OUTCOMES OF INFECTIOUS PANUVEITIS ASSOCIATED WITH SIMULTANEOUS MULTI-POSITIVE OCULAR FLUID POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION.

PURPOSE: To evaluate features of infectious panuveitis associated with multiple pathogens detected by ocular fluid sampling. METHODS: Single-center, retrospective, consecutive case series of patients with aqueous/vitreous polymerase chain reaction testing with >1 positive result in a single sample from 2001 to 2021. RESULTS: Of 1,588 polymerase chain reaction samples, 28 (1.76%) were positive for two pathogens. Most common pathogens were cytomegalovirus (n = 16, 57.1%) and Epstein-Barr virus (n = 13, 46.4%), followed by varicella zoster virus (n = 8, 28.6%), Toxoplasma gondii (n = 6, 21.4%), herpes simplex virus 2 (n = 6, 21.4%), herpes simplex virus 1 (n = 6, 21.4%), and Toxocara (n = 1, 3.6%). Mean initial and final visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) were 1.3 ± 0.9 (Snellen ∼20/400) and 1.3 ± 1.1 (Snellen ∼20/400), respectively. Cytomegalovirus-positive eyes (n = 16, 61.5%) had a mean final visual acuity of 0.94 ± 1.1 (Snellen ∼20/175), whereas cytomegalovirus-negative eyes (n = 10, 38%) had a final visual acuity of 1.82 ± 1.0 (Snellen ∼20/1,320) ( P < 0.05). Main clinical features included intraocular inflammation (100%), retinal whitening (84.6%), immunosuppression (65.4%), retinal hemorrhage (38.5%), and retinal detachment (34.6%). CONCLUSION: Cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus were common unique pathogens identified in multi-PCR-positive samples. Most patients with co-infection were immunosuppressed with a high rate of retinal detachment and poor final visual acuity. Cytomegalovirus-positive eyes had better visual outcomes compared with cytomegalovirus-negative eyes.

PENTOSAN POLYSULFATE SODIUM (ELMIRON) MACULOPATHY: A Genetic Perspective.

PURPOSE: To assess genetic associations for pentosan polysufate sodium maculopathy. METHODS: Genetic testing for inherited retinal dystrophy genes using exome testing and for 14 age-related macular degeneration-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using panel testing were performed. In addition, full-field electroretinograms (ffERG) were obtained to identify any cone-rod dystrophy. RESULTS: Eleven of 15 patients were women, with a mean age of 69 (range 46-85). Inherited retinal dystrophy exome testing in five patients revealed six pathogenic variants, but failed to confirm inherited retinal dystrophy in any patient genetically. FfERG performed in 12 patients demonstrated only nonspecific a- and b-wave abnormalities in 11 cases and was normal in one case. For age-related macular degeneration single nucleotide polymorphisms, CFH rs3766405 ( P = 0.003) and CETP ( P = 0.027) were found to be statistically significantly associated with pentosan polysulfate maculopathy phenotype compared with the control population. CONCLUSION: Pentosan polysulfate maculopathy is not associated with Mendelian inherited retinal dystrophy genes. However, several age-related macular degeneration risk alleles were identified to be associated with maculopathy compared with their frequency in the normal population. This suggests a role for genes in disease pathology, particularly the alternative complement pathway. These findings would benefit from further investigation to understand the risk of developing maculopathy in taking pentosan polysulfate.

DIRECT MACULAR HOLE MANIPULATION RESULTS IN HIGH SUCCESS RATE IN SECONDARY MACULAR HOLE REPAIR.

PURPOSE: To investigate closure rates and functional outcomes of surgery for refractory and recurrent macular holes (MHs) in a real-world setting. METHODS: Retrospective review of secondary MH surgeries. RESULTS: A total of 72 eyes from 72 patients were included. Eyes had a mean of 1.51 surgeries before inclusion into this study with a mean MH size of 762 µ m and a mean baseline logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution best-corrected visual acuity of 1.11 (∼20/260 Snellen). Closure rates were 89.3% for tissue transplantation, 77.3% for internal limiting membrane (ILM) flaps, 92.9% for MH manipulation, and 12.5% for repeat ILM peeling ( P < 0.05). Best-corrected visual acuity changes in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution from baseline to postoperative month six were +0.29 for ILM peeling alone (15 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters worse), -0.39 for MH manipulation (20 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters improved), -0.23 for tissue transplantation (13 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters improved), and -0.2 for ILM flaps (10 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters improved; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Secondary MH closure is possible using various surgical techniques with acceptable anatomical closure rates. Repeat ILM peeling is associated with the lowest closure rates and poorest functional results. To distinguish between techniques would require a large sample size of approximately 750 eyes.

