Establishment and recall of SARS-CoV-2 spike epitope-specific CD4+ T cell memory.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination elicit CD4+ T cell responses to the spike protein, including circulating follicular helper T (cTFH) cells that correlate with neutralizing antibodies. Using a novel HLA-DRB1*15:01/S751 tetramer to track spike-specific CD4+ T cells, we show that primary infection or vaccination induces robust S751-specific CXCR5- and cTFH cell memory responses. Secondary exposure induced recall of CD4+ T cells with a transitory CXCR3+ phenotype, and drove expansion of cTFH cells transiently expressing ICOS, CD38 and PD-1. In both contexts, cells exhibited a restricted T cell antigen receptor repertoire, including a highly public clonotype and considerable clonotypic overlap between CXCR5- and cTFH populations. Following a third vaccine dose, the rapid re-expansion of spike-specific CD4+ T cells contrasted with the comparatively delayed increase in antibody titers. Overall, we demonstrate that stable pools of cTFH and memory CD4+ T cells established by infection and/or vaccination are efficiently recalled upon antigen reexposure and may contribute to long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2.

SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection induces rapid memory and de novo T cell responses.

Although the protective role of neutralizing antibodies against COVID-19 is well established, questions remain about the relative importance of cellular immunity. Using 6 pMHC multimers in a cohort with early and frequent sampling, we define the phenotype and kinetics of recalled and primary T cell responses following Delta or Omicron breakthrough infection in previously vaccinated individuals. Recall of spike-specific CD4+ T cells was rapid, with cellular proliferation and extensive activation evident as early as 1 day post symptom onset. Similarly, spike-specific CD8+ T cells were rapidly activated but showed variable degrees of expansion. The frequency of activated SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells at baseline and peak inversely correlated with peak SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in nasal swabs and accelerated viral clearance. Our study demonstrates that a rapid and extensive recall of memory T cell populations occurs early after breakthrough infection and suggests that CD8+ T cells contribute to the control of viral replication in breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections.

The magnitude and timing of recalled immunity after breakthrough infection is shaped by SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 protects from infection and improves clinical outcomes in breakthrough infections, likely reflecting residual vaccine-elicited immunity and recall of immunological memory. Here, we define the early kinetics of spike-specific humoral and cellular immunity after vaccination of seropositive individuals and after Delta or Omicron breakthrough infection in vaccinated individuals. Early longitudinal sampling revealed the timing and magnitude of recall, with the phenotypic activation of B cells preceding an increase in neutralizing antibody titers. While vaccination of seropositive individuals resulted in robust recall of humoral and T cell immunity, recall of vaccine-elicited responses was delayed and variable in magnitude during breakthrough infections and depended on the infecting variant of concern. While the delayed kinetics of immune recall provides a potential mechanism for the lack of early control of viral replication, the recall of antibodies coincided with viral clearance and likely underpins the protective effects of vaccination against severe COVID-19.

Cytokines enhance human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell TCR-dependent and TCR-independent effector functions.

Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can recognize various molecules associated with cellular stress or transformation, providing a unique avenue for the treatment of cancers or infectious diseases. Nonetheless, Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell-based immunotherapies frequently achieve suboptimal efficacies in vivo. Enhancing the cytotoxic effector function of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells is one potential avenue through which the immunotherapeutic potential of this subset may be improved. We compared the use of four pro-inflammatory cytokines on the effector phenotype and functions of in vitro expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, and demonstrated TCR-independent cytotoxicity mediated through CD26, CD16, and NKG2D, which could be further enhanced by IL-23, IL-18, and IL-15 stimulation throughout expansion. This work defines promising culture conditions that could improve Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell-based immunotherapies and furthers our understanding of how this subset might recognize and target transformed or infected cells.

Suppression of frequency-mixing effect for pm-level heterodyne interferometers based on "zero coupling" optical path length control.

Optical path length (OPL) noise resulting from stray light significantly constrains interferometry displacement measurements in the low-frequency band. This paper presents an analytical model considering the presence of stray light in heterodyne laser interferometers. Due to the cyclic nonlinear coupling effect, there will be some special OPLs of stray light, minimizing the frequency-mixing impact to zero. Consequently, we propose a noise suppression scheme that locks the OPL of stray light at the zero coupling point. Therefore, we significantly enhanced the interference displacement measurement noise within the low-frequency band. Experimental results show that the interferometer achieves a displacement noise level lower than 6 pm/Hz1/2 covering 1 mHz.

