Qualitative analysis of Canadian blood and plasma donors' views on expanding donor screening eligibility for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men.

BACKGROUND: In many countries, sexually active gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) continue to be screened based on their sex or gender and the sex or gender of their sexual partner. However, there is growing support that screening based on specific sexual behaviors that pose risk of transfusion transmissible infection is a better approach to donor screening. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This paper reports results from Phase 1 (qualitative) of a mixed-methods study on Canadian blood and plasma donors' views on expanding eligibility for gbMSM by changing to sexual behavior-based screening. Semistructured interview data with 40 donors (whole blood = 20, plasma = 20; male = 21, female = 18, nonbinary = 1; mean age = 46.2; 10% participation rate) in Canada were analyzed using a thematic approach. RESULTS: All participants, except one, supported the change as they anticipated that at least one of three outcomes would be achieved: increasing blood supply, enhancing equity, and improving or maintaining the safety of blood supply. One donor who was more skeptical of the change questioned the scientific evidence for the change and indicated mistrust of state institutions. The discussion considers implications for blood operators' communication strategies that can be used to reduce donor discomfort with the changes to donor screening. CONCLUSION: In a nonrandom, purposive sample of 40 Canadian blood and plasma donors, most participants held favorable views regarding expanding the eligibility of gbMSM donors based on sexual risk behavior. Understanding donors' views on increasing eligibility may inform Canadian Blood Services and other blood operators as they develop their communications plans.

Alternatives to blood donor deferral of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men: Acceptability of screening the sexual risk behavior of all blood donors.

BACKGROUND: Blood operators screen donors to reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs). Many are evolving screening procedures from those that defer all who have had a sexual interaction with gay, bisexual, or other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) to an approach that assesses individual donors' recent sexual risk behavior with any partner. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A representative sample of current blood donors (N = 1194) was recruited online and randomized to complete either the existing (at the time of the study) Canadian Blood Services' donor questionnaire (DQ) that screens out those with recent gbMSM sexual experience, a modified donor questionnaire (MDQ) that assesses individuals' recent sexual behavior with any partner, or an MDQ that assesses individual sexual behavior with any partner and explains why these questions are asked. Respondents were asked for their perceptions concerning difficulty, comfort, and acceptability of these screening questionnaires. RESULTS: Across experimental conditions, current donors regarded screening questionnaire difficulty to be low; discomfort in responding was minimal; screening questionnaires were perceived to be relatively inoffensive and justified, and very few donors would cease donating if the screening questionnaire they responded to became the one in general use. Some minor sex differences were observed, and in some cases, perceptions of the MDQ with explanation were somewhat more positive than those of the DQ and MDQ without explanation. DISCUSSION: An individual risk behavior screening approach appears to be acceptable to current blood donors as an alternative to screening out all who have recently engaged in gbMSM sexual interactions.

Sexual risk behavior questions: Understanding and mitigating donor discomfort.

BACKGROUND: Blood operators are working to improve donor screening and eligibility for gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM), and trans and nonbinary donors. Many consider screening all donors for specific sexual risk behaviors to be a more equitable approach that maintains the safety of the blood supply. Feasibility considerations with this change include ensuring donor understanding of additional sexual behavior questions and minimizing donor loss due to discomfort. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Qualitative one-on-one interviews were conducted with Canadian whole blood and plasma donors (N = 40). A thematic analysis was conducted to assess participants' understandings of the questions, examine their comfort/discomfort, and identify strategies to mitigate donor discomfort. RESULTS: All participants understood what the sexual behavior questions were asking and thought the questions were appropriate. Themes related to comfort/discomfort include: their expectations of donor screening, social norms that they bring to donation, whether their answer felt like personal disclosure, knowing the reasons for the question, trusting confidentiality, confidence in knowing their sexual partner's behavior, and potential for the question to be discriminatory. Strategies to mitigate discomfort include: providing an explanation for the questions, forewarning donors of these questions, reducing ambiguity, and using a self-administered questionnaire. CONCLUSION: While many blood operators and regulators view the move to sexual behavior-based screening for all donors as a significant paradigmatic shift, donors may not perceive additional sexual behavior questions as a significant change to their donation experience. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies to mitigate donor discomfort.

