TCL1A acts as a tumour suppressor by modulating gastric cancer autophagy via miR-181a-5p-TCL1A-Akt/mTOR-c-MYC loop.

Gastric cancer is the third most commonly cause of tumour-related death worldwide and one of the most prevalent malignancies in China. TCL1A, TCL1 family Akt coactivator A, can active Akt/mTOR pathway and regulate the autophagy. However, the action of TCL1A in gastric cancer is not well understood. The present study is investigating the mechanism of action of TCL1A in gastric cancer. TCL1A was lowly expressed in gastric cancer tissues. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that miR-181a-5p can regulate c-MYC through the TCL1A-Akt/mTOR pathway and c-MYC can in turn affect the expression of miR-181a-5p, thus confirming the existence of the miR-181a-5p-TCL1A-Akt/mTOR-c-MYC loop. Flow cytometric apoptosis assay and mRFP-eGFP-LC3 autophagy assay demonstrated that both miR-181a-5p and TCL1A can affect autophagy and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells through the loop. In vivo experiments confirmed that TCL1A can affect the proliferation of gastric cancer. These results illustrate that TCL1A can exert tumour suppressive effects and affect gastric cancer autophagy and progression via the miR-181a-5p-TCL1A-Akt/mTOR-c-MYC loop, which could be a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer.

Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase promotes the progression of gastric cancer through a JNK-MAPK/JUN/HK2 axis regulated glycolysis.

BACKGROUND: Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uMtCK) transfers high-energy phosphates from mitochondrially generated ATP to creatine to generate phosphocreatine. uMtCK overexpression has been reported in several malignant tumors, however, the clinical significance and impact of uMtCK in gastric cancer (GC) has not been comprehensively studied. METHODS: We first examined uMtCK expression in GC by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot assays. Then the clinicopathological significance of aberrant uMtCK expression was determined by immunohistochemical staining in a GC tissue microarray. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used for survival analysis. The biological functions of uMtCK in GC cells were explored by wound-healing, transwell assays and glucose metabolism assays in vitro as well as a liver metastasis model by spleen injection in nude mice in vivo. RESULTS: We verified that the expression of uMtCK was substantially elevated in GC tissues, significantly associating with a poorer prognosis in GC patients, especially for those with advanced stage. In univariate and multivariate analyses, uMtCK expression emerged as an independent prognostic factor for both disease-free survival and overall survival. Functionally, we demonstrated that uMtCK promoted glycolysis in GC cells and facilitated their migration, invasion and liver metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, uMtCK enhanced GC progression in a HK2-dependent glycolysis via acting the JNK-MAPK/JUN signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: uMtCK could serve as a novel independent prognostic biomarker as well as potential therapeutic target for GC patients, particularly for GC patients with an advanced UICC stage and tumor recurrence.

miR-4775 promotes colorectal cancer invasion and metastasis via the Smad7/TGFß-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition.

BACKGROUND: Despite advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), many patients die because of tumor metastasis or recurrence. Therefore, identifying new prognostic markers and elucidating the mechanisms of CRC metastasis and recurrence will help to improve the prognosis of the disease. As dysregulation of microRNAs is strongly related to cancer progression, the aim of this study was to identify the role of miR-4775 in the prognosis of CRC patients and the underling mechanisms involved in CRC progression. METHODS: qPCR and in situ hybridization were used to evaluate the expression of miR-4775 in 544 pairs of paraffin-embedded normal and CRC tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test was used for survival analyses. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to investigate the expression of miR-4775-regulated Smad7/TGFß pathway-associated markers. In vitro and in vivo invasion and metastasis assays were used to explore the function of miR-4775 in the progression of CRC. RESULTS: miR-4775 was identified as a high-risk factor for CRC metastasis and recurrence, with high levels predicting poor survival among the 544 studied CRC patients. Furthermore, high miR-4775 expression promoted the invasion of CRC cells as well as metastasis and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) via Smad7-mediated activation of TGFß signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Downregulating miR-4775 or overexpressing Smad7 reversed the tumor-promoting roles of miR-4775/Smad7/TGFß in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION: miR-4775 promotes CRC metastasis and recurrence in a Smad7/TGFß signaling-dependent manner, providing a new therapeutic target for inhibiting the metastasis or recurrence of the disease.