Metabolic difference between patient-derived xenograft model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and corresponding primary tumor.

BACKGROUND: Patients-derived xenograft (PDX) model have been widely used for tumor biological and pathological studies. However, the metabolic similarity of PDX tumor to the primary cancer (PC) is still unknown. METHODS: In present study, we established PDX model by engrafting primary tumor of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and then compared the tumor metabolomics of PC, the first generation of PDX tumor (PDXG1), and the third generation of PDX tumor (PDXG3) by using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Then, we assessed the differences in response to chemotherapy between PDXG1 and PDXG3 and corresponding metabolomic differences in drug-resistant tumor tissues. To evaluate the metabolomic similarity of PDX to PC, we also compared the metabolomic difference of cell-derived xenograft (CDX) vs. PC and PDX vs. PC. RESULTS: After engraftment, PDXG1 tumor had a low level of lactate, pyruvate, citrate and multiple amino acids (AAs) compared with PC. Metabolite sets enrichment and metabolic pathway analyses implied that glycolysis metabolisms were suppressed in PDXG1 tumor, and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)-associated anaplerosis pathways, such as amino acids metabolisms, were enhanced. Then, after multiple passages of PDX, the altered glycolysis and TCA-associated anaplerosis pathways were partially recovered. Although no significant difference was observed in the response of PDXG1 and PDXG3 to chemotherapy, the difference in glycolysis and amino acids metabolism between PDXG1 and PDXG3 could still be maintained. In addition, the metabolomic difference between PC and CDX models were much larger than that of PDX model and PC, indicating that PDX model still retain more metabolic characteristics of primary tumor which is more suitable for tumor-associated metabolism research. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with primary tumor, PDX models have obvious difference in metabolomic level. These findings can help us design in vivo tumor metabolomics research legitimately and analyze the underlying mechanism of tumor metabolic biology thoughtfully.

The impact of isolated obesity compared with obesity and other risk factors on risk of stillbirth: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Maternal obesity is associated with stillbirth, but uncertainty persists around the effects of higher obesity classes. We sought to compare the risk of stillbirth associated with maternal obesity alone versus maternal obesity and additional or undiagnosed factors contributing to high-risk pregnancy. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Better Outcomes Registry and Network (BORN) for singleton hospital births in Ontario between 2012 and 2018. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression and logistic regression to evaluate the relationship between prepregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI) class and stillbirth (reference was normal BMI). We treated maternal characteristics and obstetrical complications as independent covariates. We performed mediator analyses to measure the direct and indirect effects of BMI on stillbirth through major common-pathway complications. We used fully adjusted and partially adjusted models, representing the impact of maternal obesity alone and maternal obesity with other risk factors on stillbirth, respectively. RESULTS: We analyzed data on 681 178 births between 2012 and 2018, of which 1956 were stillbirths. Class I obesity was associated with an increased incidence of stillbirth (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35-1.78). This association was stronger for class III obesity (adjusted HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.44-2.24), and strongest for class II obesity (adjusted HR 2.17, 95% CI 1.83-2.57). Plotting point estimates for odds ratios, stratified by gestational age, showed a marked increase in the relative odds for stillbirth beyond 37 weeks' gestation for those with obesity with and without other risk factors, compared with those with normal BMI. The impact of potential mediators was minimal. INTERPRETATION: Maternal obesity alone and obesity with other risk factors are associated with an increased risk of stillbirth. This risk increases with gestational age, especially at term.

Associations of neighborhood greenspace, and active living environments with autism spectrum disorders: A matched case-control study in Ontario, Canada.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence links early life residential exposure to natural urban environmental attributes and positive health outcomes in children. However, few studies have focused on their protective effects on the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of neighborhood greenspace, and active living environments during pregnancy with ASD in young children (≤6 years). METHODS: We conducted a population-based matched case-control study of singleton term births in Ontario, Canada for 2012-2016. The ASD and environmental data was generated using the Ontario Autism Spectrum Profile, the Better Outcomes Registry & Network Ontario, and Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium. We employed conditional logistic regressions to estimate the odds ratio (OR) between ASD and environmental factors characterizing selected greenspace metrics and neighborhoods conducive to active living (i.e., green view index (GVI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), tree canopy, park proximity and active living environments index (ALE)). RESULTS: We linked 8643 mother-child pairs, including 1554 cases (18%). NDVI (OR 1.034, 0.944-1.024, per Inter Quartile Range [IQR] = 0.08), GVI (OR 1.025, 95% CI 0.953-1.087, per IQR = 9.45%), tree canopy (OR 0.992, 95% CI 0.903-1.089, per IQR = 6.24%) and the different categories of ALE were not associated with ASD in adjusted models for air pollution. In contrast, living closer to a park was protective (OR 0.888, 0.833-0.948, per 0.06 increase in park proximity index), when adjusted for air pollution. CONCLUSIONS: This study reported mixed findings showing both null and beneficial effects of green spaces and active living environments on ASD. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the role of exposure to greenspaces and active living environments on the development of ASD.