Critical age affecting 1-year functional outcome in elderly patients aged ≥ 70 years with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: While advanced age is already recognized as an independent risk factor for a poor functional outcome following an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), it is also important to investigate the critical age for defining a higher risk population among elderly patients and the clinical grade at admission in order to provide a prognostic description and help guide the management of patients aged ≥ 70 years. METHODS: This retrospective study included 165 patients aged 70-90 years who underwent surgical or endovascular treatment for a ruptured aneurysm. In addition to medical and radiological data, telephone interviews were used to obtain the 1-year functional outcome. RESULTS: A multivariate analysis revealed age (p = 0.001) and the World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) grade (p = 0.001), regardless of the treatment modalities (surgical versus endovascular), as significant risk factors for a poor outcome, while a receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed 75 years as an appropriate cutoff value for the patient age to predict a poor 1-year functional outcome (area under the curve: 0.683). For the patients aged 70-75 years with good (1-3) and poor (4-5) WFNS grades, 81.9 % and 42.9 % achieved a favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale 0-3), respectively, whereas for the patients over the critical age (> 75 years) with good and poor WFNS grades, 54.8 % and 5.9 % achieved a favorable outcome, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term outcome for elderly patients with an aneurysmal SAH is affected primarily by the clinical condition at admission and the patient's age in relation to the critical age (> 75 years), regardless of the treatment modalities, including surgical clipping and endovascular coiling.

Diagnostic usefulness of intraoperative ultrasonography for unexpected severe brain swelling in ultra-early surgery for ruptured intracranial aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: In ultra-early aneurysm surgery, the few hours from admission to aneurysm clipping present the greatest risk for an in-hospital recurrent hemorrhage, the development of acute hydrocephalus, and severe brain edema. Thus, severe brain swelling encountered after dural opening in a craniotomy can sometimes not be explained by a preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan. Therefore, neurosurgeons need a diagnostic tool to determine the exact cause of the brain swelling to apply appropriate intraoperative management. Accordingly, the authors propose a designated optimal ultrasound window for evaluating brain swelling during a pterional craniotomy, and assess its diagnostic usefulness and clinical impact. METHODS: Intraoperative ultrasonography was performed during pterional craniotomies to identify the causes of severe brain swelling in 23 out of 185 patients treated using a policy of ultra-early treatment after a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Paine's point was used as the sonographic window to provide axial images showing the anterior interhemispheric fissure, lentiform nucleus, insular cortex, sylvian fissure, and ventricular system. RESULTS: The intraoperative ultrasonography revealed significant changes from the preoperative CT findings in 9 (39.1 %) of the 23 patients. These changes included the occurrence of an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH, n = 2) related to aneurysm rebleeding with aggravated hydrocephalus and the development (n = 5) or aggravation (n = 2) of acute hydrocephalus without rebleeding. Meanwhile, for 14 (60.9 %) of the 23 patients, the ultrasonography showed no intracranial changes. For the total 23 patients with severe brain swelling, the intraoperative management included aspiration of an ICH (n = 3), a ventriculostomy (n = 16), and medical management (n = 8) with additional mannitol and/or mild hyperventilation. CONCLUSIONS: When severe brain swelling is encountered during a pterional craniotomy for clipping a ruptured aneurysm, an intraoperative ultrasonography technique using Paine's point as a sonographic window provides useful and reliable diagnostic information on the causes of the brain swelling, enabling the neurosurgeon to select appropriate intraoperative management.

Formal protocol for emergency treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms to reduce in-hospital rebleeding and improve clinical outcomes.