Down-regulation of Barx2 predicts poor survival in colorectal cancer.

Human BarH-like homeobox 2 (Barx2), a homeodomain factor of the Bar family, has an important role in controlling the expression of cell adhesion molecules and has been reported in an increasing array of tumor types except colorectal cancer (CRC). The purpose of the current study was to characterize the expression of Barx2 and assess the clinical significance of Barx2 in CRC. First, we analyzed the expression of Barx2 in two independent public datasets from Oncomine. Subsequently, we evaluated Barx2 mRNA and protein expression by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. It was determined that Barx2 expression was lower in tumor tissues than in adjacent non-tumorous colorectal tissues of CRC patients, consistent with results from the public datasets. Subsequently, a tissue microarray containing 196 CRC specimens was evaluated for Barx2 expression by immunohistochemical staining. It was found that low expression of Barx2 significantly correlated with TNM stage, AJCC stage, differentiation, and relapse in patients with CRC. Patients with lower levels of Barx2 expression showed reduced disease-free survival and overall survival. Furthermore, a trend toward shorter overall survival in the patient group with Barx2-negative tumors independent of advanced AJCC stage and poor differentiation was determined by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Based on univariate and multivariate analyses, Barx2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for determining CRC prognosis. Taken together, low Barx2 expression was associated with the progression of CRC and could serve as a potential independent prognostic biomarker for patients with CRC.

Significance and prognostic value of Gli-1 and Snail/E-cadherin expression in progressive gastric cancer.

Abnormal activation of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been found to be involved in the occurrence, invasion, and metastasis of cancers. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) also plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of cancers. However, the significance of the Hh signaling pathway and EMT in the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the significance and prognostic value of the Hh signaling pathway and EMT in progressive gastric cancer. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of the Hh-induced transcriptional factor Gli-1 and the EMT-related molecules Snail and E-cadherin in 121 patients with progressive gastric cancer. Histological type, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and pTNM stage were also recorded. In progressive gastric cancer, Gli-1 expression increased markedly, and was closely associated with increased Snail expression and decreased E-cadherin expression. Diffuse type cancer, lymph node metastasis, and abnormal expression of E-cadherin were independent factors influencing the prognosis of patients with progressive gastric cancer. These findings suggest that abnormal activation of the Hh signaling pathway is closely related to the presence of EMT and is an important factor influencing the prognosis of patients with diffuse progressive gastric cancer.

Downregulation of metallothionein 1F, a putative oncosuppressor, by loss of heterozygosity in colon cancer tissue.

PURPOSE: Downregulation of metallothionein (MT) genes has been reported in several tumors with discrepant results. This study is to investigate molecular mechanism of MT gene regulation in colon cancer which is characterized by tumor suppressor gene alterations. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Integral analysis of microarray data with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) information was employed. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to validate MT isoform expression in colon cancer tissues and cell lines. The effects of MT1F expression on RKO cell survival and tumorigenesis was analyzed. Bisulphite sequencing PCR (BSP) and methylation-specific PCR were employed to detect the methylation status of the MT1F gene in colon cancer tissues and cell lines. DNA sequencing was used to examine the LOH at the MT1F locus. RESULTS: MT1F, MT1G, MT1X, and MT2A gene expression was significantly downregulated in colon cancer tissue (p<0.05). Exogenous MT1F expression increased RKO cell apoptosis and inhibited RKO cell migration, invasion and adhesion as well as in vivo tumorigenicity. Downregulation of MT1F gene in majority of human colon tumor tissues is mainly through mechanism by loss of heterozygosity (p=0.001) while CpG island methylation of MT1F gene promoter region was only observed in poorly differentiated, MSI-positive RKO and LoVo colon cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: MT1F is a putative tumor suppressor gene in colon carcinogenesis that is downregulated mainly by LOH in colon cancer tissue. Further studies are required to elucidate a possible role for MT1F downregulation in colon cancer initiation and/or progression.