Association between prenatal air pollutant exposure and autism spectrum disorders in young children: A matched case-control study in Canada.

The direction and magnitude of association between maternal exposure to ambient air pollutants across gestational windows and offspring risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) remains unclear. We sought to evaluate the time-varying effects of prenatal air pollutant exposure on ASD. We conducted a matched case-control study of singleton term children born in Ontario, Canada from 1-Apr-2012 to 31-Dec-2016. Provincial birth registry data were linked with applied behavioural analysis services and ambient air pollutant datasets to ascertain prenatal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ground-level ozone (O3), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and ASD diagnoses. Covariate balance between cases and controls was established using coarsened exact matching. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess the association between prenatal air pollutant exposure and ASD. Distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM) were used to examine the effects of single-pollutant exposure by prenatal week. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact of exposure period on the observed findings. The final sample included 1589 ASD cases and 7563 controls. Compared to controls, cases were more likely to be born to mothers living in urban areas, delivered by Caesarean section, and assigned male sex at birth. NO2 was a consistent and significant contributor to ASD risk after accounting for co-exposure to O3, PM2.5 and covariates. The odds ratio per interquartile range increase was 2.1 (95%CI 1.8-2.3) pre-conception, 2.2 (2.0-2.5) for the 1st trimester, 2.2 (1.9-2.5) for the 2nd trimester, and 2.1 (1.9-2.4) for the 3rd trimester. In contrast, findings for O3 and PM2.5 with ASD were inconsistent. Findings from DLNM and sensitivity analyses were similar. Exposure to NO2 before and during pregnancy was significantly associated with ASD in offspring. The relationship between prenatal O3 and PM2.5 exposure and ASD remains unclear. Further investigation into the combined effects of multi-pollutant exposure on child neurodevelopment is warranted.

Polyphyllin D punctures hypertrophic lysosomes to reverse drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting acid sphingomyelinase.

Hypertrophic lysosomes are critical for tumor progression and drug resistance; however, effective and specific lysosome-targeting compounds for cancer therapy are lacking. Here we conducted a lysosomotropic pharmacophore-based in silico screen in a natural product library (2,212 compounds), and identified polyphyllin D (PD) as a novel lysosome-targeted compound. PD treatment was found to cause lysosomal damage, as evidenced by the blockade of autophagic flux, loss of lysophagy, and the release of lysosomal contents, thus exhibiting anticancer effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell both in vitro and in vivo. Closer mechanistic examination revealed that PD suppressed the activity of acid sphingomyelinase (SMPD1), a lysosomal phosphodieserase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to produce ceramide and phosphocholine, by directly occupying its surface groove, with Trp148 in SMPD1 acting as a major binding residue; this suppression of SMPD1 activity irreversibly triggers lysosomal injury and initiates lysosome-dependent cell death. Furthermore, PD-enhanced lysosomal membrane permeabilization to release sorafenib, augmenting the anticancer effect of sorafenib both in vivo and in vitro. Overall, our study suggests that PD can potentially be further developed as a novel autophagy inhibitor, and a combination of PD with classical chemotherapeutic anticancer drugs could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC intervention.

The Association Between Doula Care and Childbirth-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Childbirth Experience.