OBJECT: While the incidence of a recurrent hemorrhage is highest within 24 hours of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and increases with the severity of the clinical grade, a recurrent hemorrhage can occur anytime after the initial SAH in patients with both good and poor clinical grades. Therefore, the authors adopted a 24-hour-a-day, formal protocol, emergency treatment strategy for patients with ruptured aneurysms to secure the aneurysms as early as possible. The incidences of in-hospital rebleeding and clinical outcomes were investigated and compared with those from previous years when broadly defined early treatment was used (<3 days of SAH). METHODS: During an 11-year period, a total of 1224 patients with a ruptured aneurysm were managed using a strategy of broadly defined early treatment between 2001 and 2004 (Period B, n=423), a mixture of early or emergency treatment between 2005 and 2007, and a formal emergency treatment protocol between 2008 and 2011 (Period A, n=442). Propensity score matching was used to adjust the differences in age, sex, modified Fisher grade, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) clinical grade at admission, size and location of a ruptured aneurysm, treatment modality (clip placement vs coil embolization), and time interval from SAH to admission between the two time periods. The matched cases were allotted to Group A (n=280) in Period A and Group B (n=296) in Period B and then compared. RESULTS: During Period A under the formal emergency treatment protocol strategy, the catheter angiogram, endovascular coiling, and surgical clip placement were started at a median time from admission of 2.0 hours, 2.9 hours, and 3.1 hours, respectively. After propensity score matching, Group A showed a significantly reduced incidence of in-hospital rebleeding (2.1% vs 7.4%, p=0.003) and a higher proportion of patients with a favorable clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 0-3) at 1 month (87.9% vs 79.7%, respectively; p=0.008). In particular, the patients with good WFNS grades in Group A experienced significantly less in-hospital rebleeding (1.7% vs 5.7%, respectively; p=0.018) and better clinical outcomes (1-month mRS score of 0-3: 93.8% vs 87.7%, respectively; p=0.021) than the patients with good WFNS grades in Group B. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ruptured aneurysms may benefit from a strategy of emergency application of surgical clip placement or endovascular coiling due to the reduced incidence of recurrent bleeding and improved clinical outcomes.

Preoperative determination of ventriculostomy trajectory in ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery using a simple modification of the standard coronal MRI.

The aim of this technical report is to report a new method for ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement by determining the angle and distance of the proximal shunt catheter trajectory in the coronal plane using a simple modification of a standard coronal MRI. A modified coronal MRI (mcMRI) was taken in the coronal plane, which included Kocher's point and a point 1cm anterior to the tragus. Using this mcMRI, the trajectory from Kocher's point to a target in the frontal horn may be determined, and the angle and distance of the proximal shunt catheter trajectory may also be obtained. We identified a "safety angle" for catheter insertion, which avoided contact with any intraventricular structures. In addition, the length of the proximal catheter was calculated using the mcMRI, which we defined as the "safety depth." Twenty VP shunt surgeries were performed using an individual safety angle and safety length as determined by a preoperative mcMRI. The ventriculostomy was successful on the first attempt in all patients. The accurate placement of the proximal catheter was confirmed using a postoperative mcMRI. Only one patient demonstrated a track hemorrhage around the catheter path on CT scans. Follow-up evaluations were performed 3 to 12 months after the shunt surgery. The mcMRI protocol is a simple modification of the standard coronal MRI and may important for the determination of an accurate angle and distance of the proximal catheter during free-hand ventriculostomy for VP shunt.

Spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage with the fourth ventricular hemorrhage : risk factors associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study are to investigate the factors that may be related to ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt in patients with cerebellar hematoma and the effect of severe fourth ventricular hemorrhage, causing obstructive hydrocephalus on subsequent VP shunt performance. METHODS: This study included 31 patients with spontaneous cerebellar hematoma and concomitant fourth ventricular hemorrhage, who did not undergo a surgical evacuation of hematoma. We divided this population into two groups; the VP shunt group, and the non-VP shunt group. The demographic data, radiologic findings, and clinical factors were compared in each group. The location of the hematoma (whether occupying the cerebellar hemisphere or the vermis) and the degree of the fourth ventricular obstruction were graded respectively. The intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) score was used to assess the IVH severity. RESULTS: Ten out of 31 patients underwent VP shunt operations. The midline location of cerebellar hematoma, the grade of fourth ventricle obstruction, and IVH severity were significantly correlated with that of VP shunt operation (p=0.015, p=0.013, p=0.028). The significant variables into a logistic regression multivariate model resulted in statistical significance for the location of cerebellar hemorrhage [p=0.05; odds ratio (OR), 8.18; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00 to 67.0], the grade of fourth ventricle obstruction (p=0.044; OR, 19.26; 95% CI, 1.07 to 346.6). CONCLUSION: The location of the cerebellar hematoma on CT scans and the degree of fourth ventricle obstruction by IVH were useful signs for the selection of VP shunt operation in patients with spontaneous cerebellar hematoma and concomitant acute hydrocephalus.

Simultaneous vertebral artery dissection and contralateral posterior inferior cerebellar artery dissecting aneurysm.

The optimal treatment and appropriate follow-up period for an unruptured vertebral artery (VA) and/or posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) dissection have not been established. Decisions regarding treatment of these vascular lesions are usually based on the manifesting symptoms and changes in radiologic findings during the follow-up period. We experienced a patient who had a simultaneous unruptured VA dissection and a contralateral PICA dissecting aneurysm. We did not find such a case in other literature.

Ruptured intracranial aneurysms with small basal outpouching: incidence of basal rupture and results of surgical and endovascular treatments.

BACKGROUND: Recognizing an aneurysmal basal rupture using angiographic evaluation is crucial for optimal treatment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of a small basal outpouching (the most common angiographic configuration suggesting a basal rupture), the incidence of a ruptured basal outpouching, and the results of surgical and endovascular treatments. METHODS: The occurrence of small basal outpouchings was determined in the initial angiographic examinations of 471 patients with a ruptured aneurysm. Information was also obtained from patient charts, surgical and interventional reports, operative video records, and reviews of radiological investigations. RESULTS: A small basal outpouching was identified in 41 (8.7%) of the 471 ruptured aneurysms. In the surgical series (n = 286), a basal rupture was identified in 8 (30.8%) of the 26 cases of a basal outpouching and successfully treated by aneurysm clip placement. In the endovascular series (n = 185), intraprocedural aneurysm rebleeding developed in 5 of the 15 patients (33.3%) with a basal outpouching, which was most commonly observed with anterior communicating artery aneurysms. CONCLUSION: The current surgical series included a 9% incidence of ruptured intracranial aneurysms with a small basal outpouching, and a 31% incidence of these basal outpouchings being identified as the rupture point. The results also suggested that endovascular coiling of a basal outpouching carries a high risk of intraprocedural aneurysm rebleeding, whereas surgical clipping is safer and provides more protection against rebleeding of aneurysms with a basal rupture.

Superciliary keyhole approach for small unruptured aneurysms in anterior cerebral circulation.