microRNA-148a suppresses human gastric cancer cell metastasis by reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gastric cancer development and progression. miR-148a is one of the most frequently and highly downregulated miRNAs in gastric cancer and is associated with advanced clinical stage and poor prognosis. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-148a in gastric cancer metastasis. Levels of miR-148a were determined by qRT-PCR in 60 gastric cancer samples. Cell migration and invasion assays were performed in a stably expressing miRNA-148a gastric cancer cell line established using a lentivirus expression system. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was evaluated using qRT-PCR and Western Blots to detect epithelial marker E-cadherin and mesenchymal marker, vimentin. Luciferase reporter assays were used to identify downstream targets and biological function of miR-148a. Gastric cancer tissue had significantly lower expression of miR-148a compared to non-tumor tissue. Low miR-148a levels were associated with lymph node metastasis, N stage, and blood vessel invasion. miR-148a overexpression inhibited metastasis of gastric cancer cells. miR-148a overexpression also downregulated vimentin expression and upregulated E-cadherin expression, suggesting that miR-148a inhibited EMT. Finally, the SMAD2 gene was identified as the direct and functional target of miR-148a. MiR-148a suppresses gastric cancer metastasis and EMT, likely via SMAD2. Restoration of miR-148a expression could have important implications in gastric cancer therapy.

Decreased expression of RASSF6 is a novel independent prognostic marker of a worse outcome in gastric cancer patients after curative surgery.

BACKGROUND: Our previous study observed that the expression of RASSF6, a member of the Ras-association domain family, was down-regulated in gastric cancer cells. The present study further investigated the clinical significance of RASSF6 in gastric cancer. METHODS: Using real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, tissue microarray (TMA), and immunohistochemical staining, we evaluated RASSF6 mRNA and protein levels in tumor tissues and in the paired adjacent normal mucosa from patients with gastric cancers at different stages. RESULTS: RASSF6 mRNA and protein levels were decreased in gastric cancer tissues compared with the adjacent normal mucosa. Immunohistochemical detection of RASSF6 in a TMA that contained 264 paired specimens showed that a decreased cytoplasmic RASSF6 expression was significantly associated with the extent of cancer invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, tumor histological grade, advanced clinical stage, and Ki-67 proliferative index. Moreover, RASSF6 expression in metastatic lymph nodes was lower than in the paired primary tumors. Patients with RASSF6-negative tumors had extremely higher disease recurrence rates and poorer survival than patients with RASSF6-positive tumors even after radical surgery. Stratification analysis revealed RASSF6 as an independent predictor for tumor recurrence in patients with gastric cancers irrespective of tumor stage. CONCLUSIONS: RASSF6 might contribute to the progression of gastric carcinogenesis and may function as a novel independent prognostic marker for the prediction of the recurrence of cancer in patients after curative operations.

Identification and validation of Kallikrein-ralated peptidase 11 as a novel prognostic marker of gastric cancer based on immunohistochemistry.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is important to identify and validate the differentially expressed genes in gastric cancer to screen diagnostic and/or prognostic tumor markers. METHODS: cDNA expression microarray, gene set enrichment analysis, and bioinformatics approaches were used to screen the differentially expressed genes between gastric cancer tissues and adjacent non-cancerous mucosa. A novel candidate prognostic marker, Kallikrein-related peptidase 11 (KLK11), was validated in 400 Chinese gastric cancer patients. KLK11 expression in gastric cancer tissues was detected using real-time PCR and Western blot. KLK11 protein expression was further analyzed by immunostaining on tissue microarray, followed with clinicopathological significance and survival analysis. RESULTS: KLK11 expression was significantly decreased in gastric cancer compared with that in normal gastric mucosa (P<0.001). Furthermore, KLK11 expression was much lower in poorly differentiated cancer samples than that in well-differentiated group (P<0.01). Survival analysis showed that negative KLK11 expression was associated with nearly fivefold increased risk of distant metastasis after curative gastrectomy (HR 4.65, P<0.01). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that KLK11 expression emerged as a significant independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival and overall survival (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that KLK11 expression was decreased in gastric cancer and might serve as a novel independent prognostic marker.

