EAOPs.

SATB1 mediated tumor colonization and ß-catenin nuclear localization are associated with colorectal cancer progression.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy with high incidence and poor prognosis. It is urgent to identify valuable biomarkers for early diagnosis and potent therapeutic targets. It has been reported that SATB1 is associated with the malignant progression in CRC. To explore the role of SATB1 in CRC progression and the underlying mechanism, we evaluated the expression of SATB1 in the paired CRC tissues with immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the expression of SATB1 in lymph node metastasis was higher than that in primary lesion, and that in distant organ metastasis was higher than that in primary lesion. The retrospective analysis showed that patients with high expression of SATB1 had a significantly worse prognosis than those with negative and moderate expression. In vitro experiments that employing SATB1 over-expressing and depleted CRC cell lines confirmed that SATB1 contributes to cell proliferation and colonization, while inhibiting cell motility. Furthermore, the tissue immunofluorescence assay, Co-IP and Western blot were conducted to reveal that SATB1 induced translocation of ß-catenin and formed a protein complex with it in the nuclei. In conclusion, SATB1 mediated tumor colonization and ß-catenin nuclear localization are associated with the malignant progression and poor prognosis of CRC.

Gut Microbial and Metabolic Features Associated With Clostridioides difficile Infection Recurrence in Children.

Background: Recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a critical clinical issue due to the increase in incidence and difficulty in treatment. We aimed to identify gut microbial and metabolic features associated with disease recurrence in a group of pediatric CDI patients. Methods: A total of 84 children with primary CDI were prospectively enrolled in the study. Fecal samples collected at the initial diagnosis were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and targeted metabolomics analysis to profile the bacterial composition and metabolome. Results: Twenty-six of 84 (31.0%) pediatric CDI patients experienced recurrence. The alpha diversity of the fecal microbiota was significantly lower in the recurrent group than in the nonrecurrent group, and the beta diversity was different from that of the nonrecurrent group. Taxonomic profiles revealed that the relative abundances of multiple bacterial taxa significantly differed between the recurrent and nonrecurrent groups. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis identified several bacterial genera that discriminated between recurrent and nonrecurrent groups, including Parabacteroides, Coprococcus, Dialister, and Clostridium. Recurrent bacteria presented lower abundances of several short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (Faecalibacterium, Butyricicoccus, Clostridium, Roseburia, and Ruminococcus), which were correlated with reduced fecal SCFA levels. In addition, several bile acids, including lithocholic acid (LCA), 12-ketoLCA, trihydroxycholestanoic acid, and deoxycholic acid, were decreased in recurrent patients. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the differing gut microbiota profiles in pediatric CDI patients may contribute to disease recurrence by modulating SCFA concentrations and bile acid profiles. The gut microbiota and metabolite signatures may be used to predict disease recurrence in children with CDI.

Enhanced cycling of Fe(III)/Fe(II) and mass transfer strategy for efficient and stable activation of peroxydisulfate for water decontamination via a flow-through Fe-MOFs cathode.

The efficiency and stability of the electrical activation of persulfate (PS) by transition metal-based cathode are controlled by the cycling of Fe(III)/Fe(II) and the mass transfer of PS. In this study, the mixed-valence MOFs catalyst (FeII-MIL-53(Fe)) modified flow-through cathode was prepared for the first time. FeII-MIL-53(Fe) was prepared by replacing part of the iron-oxygen network structure in MIL-53(Fe) with Fe(II), resulting in the formation of coordinated unsaturated iron centers (CUICs). The increase of the Fe(III) CUICs facilitated the conversion of Fe(III) to Fe(II). Furthermore, the cycling of Fe(III)/Fe(II) was further promoted by the electric field. Meanwhile, the hydrodynamic behavior of flow-through cathode was indicated by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results showed that several reactive specie (SO4·-, ·OH, O2·- and 1O2) were produce. In summary, this work provided an effective strategy for the efficient and stable electrical activation of PDS.

Probiotic properties and the ameliorative effect on DSS-induced colitis of human milk-derived Lactobacillus gasseri SHMB 0001.