BACKGROUND: Neurovascular surgeons have been trying to find a solution to the problem of surgical invasiveness by applying minimally invasive keyhole approaches. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and surgical outcomes of a superciliary keyhole approach for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) as an alternative to a pterional approach. METHODS: The authors report on a consecutive series of patients who underwent a superciliary approach for clipping UIAs smaller than 15 mm arising at the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA), A1 segment, anterior communicating artery (ACoA), and M1 segment including the middle cerebral artery (MCA) bifurcation. The data were compared with a historical control group (n = 90) who underwent a pterional approach for UIAs. RESULTS: A total of 120 aneurysms were successfully clipped in 102 patients with a mean age of 58 years. There was no direct mortality related to the surgery, and only 1 (1.0%) patient developed significant morbidity adversely affecting the Glasgow Outcome Scale score. The superciliary approach demonstrated statistically significant advantages over the pterional approach, including a shorter operative duration (mean, 120 min), no intraoperative blood transfusion, and extremely rare postoperative epidural hemorrhages. In addition, temporalis atrophy was rare and palsy of the frontalis persisting more than 6 months only occurred in 6 patients (5.9%) and was resolved within 2 years. The overall cosmetic outcome was excellent. CONCLUSION: A superciliary approach can be a reasonable alternative to a pterional approach for small (<15 mm) UIAs arising at the supraclinoid ICA, A1, ACoA, and M1 segment including the MCA bifurcation.

Accuracy and Safety of Bedside External Ventricular Drain Placement at Two Different Cranial Sites : Kocher's Point versus Forehead.

OBJECTIVE: External ventricular drain (EVD) is commonly performed with a freehand technique using surface anatomical landmarks at two different cranial sites, Kocher's point and the forehead. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the accuracy and safety of these percutaneous ventriculostomies. METHODS: A retrospectively review of medical records and head computed tomography scans were examined in 227 patients who underwent 250 freehand pass ventriculostomy catheter placements using two different methods at two institutions, between 2003 and 2009. Eighty-one patients underwent 101 ventriculostomies using Kocher's point (group 1), whereas 146 patients underwent 149 forehead ventriculostomies (group 2). RESULTS: In group 1, the catheter tip was optimally placed in either the ipsilateral frontal horn or the third ventricle, through the foramen of Monro (grade 1) in 82 (81.1%) procedures, in the contralateral lateral ventricle (grade 2) in 4 (3.9%), and into eloquent structures or non-target cerebrospinal space (grade 3) in 15 (14.8%). Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) >1 mL developed in 5 (5.0%) procedures. Significantly higher incidences of optimal catheter placements were observed in group 2. ICH>1 mL developed in 11 (7.4%) procedures in group 2, showing no significant difference between groups. In addition, the mean interval from the EVD to ventriculoperitoneal shunt was shorter in group 2 than in group 1, and the incidence of EVD-related infection was decreased in group 2. CONCLUSION: Accurate and safe ventriculostomies were achieved using both cranial sites, Kocher's point and the forehead. However, the forehead ventriculostomies provided more accurate ventricular punctures.

Clinical outcome of cranial neuropathy in patients with pituitary apoplexy.

OBJECTIVE: Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is described as a clinical syndrome characterized by sudden headache, vomiting, visual impairment, and meningismus caused by rapid enlargement of a pituitary adenoma. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical presentation and surgical outcome in PA presenting with cranial neuropathy. METHODS: Twelve cases (3.3%) of PA were retrospectively reviewed among 359 patients diagnosed with pituitary adenoma. The study included 6 males and 6 females. Mean age of patients was 49.0 years, with a range of 16 to 74 years. Follow-up duration ranged from 3 to 20 months, with an average of 12 months. All patients were submitted to surgery, using the transsphenoidal approach (TSA). RESULTS: Symptoms included abrupt headache (11/12), decreased visual acuity (12/12), visual field defect (11/12), and cranial nerve palsy of the third (5/12) and sixth (2/12). Mean height of the mass was 29.0 mm (range 15-46). Duration between the ictus and operation ranged from 1 to 15 days (mean 7.0). The symptom duration before operation and the recovery period of cranial neuropathy correlated significantly (p = 0.0286). TSA resulted in improvement of decreased visual acuity in 91.6%, visual field defect in 54.5%, and cranial neuropathy in 100% at 3 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: PA is a rare event, complicating 3.3% in our series. Even in blindness following pituitary apoplexy cases, improvement of cranial neuropathy is possible if adequate management is initiated in time. Surgical decompression must be considered as soon as possible in cases with severe visual impairment or cranial neuropathy.