MicroRNAs for Diagnosis and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality rates. The diagnosis and treatment of CRC have the most significant value for disease- free survival. Early diagnosis and early surgical resection are generally considered to be the most effective ways to reduce CRC mortality. In the past few years, many researchers have focused on the role of microRNAs in different tumors, making the functions of microRNAs gradually clear. The present study reviews the role of microRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. Compared with the usual diagnosis methods and biomarker, circulating microRNAs can be promising new effective biomarkers for CRC diagnosis and treatment.

Predictive Role of Biopsy Based Biomarkers for Radiotherapy Treatment in Rectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Radiation therapy has long been contemplated as an important mode in the treatment of rectal cancer. However, there are few ideal tools available for clinicians to make a radiotherapy decision at the time of diagnosis for rectal cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess whether biomarkers expressed in the biopsy could help to choose the suitable therapy and provide predictive and/or prognostic information. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In total, 30 biomarkers were analyzed in 219 biopsy samples before treatment to discover the possibility of using them as an indicator for radiotherapy selection, diagnosis, survival and recurrence. RESULTS: Twenty-two biomarkers (COX2-RT, COX2-NonRT, etc.; 36.67%) had diagnostic value. For survival, four biomarkers (NFKBP65, p130, PINCH and PPAR) were significant in regulating gene promoter activity and overall survival, while four had a trend (AEG1, LOX, SATB1 and SIRT6). Three biomarkers (COX2, PINCH and WRAP53) correlated with disease-free survival, while eight had a trend (AEG1, COX2, Ki67, LOX, NFKBP65, PPAR and SATB1). Four biomarkers (COX2-RT, NFKBP65cyto-RT, P130cyto-NonRT and PPARcyto-RT) were independent prognostic factors for recurrence. NFKBP65 and SIRT6 were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis regardless of radiation. Patients with high AEG1, LOX, NFKBP65, PPAR and SATB1 had or showed a positive trend for better survival after radiotherapy, while those with positive PINCH and WRAP53 expression would not benefit from radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: AEG1, LOX, NFKBP65cyto, PPAR and SATB1 could be used as indicators for choosing radiotherapy. COX2-RT, COX2-NonRT and some other biomarkers may provide additional help for diagnosis.

PCDHGA9 represses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastatic potential in gastric cancer cells by reducing ß-catenin transcriptional activity.

Gastric cancer (GC) has a high mortality rate, and metastasis is the main reason for treatment failure. It is important to study the mechanism of tumour invasion and metastasis based on the regulation of key genes. In a previous study comparing the expression differences between GES-1 and SGC-7901 cells, PCDHGA9 was selected for further research. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that PCDHGA9 inhibited invasion and metastasis. A cluster analysis suggested that PCDHGA9 inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the Wnt/ß-catenin and TGF-ß pathways. Laser confocal techniques and western blotting revealed that PCDHGA9 inhibited the nuclear translocation of ß-catenin, regulated T cell factor (TCF)/ /lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF) transcriptional activity, directly impacted the signal transmission of the TGF-ß/Smad2/3 pathway, strengthened the adhesion complex, weakened the effects of TGF-ß, and blocked the activation of the Wnt pathway. In addition, PCDHGA9 expression was regulated by methylation, which was closely related to poor clinical prognosis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which PCDHGA9 inhibits EMT and metastasis in GC to provide a new theoretical basis for identifying GC metastasis and a new target for improving the outcome of metastatic GC.

PCDHGA9 acts as a tumor suppressor to induce tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy and inhibit the EMT process in human gastric cancer.

