Public Librarian Perceptions of Assisting Immigrant Patrons: Results from a Multi-State Survey.

Public libraries in the United States (U.S.) are important sources of health information. Immigrants comprise a large portion of the U.S. population, and research suggests that public libraries help immigrants adjust to life in a new country. Public libraries help immigrants access information directly related to health and provide programs that have indirect impacts on health outcomes, including learning a new language and forging social ties. The purpose of this paper was to examine perspectives from librarians related to interactions with immigrant patrons and how their library supports them in this role. Public librarians (n = 205) from two selected U.S. states completed an online survey focusing on how comfortable they were in helping immigrants with inquiries related to health and the role of the public library in supporting librarians in this endeavor. Respondents generally reported high levels of comfort interacting with immigrants, although there was limited interaction on potentially sensitive topics (i.e., immigration, health). Library staff perceived that libraries overall were not effective in meeting the needs of immigrant populations and that librarians were infrequently offered professional training related to cultural competency and diversity. The findings echo previous studies that demonstrate the need for professional development to ensure that librarians are aware of library resources available to assist immigrant patrons. Findings from this study suggest opportunities for public health professionals and public librarians to collaborate to ensure the provision of reliable resources, health information, and referrals to community-based services.

How Public Libraries Help Immigrants Adjust to Life in a New Country: A Review of the Literature.

Public library programs and services offer opportunities to help immigrants navigate daily life in unfamiliar surroundings and a new language. For example, language classes address the social determinants of health as they encourage social participation and community ties and help develop friendships. The purpose of this research was to conduct a narrative literature review to understand how immigrants use public libraries and how public library services influence the social determinants of health for immigrant populations. Keyword searches were conducted on five databases to identify research papers that met the inclusion criteria: empirical studies published in English between 2000 and 2020 related to immigrants' use of public libraries. Thirty-one articles were included in the analysis. Thematic coding identified cross-cutting themes within the sample using the framework of the social-ecological model. Immigrants commonly use public libraries for programs (e.g., language learning), collections (e.g., borrowing books), and services (e.g., asking librarians questions). Immigrant patrons often reported satisfaction with library programs, services, and collections in the language of the host country. A frequent criticism was the relevance and accessibility of collections in their heritage language. In addition, library staff demographics often did not reflect those of immigrant patrons. Health-enhancing benefits associated with library use included increased confidence and self-esteem, cultural integration and preservation, trust and relationships (e.g., making friends), community awareness and engagement, and political integration. Future research and practice areas include collaboration between public health and library professionals to develop library programming that maximizes health and well-being among immigrants.

A Cadaveric Study on the Utility of the Levator Scapulae Motor Nerve as a Donor for Brachial Plexus Reconstruction.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the utility of the levator scapulae motor nerve (LSN) as a donor nerve for brachial plexus nerve transfer. We hypothesized that the LSN could be transferred to the suprascapular nerve (SSN) or long thoracic nerve (LTN) with a reliable tension-free coaptation and appropriate donor-to-recipient axon count ratio. METHODS: Twelve brachial plexus dissections were performed on 6 adult cadavers, bilaterally. We identified the LSN, spinal accessory nerve (SAN), SSN, and LTN. Each nerve was prepared for transfer and nerve redundancies were calculated. Cross-sections of each nerve were examined histologically, and axons counted. We transferred the LSN to target first the SSN and then the LTN, in a tension-free coaptation. For reference, we transferred the distal SAN to target the SSN and LTN and compared transfer parameters. RESULTS: Three cadavers demonstrated 2 LSN branches supplying the levator scapulae. The axon count ratio of donor-to-recipient nerve was 1:4.0 (LSN:SSN) and 1:2.1 (LSN:LTN) for a single LSN branch and 1:3.0 (LSN:SSN) and 1:1.6 (LSN:LTN) when 2 LSN branches were available. Comparatively, the axon count ratio of donor-to-recipient nerve was 1:2.5 and 1:1.3 for the SAN to the SSN and the LTN, respectively. The mean redundancy from the LSN to the SSN and the LTN was 1.7 cm (SD, 3.1 cm) and 2.9 cm (SD, 2.8 cm), and the redundancy from the SAN to the SSN and the LTN was 4.5 (SD, 0.7 cm) and 0.75 cm (SD, 1.0 cm). CONCLUSIONS: These data support the use of the LSN as a potential donor for direct nerve transfer to the SSN and LTN, given its adequate redundancy and size match. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The LSN should be considered as an alternative nerve donor source for brachial plexus reconstruction, especially in 5-level injuries with scarce donor nerves. If used in lieu of the SAN during primary nerve reconstruction, trapezius tendon transfer for improved external rotation would be enabled.