Human milk contains a variety of microorganisms that exert benefit for human health. In the current study, we isolated a novel Lactobacillus gasseri strain named Lactobacillus gasseri (L. gasseri) SHMB 0001 from human milk and aimed to evaluate the probiotic characteristics and protective effects on murine colitis of the strain. The results showed that L. gasseri SHMB 0001 possessed promising potential probiotic characteristics, including good tolerance against artificial gastric and intestinal fluids, adhesion to Caco-2 cells, susceptibility to antibiotic, no hemolytic activity, and without signs of toxicity or infection in mice. Administration of L. gasseri SHMB 0001 (1 × 108 CFU per gram of mouse weight per day) reduced weight loss, the disease activity index, and colon shortening in mice during murine colitis conditions. Histopathological analysis revealed that L. gasseri SHMB 0001 treatment attenuated epithelial damage and inflammatory infiltration in the colon. L. gasseri SHMB 0001 treatment increased the expression of colonic occludin and claudin-1 while decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. L. gasseri SHMB 0001 modified the composition and structure of the gut microbiota community and partially recovered the Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathways altered by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Overall, our results indicated that the human breast milk-derived L. gasseri SHMB 0001 exhibited promising probiotic properties and ameliorative effect on DSS-induced colitis in mice. L. gasseri SHMB 0001 may be applied as a promising probiotic against intestinal inflammation in the future. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: L. gasseri SHMB 0001 isolated from human breast milk showed good tolerance to gastrointestinal environment, safety, and protective effect against DSS-induced mice colitis via enforcing gut barrier, downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and modulating gut microbiota. L. gasseri SHMB 0001 may be a promising probiotic candidate for the treatment of intestinal inflammation.

Effects and microbiota changes following oral lyophilized fecal microbiota transplantation in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Background and purpose: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders that is characterized by core features in social communication impairment and restricted, repetitive sensory-motor behaviors. This study aimed to further investigate the utilization of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in children with ASD, both with and without gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, evaluate the effect of FMT and analyze the alterations in bacterial and fungal composition within the gut microbiota. Methods: A total of 38 children diagnosed with ASD participated in the study and underwent oral lyophilized FMT treatment. The dosage of the FMT treatment was determined based on a ratio of 1 g of donor stool per 1 kg of recipient body weight, with a frequency of once every 4 weeks for a total of 12 weeks. In addition, 30 healthy controls (HC) were included in the analysis. The clinical efficacy of FMT was evaluated, while the composition of fecal bacteria and fungi was determined using 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequencing methods. Results: Median age of the 38 children with ASD was 7 years. Among these children, 84.2% (32 of 38) were boys and 81.6% (31 of 38) exhibited GI symptoms, with indigestion, constipation and diarrhea being the most common symptoms. Sample collections and assessments were conducted at baseline (week 0), post-treatment (week 12) and follow-up (week 20). At the end of the follow-up phase after FMT treatment, the autism behavior checklist (ABC) scores decreased by 23% from baseline, and there was a 10% reduction in scores on the childhood autism rating scale (CARS), a 6% reduction in scores on the social responsiveness scale (SRS) and a 10% reduction in scores on the sleep disturbance scale for children (SDSC). In addition, short-term adverse events observed included vomiting and fever in 2 participants, which were self-limiting and resolved within 24 h, and no long-term adverse events were observed. Although there was no significant difference in alpha and beta diversity in children with ASD before and after FMT therapy, the FMT treatment resulted in alterations in the relative abundances of various bacterial and fungal genera in the samples of ASD patients. Comparisons between children with ASD and healthy controls (HC) revealed statistically significant differences in microbial abundance before and after FMT. Blautia, Sellimonas, Saccharomycopsis and Cystobasidium were more abundant in children with ASD than in HC, while Dorea were less abundant. After FMT treatment, levels of Blautia, Sellimonas, Saccharomycopsis and Cystobasidium decreased, while levels of Dorea increased. Moreover, the increased abundances of Fusicatenibacter, Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-003, Saccharomyces, Rhodotorula, Cutaneotrichosporon and Zygosaccharomyces were negatively correlated with the scores of ASD core symptoms. Conclusions: Oral lyophilized FMT could improve GI and ASD related symptoms, as well as sleep disturbances, and alter the gut bacterial and fungal microbiota composition in children with ASD. Clinical Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2200055943. Registered 28 January 2022, www.chictr.org.cn.

Antimicrobial Resistance of Clostridioides difficile in Children from a Tertiary Pediatric Hospital in Shanghai, China.