The results of a cDNA  array revealed that protocadherin gamma subfamily A, 9 (PCDHGA9) was significantly decreased in SGC-7901 gastric cancer (GC) cells compared with GES-1 normal gastric cells and was strongly associated with the Wnt/ß-catenin and transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß)/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. As a member of the cadherin family, PCDHGA9 functions in both cell-cell adhesion and nuclear signaling. However, its role in tumorigenicity or metastasis has not been reported. In the present study, we found that PCDHGA9 was decreased in GC tissues compared with corresponding normal mucosae and its expression was correlated with the GC TNM stage, the UICC stage, differentiation, relapse, and metastasis (p < 0.01). Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that PCDHGA9 was an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) (p < 0.01). The effects of PCDHGA9 on GC tumor growth and metastasis were examined both in vivo and in vitro. PCDHGA9 knockdown promoted GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, whereas PCDHGA9 overexpression inhibited GC tumor growth and metastasis but induced apoptosis, autophagy, and G1 cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, PCDHGA9 suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by TGF-ß, decreased the phosphorylation of Smad2/3, and inhibited the nuclear translocation of pSmad2/3. Our results suggest that PCDHGA9 might interact with ß-catenin to prevent ß-catenin from dissociating in the cytoplasm and translocating to the nucleus. Moreover, PCDHGA9 overexpression restrained cell proliferation and reduced the nuclear ß-catenin, an indicator of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway activation, suggesting that PCDHGA9 negatively regulates Wnt signaling. Together, these data indicate that PCDHGA9 acts as a tumor suppressor with anti-proliferative activity and anti-invasive ability, and the reduction of PCDHGA9 could serve as an independent prognostic biomarker in GC.

miR-181a-5p promotes the progression of gastric cancer via RASSF6-mediated MAPK signalling activation.

We previously discovered that Ras association domain family member 6 (RASSF6) was downregulated and predicted poor prognosis in GC patients. However, the mechanisms of the down regulation of RASSF6 in GC remained unclear. Increasing evidence indicates that dysregulation of microRNAs promotes the progression of cancer through the repression of tumour suppressors. Here, we identified miR-181a-5p as a novel regulator of RASSF6 in GC. Functionally, ectopic expression or silencing of miR-181a-5p, respectively, promoted or inhibited GC cell proliferation, colony formation and cell cycle transition, as well as enhanced or prevented the invasion, metastasis of GC cells and epithelial to mesenchymal transition of GC cells in vitro and in vivo. Molecularly, miR-181a-5p functioned as an onco-miRNA by activating the RASSF6-regulated MAKP pathway. Overexpression or silencing of RASSF6 could partially reverse the effects of the overexpression or repression of miR-181a-5p on GC progress caused by activation of the MAKP pathway in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, high miR-181a-5p expression predicted poor survival in GC patients, especially combined with low RASSF6 expression. Collectively, we identified miR-181a-5p as an onco-miRNA, which acts by directly repressing RASSF6 in GC.

Downregulation of homeobox gene Barx2 increases gastric cancer proliferation and metastasis and predicts poor patient outcomes.

Barx2 is a Bar family homeodomain transcription factor shown to play a critical role in cell adhesion and cytoskeleton remodeling, key processes in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Using quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, we found that Barx2 is expressed at lower levels in human gastric cancer (GC) tissues than in adjacent normal mucosa. In a multivariate analysis, Barx2 expression emerged as an independent prognostic factor for disease-free and overall survival. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a trend toward even shorter overall survival in the patient group with Barx2-negative tumors, independent of advanced UICC stage and tumor relapse. Using in vitro and in vivo assays, we demonstrated that under normal conditions Barx2 inhibited GC cell proliferation and invasiveness through inhibition of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. These findings indicate that reduction or loss of Barx2 dis-inhibits GC cell proliferation and invasion, and that reduction in Barx2 could serve as an independent prognostic biomarker for poor outcome in GC patients.

MicroRNA-20a-5p promotes colorectal cancer invasion and metastasis by downregulating Smad4.

BACKGROUND: Tumor metastasis is one of the leading causes of poor prognosis for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Loss of Smad4 contributes to aggression process in many human cancers. However, the underlying precise mechanism of aberrant Smad4 expression in CRC development is still little known. RESULTS: miR-20a-5p negatively regulated Smad4 by directly targeting its 3'UTR in human colorectal cancer cells. miR-20a-5p not only promoted CRC cells aggression capacity in vitro and liver metastasis in vivo, but also promoted the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process by downregulating Smad4 expression. In addition, tissue microarray analysis obtained from 544 CRC patients' clinical characters showed that miR-20a-5p was upregulated in human CRC tissues, especially in the tissues with metastasis. High level of miR-20a-5p predicted poor prognosis in CRC patients. METHODS: Five miRNA target prediction programs were applied to identify potential miRNA(s) that target(s) Smad4 in CRC. Luciferase reporter assay and transfection technique were used to validate the correlation between miR-20a-5p and Smad4 in CRC. Wound healing, transwell and tumorigenesis assays were used to explore the function of miR-20a-5p and Smad4 in CRC progression in vitro and in vivo. The association between miR-20a-5p expression and the prognosis of CRC patients was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate cox proportional hazard analyses based on tissue microarray data. CONCLUSIONS: miR-20a-5p, as an onco-miRNA, promoted the invasion and metastasis ability by suppressing Smad4 expression in CRC cells, and high miR-20a-5p predicted poor prognosis for CRC patients, providing a novel and promising therapeutic target in human colorectal cancer.