Cylindrical axis, not epicondyles, approximates perpendicular to knee axes.

BACKGROUND: The transepicondylar axis (TEA) is often used as a surrogate for the flexion-extension axis, ie, the axis around which the tibia moves in space, because of a belief that both axes lie perpendicular to the mechanical axis. However, studies suggest the cylindrical axis (CA), defined as a line equidistant from contact points on the medial and lateral condylar surfaces from 10(o) to 120(o) flexion, more closely approximates the axis around which the tibia moves in space. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We examined the TEA and CA angles relative to mechanical axes to determine whether one more consistently and closely approximates the surgical goal of orthogonality to the mechanical axis. METHODS: Three-dimensional (3-D) models were reconstructed from CT scans of five cadaver limbs. Three observers repeated three measurement sets to locate the TEA, CA, and femoral mechanical and tibial mechanical axes. Angles of the TEA and CA relative to the mechanical axes were calculated in two-dimensions (2-D) and as 3-D projections and compared for differences in magnitude and variance. RESULTS: Angles between CA and the mechanical axes were closer to 90° than the TEA in 2-D (92° versus 94° for the femur, 93° versus 94° for the tibia) and 3-D (88° versus 87° for the femur, 88° versus 86° for the tibia). Variance of the TEA was higher than the CA in 2-D. CONCLUSIONS: The CA forms angles more orthogonal to the mechanical axes of the thigh and leg than the TEA. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although we found a consistently greater deviation of the TEA from the mechanical axis than the CA with small differences, future studies will need to determine whether these differences are biomechanically or clinically important.

Repair of Subacute Intrasubstance Rupture of the Biceps Brachii in a 16-Year-Old Patient.

A 16-year-old boy sustained a complete, closed, intrasubstance rupture of both heads of the biceps brachii after a rope swing accident. The patient was managed with open direct repair of the muscle belly. After the surgery, he underwent an extensive physical therapy regimen and regained full range of motion and strength. To our knowledge, this is the youngest reported case of a subacute intrasubstance rupture of the biceps brachii muscle treated surgically in the literature. There is no consensus in the literature regarding the optimal management of these injuries. Given the satisfactory outcome, we suggest that open direct repair of the muscle belly is a reasonable option for the pediatric population.

The perspectives of people who use drugs regarding short term involuntary substance use care for severe substance use disorders.

BACKGROUND: In the Canadian Province of British Columbia (BC), the BC Mental Health Act permits involuntary care for treating mental disorders. However, the Act has also been applied to provide involuntary care to individuals with a primary substance use disorder, in the absence of specific guidelines and legislation, and with insufficient understanding of perspectives of people who use drugs (PWUD) regarding this approach. METHODS: As part of a larger mixed-methods research project providing an overview of involuntary care for severe substance use disorders in BC, three focus groups were convened with: PWUD, families and caregivers, and Indigenous community stakeholders. This analysis examines perspectives from the focus group of PWUD, consisting of nine participants from local and regional drug user and advocacy organizations regarding involuntary care. A qualitative descriptive approach and thematic analysis were conducted, using a coding framework developed deductively and inductively, and participant perspectives were interpreted drawing on problematization theory. RESULTS: Participants did not endorse the use of involuntary care, instead emphasizing significant changes were needed to address shortcomings of the wider voluntary care system. When asked to conceptualize what an acceptable involuntary care scenario might look like (under hypothetical and ideal conditions), participants recommended it should include: individual control and autonomy, peer advocacy in decision-making, and elimination of police and criminal justice system involvement from treatment encounters. Participants saw involuntary care to be an inappropriate approach given the shortcomings of the current system, noting also problems inherent in its use to manage severe SUDs and imminent harm, and prioritized alternate approaches to offsetting risks. CONCLUSION: Improving voluntary care for substance use, along with addressing the social determinants of health that put individuals at risk of problematic substance use and harm, were prioritized in participant perspectives. Participant comments regarding the use of involuntary care bring forward alternate solutions in the context of the opioid overdose crisis, and a reconceptualization of the 'problem' of managing severe substance use disorders.

