Transcription, translation, and DNA repair: new insights from emerging noncanonical substrates of RNA helicases.

RNA helicases are enzymes that exist in all domains of life whose canonical functions include ATP-dependent remodeling of RNA structures and displacement of proteins from ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs). These enzymes play roles in virtually all processes of RNA metabolism, including pre-mRNA splicing, rRNA processing, nuclear mRNA export, translation and RNA decay. Here we review emerging noncanonical substrates of RNA helicases including RNA-DNA hybrids (R-loops) and RNA and DNA G-quadruplexes and discuss their biological significance.

A Novel Sterol-Signaling Pathway Governs Azole Antifungal Drug Resistance and Hypoxic Gene Repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

During antifungal drug treatment and hypoxia, genetic and epigenetic changes occur to maintain sterol homeostasis and cellular function. In this study, we show that SET domain-containing epigenetic factors govern drug efficacy to the medically relevant azole class of antifungal drugs. Upon this discovery, we determined that Set4 is induced when Saccharomyces cerevisiae are treated with azole drugs or grown under hypoxic conditions; two conditions that deplete cellular ergosterol and increase sterol precursors. Interestingly, Set4 induction is controlled by the sterol-sensing transcription factors, Upc2 and Ecm22 To determine the role of Set4 on gene expression under hypoxic conditions, we performed RNA-sequencing analysis and showed that Set4 is required for global changes in gene expression. Specifically, loss of Set4 led to an upregulation of nearly all ergosterol genes, including ERG11 and ERG3, suggesting that Set4 functions in gene repression. Furthermore, mass spectrometry analysis revealed that Set4 interacts with the hypoxic-specific transcriptional repressor, Hap1, where this interaction is necessary for Set4 recruitment to ergosterol gene promoters under hypoxia. Finally, an erg3Δ strain, which produces precursor sterols but lacks ergosterol, expresses Set4 under untreated aerobic conditions. Together, our data suggest that sterol precursors are needed for Set4 induction through an Upc2-mediated mechanism. Overall, this new sterol-signaling pathway governs azole antifungal drug resistance and mediates repression of sterol genes under hypoxic conditions.