DDA1 promotes stage IIB-IIC colon cancer progression by activating NFκB/CSN2/GSK-3ß signaling.

Conventional high-recurrence risk factors are not sufficient to predict post-operative risk of tumor recurrence or sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer. DDA1, an evolutionarily conserved gene located at 19p13.11, may be involved in the activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFκB). This study aimed to investigate whether DDA1 contributes to tumorigenesis and progression of stage II colon cancer via activation of the NFκB pathway. We found that positive expression of DDA1 alone or in combination with p65 nuclear translocation correlated with increased risk of tumor recurrence in patients with stage IIB-IIC colon cancer. DDA1 overexpression in colon cancer lines promoted cell proliferation, facilitated cell cycle progression, inhibited 5-FU-induced apoptosis, enhanced invasion, and induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Suppression of DDA1 inhibited tumor progression, and reduced tumor growth in vivo. We also demonstrated that DDA1-mediated tumor progression is associated with the activation of the NFκB/COP9 signalosome 2(CSN2)/glycogen synthase kinase3ß (GSK3ß) pathway. These results indicate that DDA1 promotes colon cancer progression through activation of NFκB/CSN2/GSK3ß signaling. DDA1, together with NFκB activation status, may serve as a sensitive biomarker for tumor recurrence risk and prognosis in patients with stage IIB-IIC colon cancers.

Effects and mechanisms of blocking the hedgehog signaling pathway in human gastric cancer cells.

Excessive activation of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is important in a variety of human cancer cell types, including gastric cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms of the Hh signaling pathway in inducing gastric tumorigenesis and its downstream target genes are largely unknown. In the present study, the inhibitory effect of cyclopamine on the Hh signaling pathway was investigated in the human gastric cancer AGS cell line. It was identified that cyclopamine treatment inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of the AGS cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and resulted in the downregulation of a number of key Hh signaling pathway-associated factors [glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1] at the RNA and protein levels. Furthermore, the secretion of TGF-ß1 was significantly reduced following the administration of cyclopamine to the AGS cells. The results of the present study provided insight into the mechanisms by which the Hh signaling pathway regulates gastric cancer formation and identified the Hh signaling pathway as a potential novel therapeutic target in human gastric cancer.

Overexpression of HOXB7 is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.

Previous studies have indicated that the homeobox gene HOXB7 is overexpressed in certain cancers, which promotes tumorigenesis. However, less is known about the association between the HOXB7 gene and gastric cancer. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between the expression level of HOXB7 and gastric cancer. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of the homeobox B7 (HOXB7) RNA and protein, respectively. In addition, the association between the expression of HOXB7 and the clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival rates, and the COX proportional hazards model was used to investigate univariate and multivariate analyses. The expression level of HOXB7 RNA and protein was significantly elevated in cancerous tissues compared with the corresponding normal mucosa. Increased expression of HOXB7 was significantly associated with tumor size (P=0.01), T stage (P<0.001) and advanced Union for International Cancer Control stage (P=0.003). In addition, patients with positive HOXB7 expression possessed an evident lower overall survival and disease-free survival rate compared with patients with tumors that did not express HOXB7. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that HOXB7 served as a significant independent prognostic factor for OS and DFS in patients with gastric cancer. The present data indicate that the HOXB7 gene may play an important role in the process of gastric tumorigenesis, and also indicate that HOXB7 may be an important determinant of patient prognosis in gastric cancer.