Association of Perioperative Computed Tomography Hounsfield Units and Failure of Femoral Neck Fracture Fixation.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether Hounsfield units (HUs) measured on perioperative computed tomographic scans are associated with radiographic outcomes and reoperations after femoral neck fracture fixation. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Level I trauma center. PATIENTS: One hundred fourteen patients age ≥18 years, who presented to a Level I trauma center, and who underwent surgical fixation of intracapsular femoral neck fracture and had perioperative computed tomographic scans and adequate follow-up. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Screw penetration, femoral neck shortening >5 mm, and revision surgery. RESULTS: A median follow-up was 23 months. An HU measurement of the femoral head was significantly associated with screw penetration and femoral neck shortening but not revision surgery. Patients with middle femoral head HU measurements <146 had 17 times (95% confidence interval: 4.32-78.9, P < 0.001) increased odds of screw penetration. Greater than 5 mm shortening was seen in patients with HUs <212.5 in the low head section by an odds ratio of 7.8 (95% confidence interval: 2.15-33.0, P = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Outcome differences regarding screw penetration and femoral neck shortening related to the HU or densities of femoral head and neck at the time of fracture are significant. These findings can help the clinician with developing a treatment plan for either arthroplasty or fixation of a femoral neck fracture based on objective bone quality measurements rather than relying on an arbitrary age recommendation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Urine calcium/citrate ratio in children with hypercalciuric stones.

Hypercalciuria is a common cause for stone formation in children. The aim was to delineate the role of urinary citrate in hypercalciuric children for protection against calcium stone formation. We evaluated random urine calcium, citrate, and creatinine in 149 controls, 78 hypercalciuric nonstone formers, and 34 hypercalciuric children with stone. Urine citrate/creatinine was highest in hypercalciuric nonstone formers 899 +/- 351 compared with controls 711 +/- 328 and stone formers 595 +/- 289 (p < 0.01 vs. both). Calcium/creatinine ratio was similar in hypercalciuric stone and nonstone formers, but significantly higher than controls. Consequently, urine calcium/citrate ratio (mg/mg) increased from control 0.17 +/- 0.17 to 0.41 +/- 0.23 (p < 0.001) in hypercalciuric nonstone formers, and to 0.65 +/- 0.46 in stone formers (p < 0.001 compared with other groups). Area under receiver operating characteristic curve combined with multilevel risk analyses found calcium/citrate ratio of 0.326 to provide good discrimination between control and stone formers. We found 5th percentile for random urine citrate/creatinine ratio in school-aged children to be 176 mg/g, elevated urinary citrate excretion in hypercalciuric children to be protective against stone formation, and urine calcium/citrate ratio to be a good indicator for risk of stone formation. Whether intervention in hypercalciuric children to lower urine calcium/citrate <0.326 will provide protection against stone formation needs to be studied.

Scaphoid fractures in the athlete.

Scaphoid fractures are a common wrist injury, especially in athletes. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for a scaphoid fracture in any patient complaining of radial-sided wrist pain after a fall on an outstretched hand. Advanced imaging, including CT and MRI scans, may be useful in diagnosis and classification of fracture patterns. Treatment varies based on the fracture location, stability of the fracture, and predictability of the fracture to heal. Treatment involves either non-operative management with a thumb spica cast or brace, or operative fixation with a headless compression screw, k-wires, or scaphoid-specific plates. Return to play is dependent on many variables, including sport, fracture union, and ability to play with cast.

Lethal and sub-lethal effects of spinosad on bumble bees (Bombus impatiens Cresson).