Background: Our previous study reported a high rate of recurrence in children with Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) after conventional antibiotic therapy. Here, we aimed to explore whether metronidazole and vancomycin resistant C. difficile isolates are circulating in pediatric CDI. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using the agar dilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) were performed on C. difficile isolates collected from children with CDI between 2019 and 2022 at the Shanghai Children's Hospital. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on all C. difficile isolates, and the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were identified using Resfinder and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD). The presence of plasmid pCD-METRO was detected using SRST2 (v0.2.0) against 8 pCD-METRO coding sequences. Results: A total of 50 C. difficile isolates were collected from stools of CDI children. The overall resistance rate on all isolates was 30.00% for metronidazole, 6.00% for vancomycin, 0% for rifaximin, 2.00% for rifampin, 24.00% for meropenem, 100.00% for ceftriaxone and clindamycin, 86.00% for erythromycin, 30.0% for levofloxacin, and 50.0% for tetracycline. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) was presented in 44 isolates (88.00%). Sixteen reported potential ARGs relating with resistance to antibiotic classes of aminoglycoside (AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2")-Ia, aad(6), ANT(6)-Ib, APH(2")-If, APH(3')-IIIa), lincosamide-clindamycin-erythromycin (ErmB, ErmQ), fluoroquinolones (CdeA), glycopeptides (vanRG), nucleoside (SAT-4), tetracycline (tetM, tetA(P), tetB(P), tetO), and trimethoprim (dfrF) were identified. However, the pCD-METRO plasmid and vanA/B were not detected in any isolates. Conclusion: C. difficile isolates from children with reduced susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin are emerging in pediatric CDI in China. The lack of pCD-METRO plasmid and vanA/B associated with reduced antibiotic susceptibility suggests there are additional mechanisms of resistance.

Contribution of a 300 kHz alternating magnetic field on magnetic hyperthermia treatment of HepG2 cells.

We investigated the relative contributions of temperature and a 300 kHz alternating magnetic field (AMF) on magnetic hyperthermia treatment (MHT). Our system consisted of an induction coil, which generated AMF by electric current flow, and a newly developed, temperature-controlled circulating water-jacketed glass bottle placed inside the coil. The AMF generator operated at a frequency of 300 kHz with variable field strength ranging from 0 to 11 mT. Four treatment conditions were employed: (A) control (37 °C, 0 mT), (B) AMF exposure (37 °C, 11 mT), (C) hyperthermia (46 °C, 0 mT), and (D) hyperthermia plus AMF exposure (46 °C, 11 mT) for 30 min. Cell viability and apoptotic death rate were estimated. The relative contributions or interactions of hyperthermia (46 °C) and AMF (11 mT) on MHT were evaluated using 2 × 2 factorial experiment analysis. Group A was statistically different (P < 0.05) from each of the other treatments. The observed effects on both cell viability and apoptotic cell death were influenced by temperature (97.36% and 92.15%, respectively), AMF (1.78% and 4.99%, respectively), and the interactions between temperature and AMF (0.25% and 2.36%, respectively). Thus, the effect of hyperthermia was significant. Also, AMF exposure itself might play a role in MHT, although these observations were made in vitro. These findings suggest a possible presence of an AMF effect during clinical magnetic hyperthermia.

A ternary model of proton therapy based on boron medium radiosensitization and enhancement paths: a Monte Carlo simulation.

Background: To overcome proton therapy limitations [low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation with a relative biological effectiveness (RBE) typically ranging from 1.1 to 1.2], radiosensitization techniques can be employed to increase the radiosensitivity of tumor cells and improve the effectiveness of radiation therapy. In this study, we suggest using a boron-based medium to overcome the biological limitations of proton therapy. By inducing the hydrogen-boron fusion reaction (p + 11B → 3α) of incident protons and capturing thermal neutrons [10B + n → 7Li3+ (0.84 MeV) + 4He2+ (1.47 MeV) + γ (0.477 MeV)], high LET α particles can be released. We propose a "ternary" radiotherapy model to enhance the biological effect of proton therapy. Methods: Using Monte Carlo simulation, the possibility of interacting low-energy proton beams with 11B and thermal neutrons with 10B to produce α particles with higher RBE to enhance the biological effect of proton radiotherapy were investigated. And the number and location of α particles and thermal neutrons produced by the interaction of protons with natural boron had also been studied. Results: Under the basic principle of the "ternary" radiotherapy model, comparative analyses of neutrons and α particles produced by proton beams of different energies incident on the phantoms, which were composed of boron isotopes of different concentrations in proportion to the phantoms, have shown that the α particle yield decreased with decreasing boron doping concentration, whereas the neutron yield increased with decreasing boron doping concentration. The distribution of thermal neutrons and α particles in the longitudinal direction of the proton beam were also studied, and it was found that the number of α particles produced was high at high boron concentrations, and the locations of α and thermal neutrons were close to the treatment target. Conclusions: The proton therapy ternary model is theoretically feasible from the perspective of mathematical analysis and Monte Carlo simulation experiments.