INTRODUCTION: Although the benefits of doula care during childbirth are well-known, its impact on childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder (CB-PTSD) symptoms are less thoroughly characterized. This study aimed to explore the association between doula care and CB-PTSD symptoms and the potential mediating role of childbirth experience on this association. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted in a hospital in China, enrolling women with singleton live vaginal births. The exposure and primary outcome factors of interest were doula care and CB-PTSD symptoms, with childbirth experience as a mediating factor. Questionnaires were administered to collect baseline data and childbirth experience at 3 days postpartum, and CB-PTSD symptoms from participants at 42 days postpartum. Linear regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between doula care, childbirth experience, and CB-PTSD symptoms, while the mediating role of childbirth experience was analyzed using the SPSS (PROCESS) modeling tool. RESULTS: A total of 445 eligible women were included in the final analysis, including 120 who received doula care and 325 who did not. Linear regression analyses found that doula care was independently associated with CB-PTSD symptoms (ß = -0.11, p < 0.05) and childbirth experience (ß = 0.50, p < 0.001). Childbirth experience was significantly associated with CB-PTSD symptoms (ß = -0.17, p < 0.001). Childbirth experience mediated the association between doula care and CB-PTSD symptoms (indirect effect = -1.08, 95% CI -1.91 to -0.10), even after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Childbirth experience serves as a mediator of the association between doula care and CB-PTSD symptoms. By providing supportive care for women during childbirth, their childbirth experience could be improved, thereby reducing the risk of CB-PTSD symptoms.

Temporal Trends in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Risk Factors in Ontario, Canada, 2012-2020: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been increasing globally over recent decades; however, underlying reasons for the increase remain unclear. We analyzed trends in GDM rates and evaluated risk factors associated with the observed trends in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using the Better Outcomes Registry and Network Ontario, linked with the Canadian Institute for Health Information Discharge Abstract Database. All pregnant individuals who had a singleton hospital delivery from 1 April 2012 to 31 March 2020 were included. We calculated rates and 95% CIs for GDM by year of delivery and contrasted fiscal year 2019/20 with 2012/13. Temporal trends in GDM were quantified using crude and adjusted risk ratios by modified Poisson regression. We further quantified the temporal increase attributable to changes in maternal characteristics by decomposition analysis. RESULTS: Among 1 044 258 pregnant individuals, 82 896 (7.9%) were diagnosed with GDM over the 8 years. GDM rate rose from 6.1 to 10.4 per 100 deliveries between fiscal years 2012/13 and 2019/20. The risk of GDM in 2019/20 was 1.53 times (95% CI 1.50-1.56) higher compared with 2012/13. 27% of the increase in GDM was due to changes in maternal age, 8 BMI, and Asian ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: The GDM rate has been consistently increasing in Ontario, Canada. The contribution of increasing maternal age, pre-pregnancy obesity, and Asian ethnicity to the recent increase in GDM is notable. Further investigation is required to better understand the contributors to increasing GDM.

Infant Infections Following Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Request: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: Investigations about cesarean delivery (CD) on maternal request (CDMR) and infant infection risk frequently rely on administrative data with poorly defined indications for CD. We sought to determine the association between CDMR and infant infection using an intent-to-treat approach. METHODS: This was a population-based cohort study of low-risk singleton pregnancies with a term live birth in Ontario, Canada between April 2012 and March 2018. Subjects with prior CD were excluded. Outcomes included upper and lower respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, otitis media, and a composite of these 4. Relative risk and 95% CI were calculated for component and composite outcomes up to 1 year following planned CDMR versus planned vaginal deliveries (VDs). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses included age at infection (≤28 vs. >28 days), type of care (ambulatory vs. hospitalisation), restricting the cohort to nulliparous pregnancies, and including individuals with previous CD. Last, we re-examined outcome risk on an as-treated basis (actual CD vs. actual VD). RESULTS: Of 422 134 pregnancies, 0.4% (1827) resulted in a planned CDMR. After adjusting for covariates, planned CDMR was not associated with a risk of composite infant infections (adjusted relative risk 1.02; 95% CI 0.92-1.11). Findings for component infection outcomes, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses were similar. However, the as-treated analysis of the role of delivery mode on infant risk for infection demonstrated that actual CD (planned and unplanned) was associated with an increased risk for infant infections compared to actual VD. CONCLUSIONS: Planned CDMR is not associated with increased risk for neonatal or infant infections compared with planned VD. Study design must be carefully considered when investigating the impact of CDMR on infant infection outcomes.

Relationship Between Gestational Weight Gain and Health Service Utilization in Early Childhood: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: Gestational weight gain (GWG) outside recommended ranges can negatively impact both the woman and child. The long-term effects of below-recommended or above-recommended GWG on the child are unclear. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used a population-based birth registry of 258,005 live births to evaluate the relationship between maternal GWG and paediatric health service use. RESULTS: The results suggest below recommended GWG in underweight women in particular is associated with an increased rate of hospitalizations and specialist visits for the child in the first 24 months. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that GWG may impact paediatric outcomes in ways that depend on pre-pregnancy body mass index, as derived from maternal height and weight measures.