Recent developments of new families of pesticides and growing awareness of the importance of wild pollinators for crop pollination have stimulated interest in potential effects of novel pesticides on wild bees. Yet pesticide toxicity studies on wild bees remain rare, and few studies have included long-term monitoring of bumble bee colonies or testing of foraging ability after pesticide exposure. Larval bees feeding on exogenous pollen and exposed to pesticides during development may result in lethal or sub-lethal effects during the adult stage. We tested the effects of a naturally derived biopesticide, spinosad, on bumble bee (Bombus impatiens Cresson) colony health, including adult mortality, brood development, weights of emerging bees and foraging efficiency of adults that underwent larval development during exposure to spinosad. We monitored colonies from an early stage, over a 10-week period, and fed spinosad to colonies in pollen at four levels: control, 0.2, 0.8 and 8.0 mg kg(-1), during weeks 2 through 5 of the experiment. At concentrations that bees would likely encounter in pollen in the wild (0.2-0.8 mg kg(-1)) we detected minimal negative effects to bumble bee colonies. Brood and adult mortality was high at 8.0 mg kg(-1) spinosad, about twice the level that bees would be exposed to in a 'worst case' field scenario, resulting in colony death two to four weeks after initial pesticide exposure. At more realistic concentrations there were potentially important sub-lethal effects. Adult worker bees exposed to spinosad during larval development at 0.8 mg kg(-1) were slower foragers on artificial complex flower arrays than bees from low or no spinosad treated colonies. Inclusion of similar sub-lethal assays to detect effects of pesticides on pollinators would aid in development of environmentally responsible pest management strategies.

Reliability of radiographic measures in infants with clubfoot treated with the Ponseti method.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to determine if radiographic measures can be reliably made in infants being treated with the Ponseti method and (2) to document radiographic changes before and after Achilles tenotomy. METHODS: A retrospective radiographic and chart review was performed on children with clubfoot treated by the Ponseti method at a single institution over a 10-year period. Five independent reviewers measured a series of angles from a lateral forced dorsiflexion radiograph taken prior to and following Achilles tenotomy. These measures were taken in triplicate to determine the intra- and inter-reader reliability of dorsiflexion, tibio-calcaneal, talo-calcaneal, and talo-first metatarsal angles. RESULTS: Thirty-six subjects (56 feet) were treated with the Ponseti method and met the inclusion criteria. The median (range) age of patients at the time of tenotomy was 52 (34-147) days. The intra-reader reliability [intra-rater correlation coefficient (ICC)] for each of the measured angles pre- and post-tenotomy ranged from 0.933 to 0.995 and 0.864 to 0.995, respectively. Similarly, the inter-reader reliabilities (ICC) ranged from 0.727 for the pre-tenotomy (talo-calcaneal) to 0.950 for the post-tenotomy (talo-first metatarsal) angles. The mean differences between pre- and post-tenotomy radiographs were: dorsiflexion increase of 17°, tibio-calcaneal angle increase of 19°, talo-calcaneal angle increase of 9°, and talo-first metatarsal angle increase of 10° (p-value ≤0.001 for all measurements except the talo-first metatarsal angle, with a p-value of 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Reliable radiographic measures can be made from lateral dorsiflexion radiographs of clubfeet treated with the Ponseti method before and after Achilles tenotomy.

Demography and life history characteristics of two honey bee races (Apis mellifera).

Intra-colony demography and life history characteristics of neotropical Africanized and temperate European honey bearaces were compared under simulated feral conditions. Major differences in colony demography were found which nevertheless resulted in some similar reproductive characteristics. European colonies were larger than Africanized colonies, had more rapid initral growth rates of worker populations, showed better survivorship of brood and adult workers, and differed in patterns of worker age distribution. However, both races were similar in the brood and adult populations when colonies swarmed, the frequency and timing of swarming, and the number of workers in prime swarms. The factors most important in determining these colony growth and reproductive patterns were likely worker mortality rates, climate, and resource availability.

Comparison and examination of Bombus occidentalis and Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in tomato greenhouses.