Curculigoside inhibits osteoarthritis via the regulation of NLRP3 pathway.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by degenerative articular cartilage. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) plays an important role in inflammation. This study aims to investigate whether protective effects of curculigoside on OA are medicated by the regulation of NLRP3 pathway. Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) was performed to build an OA mouse model. After surgery, OA mice were treated with curculigoside. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to evaluate OA cartilage. In addition, human chondrocytes were isolated and treated with curculigoside. The mRNA and protein expression of iNOS, MMP-9, NLRP3 was detected by PCR and Western blot analysis. Curculigoside inhibited mRNA and protein levels of iNOS and MMP-9 induced by DMM surgery in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the expression of NLRP3, NF-κB and PKR was downregulated after curculigoside administration. Moreover, curculigoside reversed the effects of IL-1ß on MMP-9, iNOS and type II collagen expression at mRNA and protein levels in human chondrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, curculigoside exhibits beneficial effect on cartilage via the inhibition of NLRP3 pathway.

Academic achievement is more closely associated with student-peer relationships than with student-parent relationships or student-teacher relationships.

Introduction: Personal relationships have long been a concern in education. Most studies indicate that good personal relationships are generally positively correlated with academic performance. However, few studies have compared how different types of personal relationships correlate with academic performance, and the conclusions of existing studies are inconsistent. Based on a large sample, the current study compared how the three closest types of personal relationships among students (with parents, teachers, and their peers) compared with their academic performance. Methods: Cluster sampling was used to issue questionnaires to students in Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China in 2018 (Study 1) and in 2019 (Study 2). The actual sample size included 28168 students in Study 1 and 29869 students in Study 2 (both studies, Grades 4 and 8), thus totaling 58037 students. All students completed a personal relationship questionnaire and several academic tests. Results: The results showed that: (1) the quality of personal relationships significantly and positively correlated with academic performance; (2) Among the three types of relationships tested, the quality of student-peer relationships was the most closely associated with academic achievement. Discussion: This study gives insights into future research directions in this field and also reminds educators to pay attention to the personal relationships among their students, especially peer relationships.

A new intracellular targeting motif in the cytoplasmic tail of the spike protein may act as a target to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 assembly.

Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a threat to global public health, underscoring the urgent need for the development of preventive and therapeutic measures. The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, which mediates receptor binding and subsequent membrane fusion to promote viral entry, is a major target for current drug development and vaccine design. The S protein comprises a large N-terminal extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail (CT) at the C-terminus. CT truncation of the S protein has been previously reported to promote the infectivity of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. However, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been precisely elucidated. In addition, the CT of various viral membrane glycoproteins play an essential role in the assembly of virions, yet the role of the S protein CT in SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. In this study, through constructing a series of mutations of the CT of the S protein and analyzing their impact on the packaging of the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and live SARS-CoV-2 virus, we identified V1264L1265 as a new intracellular targeting motif in the CT of the S protein, that regulates the transport and subcellular localization of the spike protein through the interactions with cytoskeleton and vesicular transport-related proteins, ARPC3, SCAMP3, and TUBB8, thereby modulating SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and live SARS-CoV-2 virion assembly. Either disrupting the V1264L1265 motif or reducing the expression of ARPC3, SCAMP3, and TUBB8 significantly repressed the assembly of the live SARS-CoV-2 virion, raising the possibility that the V1264L1265 motif and the host responsive pathways involved could be new drug targets for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our results extend the understanding of the role played by the S protein CT in the assembly of pseudoviruses and live SARS-CoV-2 virions, which will facilitate the application of pseudoviruses to the study of SARS-CoV-2 and provide potential strategies for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.