Genetic Diversity and Pathogenicity Characterization of Tomato-Infecting Begomoviruses in Taiwan.

The tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) caused by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)-transmitted begomoviruses (Geminiviridae) has constrained tomato production in Taiwan since 1981. Lisianthus enation leaf curl virus (LELCV), tomato leaf curl Taiwan virus (ToLCTV), and tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV) were the major viruses associated with TYLCD. In 2019 to 2020, we investigated TYLCD throughout Taiwan, with a 10 to 100% incidence on tomato fields. Begomovirus sequences were detected in 321 out of 506 collected samples by PCR with primers PAL1v1978B and PAR1c715H. In 2015 to 2016, 59 out of 99 samples collected in Hualien-Taitung areas were also found to have begomovirus sequences. Based on the analysis of 68 viral genomic sequences, six begomoviruses were identified, including LELCV, ToLCTV, TYLCTHV, tomato leaf curl Hsinchu virus, and two new begomoviruses, tentatively named tomato leaf curl Chiayi virus (ToLCCYV) and tomato leaf curl Nantou virus (ToLCNTV). Various isolates of LELCV and TYLCTHV were grouped into four and two strains, respectively. Recombinants were detected in LELCV-A, -C, and -D, ToLCCYV, ToLCNTV, and TYLCTHV-F. Based on virus-specific detection, the majority of TYLCD-associated viruses were mixed-infected by TYLCTHV-B with TYLCTHV-F, LELCV-A, -B, or -D, and/or ToLCTV. Meanwhile, viral DNA-B was mostly associated with TYLCTHV, and all identified DNA-Bs were highly homologous with previous TYLCTHV DNA-B. The pathogenicity of selected begomoviruses was confirmed through agroinfection and whitefly transmission. All tomato plants carrying Ty-1/3 and Ty-2 resistant genes were infected by all LELCV strains and ToLCCYV, although they appeared symptomless, suggesting these viruses could be managed through the use of the resistance pyramid.

Two new guaiane-type sesquiterpenes from Curcuma wenyujin.

Two new guaiane-type sesquiterpenes, wenyujinolides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the ethanol extract of Curcuma wenyujin, together with 10 known compounds. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic methods (IR, ESIMS, HRESIMS, ECD, 1D and 2D NMR) and comparison of their NMR data with literatures. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for the inhibition of NO production in LPS induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Floral nectar reabsorption and a sugar concentration gradient in two long-spurred Habenaria species (Orchidaceae).

BACKGROUND: Floral nectar is the most common reward flowers offered to pollinators. The quality and quantity of nectar produced by a plant species provide a key to understanding its interactions with pollinators and predicting rates of reproductive success. However, nectar secretion is a dynamic process with a production period accompanied or followed by reabsorption and reabsorption remains an understudied topic. In this study, we compared nectar volume and sugar concentration in the flowers of two long-spurred orchid species, Habenaria limprichtii and H. davidii (Orchidaceae). We also compared sugar concentration gradients within their spurs and rates of reabsorption of water and sugars. RESULTS: Both species produced diluted nectar with sugar concentrations from 17 to 24%. Analyses of nectar production dynamics showed that as flowers of both species wilted almost all sugar was reabsorbed while the original water was retained in their spurs. We established a nectar sugar concentration gradient for both species, with differences in sugar concentrations at their spur's terminus and at their spur's entrance (sinus). Sugar concentration gradient levels were 1.1% in H. limprichtii and 2.8% in H. davidii, both decreasing as flowers aged. CONCLUSION: We provided evidence for the reabsorption of sugars but not water occurred in wilted flowers of both Habenaria species. Their sugar concentration gradients vanished as flowers aged suggesting a slow process of sugar diffusion from the nectary at the spur's terminus where the nectar gland is located. The processes of nectar secretion/reabsorption in conjunction with the dilution and hydration of sugar rewards for moth pollinators warrant further study.