Experiments were conducted in commercial tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Miller (Solanaceae), greenhouses to compare the relative foraging effort of two bumble bee species, Bombus occidentalis Greene and Bombus impatiens Cresson, to examine interspecific competition between B. occidentalis and B. impatiens, and to determine whether bumble bee colonies grew to their full population potential in commercial tomato greenhouses. B. impatiens colonies had more brood and workers and made more foraging trips per hour than B. occidentalis colonies. However, B. impatiens returned to the colony without pollen loads and left their colonies without dropping off their pollen loads more frequently than B. occidentalis greenhouse colonies. Our data also suggest that the presence of B. impatiens had a detrimental effect on B. occidentalis populations. Furthermore, B. occidentalis colonies did not grow to their full population potential in tomato greenhouses, with fewer workers in greenhouse colonies than in colonies placed outside in a natural environment, or in colonies that were physically enclosed and protected from external mortality. Together, this study suggests that B. impatiens is a better pollinator than B. occidentalis. It also shows that unknown factors are limiting the size of B. occidentalis colonies in tomato greenhouses.

Managing honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for greenhouse tomato pollination.

Although commercially reared colonies of bumble bees (Bombus sp.) are the primary pollinator world-wide for greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) previous research indicates that honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) might be a feasible alternative or supplement to bumble bee pollination. However, management methods for honey bee greenhouse tomato pollination scarcely have been explored. We 1) tested the effect of initial amounts of brood on colony population size and flight activity in screened greenhouses during the winter, and 2) compared foraging from colonies with brood used within screened and unscreened greenhouses during the summer. Brood rearing was maintained at low levels in both brood and no-brood colonies after 21 d during the winter, and emerging honey bees from both treatments had significantly lower weights than bees from outdoor colonies. Honey bee flight activity throughout the day and over the 21 d in the greenhouse was not influenced by initial brood level. In our summer experiment, brood production in screened greenhouses neared zero after 21 d but higher levels of brood were reared in unscreened greenhouses with access to outside forage. Flower visitation measured throughout the day and over the 21 d the colonies were in the greenhouse was not influenced by screening treatment. An economic analysis indicated that managing honey bees for greenhouse tomato pollination would be financially viable for both beekeepers and growers. We conclude that honey bees can be successfully managed for greenhouse tomato pollination in both screened and unscreened greenhouses if the foraging force is maintained by replacing colonies every 3 wk.

Comparison of release mechanisms for botanical oils to control Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and Acarapis woodi (acari: Tarsonemidae) in colonies of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae).

Two major parasitic pests threaten honey bee populations, the external mite Varroa destructor and the internal mite Acarapis woodi (Rennie). Varroa are beginning to develop resistance to the main chemical defense fluvalinate, and alternative control methods are being pursued. Previous studies have shown that botanical oils, especially thymol, can be effective. Six release devices for either thymol or a blend of botanical oils known as Magic 3 were tested in beehives. The release devices were as follows: (1) low density polyethylene (LDPE) sleeves filled with Magic 3, (2) Magic 3-infused florist blocks, (3) thymol infused florist blocks, (4) a canola oil and thymol mixture wick release, (5) a plastic strip coated with calcium carbonate and Magic 3, and (6) an untreated control. There were significant decreases in varroa levels with the use of Magic 3 sleeves, but brood levels also decreased. Tracheal mite levels significantly decreased with the Magic 3 sleeve treatment, the Magic 3 florist block treatment, and the thymol canola wick treatment. A second experiment showed that changing the location of Magic 3 sleeves in the colony did not detrimentally effect brood levels, but also did not effectively control varroa mites.

Honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) distribution and potential for supplementary pollination in commercial tomato greenhouses during winter.

This study examined the use of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., to supplement bumble bee, Bombus spp., pollination in commercial tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, greenhouses in Western Canada. Honey bee colonies were brought into greenhouses already containing bumble bees and left for 1 wk to acclimatize. The following week, counts of honey and bumble bees foraging and flying throughout the greenhouse were conducted three times per day, and tomato flowers open during honey bee pollination were marked for later fruit harvest. The same counts and flower-marking also were done before and after the presence of honey bees to determine the background level of bumble bee pollination. Overall, tomato size was not affected by the addition of honey bees, but in one greenhouse significantly larger tomatoes were produced with honey bees present compared with bumble bees alone. In that greenhouse, honey bee foraging was greater than in the other greenhouses. Honey bees generally foraged within 100 m of their colony in all greenhouses. Our study invites further research to examine the use of honey bees with reduced levels of bumble bees, or as sole pollinators of greenhouse tomatoes. We also make specific recommendations for how honey bees can best be managed in greenhouses.

Effects of clothianidin on Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony health and foraging ability.

We conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the lethal and sublethal effects of clothianidin on bumble bee, Bombus impatiens Cresson, colony health and foraging ability. Bumble bee colonies were exposed to 6 ppb clothianidin, representing the highest residue levels found in field studies on pollen, and a higher dose of 36 ppb clothianidin in pollen. Clothianidin did not effect pollen consumption, newly emerged worker weights, amount of brood or the number of workers, males, and queens at either dose. The foraging ability of worker bees tested on an artificial array of complex flowers also did not differ among treatments. These results suggest that clothianidin residues found in seed-treated canola and possibly other crops will not adversely affect the health of bumble bee colonies or the foraging ability of workers.

Bisphosphonates for pain management in children with benign cartilage tumors.

OBJECTIVES: Cochrane meta-analyses have shown significant benefit in bone pain from bisphosphonate therapy in adults with bone diseases such as multiple myeloma, Paget disease, breast and prostate cancer. Our aim was to assess if bisphosphonate treatment could alleviate severe pain in children with Ollier disease and hereditary multiple exostoses that are refractory to standard analgesics. METHODS: We report our clinical experience with bisphosphonate therapy in 2 children with cartilage tumors, one with Ollier disease, and the other with hereditary multiple exostoses. RESULTS: We found bisphosphonate therapy to be helpful for pain relief and improving overall ability to carry out daily activities. DISCUSSION: One can consider bisphosphonate therapy in children with Ollier disease and hereditary multiple exostoses who have debilitating pain that is refractory to standard analgesic treatment.

Genome-wide analysis reveals differences in brain gene expression patterns associated with caste and reproductive status in honey bees (Apis mellifera).

A key characteristic of eusocial species is reproductive division of labour. Honey bee colonies typically have a single reproductive queen and thousands of sterile workers. Adult queens differ dramatically from workers in anatomy, physiology, behaviour and lifespan. Young female workers can activate their ovaries and initiate egg laying; these 'reproductive' workers differ from sterile workers in anatomy, physiology, and behaviour. These differences, however, are on a much smaller scale than those observed between the queen and worker castes. Here, we use microarrays to monitor expression patterns of several thousand genes in the brains of same-aged virgin queens, sterile workers, and reproductive workers. We found large differences in expression between queens and both worker groups (~2000 genes), and much smaller differences between sterile and reproductive workers (221 genes). The expression patterns of these 221 genes in reproductive workers are more queen-like, and may represent a core group of genes associated with reproductive physiology. Furthermore, queens and reproductive workers preferentially up-regulate genes associated with the nurse bee behavioural state, which supports the hypothesis of an evolutionary link between worker division of labour and molecular pathways related to reproduction. Finally, several functional groups of genes associated with longevity in other species are significantly up-regulated in queens. Identifying the genes that underlie the differences between queens, sterile workers, and reproductive workers will allow us to begin to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of social behaviour and large-scale remodelling of gene networks associated with polyphenisms.

Worker honey bee ovary development: seasonal variation and the influence of larval and adult nutrition.

We examined the effect of larval and adult nutrition on worker honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) ovary development. Workers were fed high or low-pollen diets as larvae, and high or low-protein diets as adults. Workers fed low-protein diets at both life stages had the lowest levels of ovary development, followed by those fed high-protein diets as larvae and low- quality diets as adults, and then those fed diets poor in protein as larvae but high as adults. Workers fed high-protein diets at both life stages had the highest levels of ovary development. The increases in ovary development due to improved dietary protein in the larval and adult life stages were additive. Adult diet also had an effect on body mass. The results demonstrate that both carry-over of larval reserves and nutrients acquired in the adult life stage are important to ovary development in worker honey bees. Carry-over from larval development, however, appears to be less important to adult fecundity than is adult nutrition. Seasonal trends in worker ovary development and mass were examined throughout the brood rearing season. Worker ovary development was lowest in spring, highest in mid-summer, and intermediate in fall.