Gestational weight loss and fetal growth in uncomplicated pregnancies among women with obesity: a population-based retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The impact of gestational weight loss (GWL) on fetal growth among women with obesity remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between weight loss during pregnancy among women with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 and the risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) neonates. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study of women with pre-pregnancy obesity that resulted in a singleton live birth in 2012-2017, using birth registry data in Ontario, Canada. Women with pregnancy complications or health conditions which could cause weight loss were excluded. GWL is defined as negative gestational weight change (≤0 kg). The association between GWL and fetal growth was estimated using generalized estimating equation models and restricted cubic spline regression analysis. Stratified analysis was conducted by obesity class (I:30-34.9 kg/m2, II:35-39.9 kg/m2, and III + : ≥40 kg/m2). RESULTS: Of the 52,153 eligible women who entered pregnancy with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, 5.3% had GWL. Compared to adequate gestational weight gain, GWL was associated with an increased risk of SGA neonates (aRR:1.45, 95% CI: 1.30-1.60) and a decreased risk of LGA neonates (aRR: 0.81, 95% CI:0.73-0.93). Non-linear L-shaped associations were observed between gestational weight change and SGA neonates, with an increased risk of SGA observed with increased GWL. On the contrary, non-linear S-shaped associations were observed between gestational weight change and LGA neonates, with a decreased risk of LGA observed with increased GWL. Similar findings were observed from the stratified analysis by obesity class. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight that GWL in women with obesity may increase the risk of SGA neonates but reduce the risk of LGA neonates. Recommendations of GWL for women with obesity should be interpreted with caution.

Development and evaluation of serological screening based on one dried plasma spot for HIV, syphilis, and HCV.

BACKGROUND: In the effort to prevent and control HIV/AIDS, China has established a national sentinel surveillance system. However, some sentinel sites face limitations in environmental resources and accessibility, prompting the exploration of alternative sample strategies. Dried plasma spots (DPS) samples are viewed as promising alternatives to traditional plasma samples due to their advantages, including sample stability, easy storage, and convenient transport. This study aims to develop a method for screening HIV, Treponema pallidum (TP), and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) using DPS samples and assess their performance. METHODS: Based on existing commercial assay kits, a detection method was established through the optimization of experimental parameters, including the amount of plasma on filter paper, the volume of elution solution applied to dried plasma spots, the size of dried plasma spots, elution solution volume, elution solution components, elution temperature, and elution time. A series of laboratory evaluation panels were constructed for laboratory assessments, including the laboratory basic panel, laboratory interference panel, and laboratory precision panel. Additionally, clinical samples were used for evaluation. RESULTS: Optimal conditions for DPS sample extraction were: plasma volume, 100 µL; DPS size, whole spot; eluent volume, 500 µL; eluent, PBS with 1‰ Tween20; elution time, 2 h; elution temperature, room temperature. A total of 619 paired plasma/DPS samples were tested by both methods. The DPS-based ELISA method exhibited 100% sensitivity/specificity for HIV, 98.6%/100% for TP, and 99.6%/100% for HCV. Kappa values between the plasma samples and DPS samples were 100% for HIV, 99% for TP, and 100% for HCV. The DPS-based ELISA method failed to detect 1 HCV mono-infected sample and TP in 1 HIV/HCV/TP co-infected sample. For the HIV/HCV/TP co-infected sample, the S/CO in the plasma sample was 2.143 and in the DPS sample was 0.5. For HCV, the S/CO (sample OD/cut-off) was 3.049 in the plasma sample and 0.878 in the DPS sample. CONCLUSIONS: A single DPS, following one-time standardized processing, can be used to detect HIV, HCV, and TP. Researching and establishing laboratory testing methods better suited for China's sentinel surveillance have significant practical applications in improving HIV testing in resource-constrained environments.

Coformulation with Tattoo Ink for Immunological Assessment of Vaccine Immunogenicity in the Draining Lymph Node.

Characterization of germinal center B and T cell responses yields critical insights into vaccine immunogenicity. Nonhuman primates are a key preclinical animal model for human vaccine development, allowing both lymph node (LN) and circulating immune responses to be longitudinally sampled for correlates of vaccine efficacy. However, patterns of vaccine Ag drainage via the lymphatics after i.m. immunization can be stochastic, driving uneven deposition between lymphoid sites and between individual LN within larger clusters. To improve the accurate isolation of Ag-exposed LN during biopsies and necropsies, we developed and validated a method for coformulating candidate vaccines with tattoo ink in both mice and pigtail macaques. This method allowed for direct visual identification of vaccine-draining LN and evaluation of relevant Ag-specific B and T cell responses by flow cytometry. This approach is a significant advancement in improving the assessment of vaccine-induced immunity in highly relevant nonhuman primate models.