Longitudinal quantification of choriocapillaris flow deficits in persistent placoid maculopathy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Persistent placoid maculopathy (PPM) is a rare idiopathic chorioretinopathy characterized by choriocapillaris (CC) hypoperfusion. In a case of PPM, we quantified CC flow deficits (FDs) over time and observed an increase in CC perfusion as the visual acuity and outer photoreceptor anatomy improved. CASE PRESENTATION: A 58-year-old man was diagnosed with PPM in both eyes based on the patient's clinical presentation and imaging. He presented with sudden-onset central scotomas in both eyes for about two months. On referral, the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 in the right eye and 20/100 in the left eye. Plaque-like yellowish macular lesions were observed bilaterally and autofluorescence imaging showed bilateral hyperautofluorescent lesions. Fluorescein angiography (FA) revealed early-phase hyper-fluorescent staining that intensified in the late phases, while indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) displayed persistent hypofluorescence in both eyes. Foveal centered swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) B-scans showed bilateral focal deposits on the level of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and disruption of outer photoreceptor bands. The CC FDs were quantified on SS-OCT angiography (SS-OCTA) images using a previously published algorithm that was validated. The CC FD% was 12.52% in the right eye and 14.64% in the left eye within a 5 mm circle centered on the fovea. After 5 months of steroid treatment, BCVA remained 20/20 in the right eye and improved to 20/25 in the left eye. On OCT imaging, the outer photoreceptor bands fully recovered in both eyes, while some focal deposits remained along the RPE in the left eye. The CC perfusion in both eyes improved, with CC FD% decreasing from 12.52% to 9.16% in the right eye and from 14.64% to 9.34% in the left eye. CONCLUSIONS: Significant impairment of macular CC perfusion was detected after the onset of PPM. Improvement in central macular CC perfusion corresponded with improvements in BCVA and outer retinal anatomy. Our findings suggest that imaging and quantification of CC FDs could serve as a valuable imaging strategy for diagnosing PPM and for following disease progression.

ASSOCIATION OF RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION WITH CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS AND MORTALITY: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Previous studies examining the association of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and cardiovascular events have been inconsistent and have mostly focused on stroke and myocardial infarction. The goal of this study is to use meta-analysis to examine the available evidence examining the association of RVO with incident cardiovascular events and mortality. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis of all longitudinal cohort studies published in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to April 7, 2018, that evaluated the association of baseline RVO and incident cardiovascular events and/or mortality, that provided multivariate-adjusted risk estimates with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), and that had average follow-up ≥1 year. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess study quality. Multivariate-adjusted risk estimates with 95% CI along with study characteristics were extracted from each study, and pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CI were generated using a random-effects model with inverse-variance weighting to account for heterogeneity. Main outcomes were incident stroke (fatal or nonfatal), myocardial infarction, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality. RESULTS: Fifteen cohort studies with a total of 474,466 patients (60,069 with RVO and 414,397 without RVO) were included. Each study had Newcastle-Ottawa scale score ≥6, indicating moderate-to-high quality. Retinal vein occlusion was associated with increased risk of stroke (RR = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.31-1.60), myocardial infarction (RR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.17-1.37), heart failure (RR = 1.53; 95% CI, 1.22-1.92), peripheral arterial disease (RR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.09-1.46), and all-cause mortality (RR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.02-1.81), but was not associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (RR = 1.78; 95% CI, 0.70-4.48). CONCLUSION: This review suggests patients with RVO have an increased risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. More studies are needed to determine the highest risk periods for cardiovascular events and mortality after RVO and whether immediate cardiovascular evaluation and intervention will improve outcomes.

ASSOCIATION OF OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA WITH CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY AND CHOROIDAL THICKNESS: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with an array of ocular disorders. This systematic review aims to investigate the association of OSA with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) and subfoveal choroidal thickness changes on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis of all articles published up to November 2017 examining rate of OSA in patients with CSCR versus controls or examining subfoveal choroidal thickness measurements on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography in patients with OSA versus controls. Pooled odds ratios and weighted mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: For the CSCR/OSA analysis, 7,238 patients (1,479 with CSCR and 5,759 controls) from 6 studies were eligible. For the choroidal thickness/OSA analysis, 778 eyes of 778 patients (514 with OSA and 264 controls) from 9 studies were eligible. Patients with CSCR had a 1.56 increased odds of having OSA than controls (odds ratio, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.16-2.10). There was no statistically significant difference in choroidal thickness between mild OSA subjects and controls (weighted mean difference = -3.17; 95% CI, -19.10 to 12.76). Patients with moderate OSA (weighted mean difference = -24.14; 95% CI, -42.16 to -6.12) and severe OSA (weighted mean difference = -51.19; 95% CI, -99.30 to -3.08) had thinner choroidal thickness measurements than controls. CONCLUSION: In summary, our results suggest that patients with CSCR are more likely to have OSA, and that moderate/severe OSA is associated with smaller subfoveal choroidal measurements on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography.

Immediate Reconstruction After Combined Embolization and Resection of Orbital Arteriovenous Malformation.

Orbital arteriovenous malformations are rare congenital vascular anomalies that can cause eyelid distortion, proptosis, diplopia, and vision loss. The current treatment paradigm involves endovascular embolization followed by resection, with delayed reconstruction. The authors report 2 young adult patients with orbital arteriovenous malformations, who underwent embolization followed days to months later by resection with immediate soft tissue reconstruction. For both patients, the immediate outcome provided good functionality and cosmesis. The authors conclude that immediate reconstruction after embolization-resection of orbital arteriovenous malformations may facilitate early return of form and function for patients, improve quality of life, and potentially reduce the need for further reconstructive procedures.

Severe Pediatric Thyroid Eye Disease: Surgical Case Series.

Thyroid eye disease (TED) usually has mild manifestations in pediatric patients, and orbital decompression is rarely necessarily. The authors present the clinical course of 3 pediatric patients age 16 or younger at the time of decompression surgery with severe orbitopathy. Case 1 is a 9-year-old prepubertal Asian-American female with Graves' disease and TED who underwent balanced decompression for compressive optic neuropathy. Case 2 is a 14-year-old white female with Graves' disease and TED who underwent balanced decompression for compressive optic neuropathy, stretch optic neuropathy, and globe subluxation. Case 3 is a 14-year-old African-American male with unilateral euthyroid TED who underwent staged right-sided lateral, medial, and floor decompressions for asymmetric proptosis. All cases also had disfiguring proptosis and exposure keratopathy, and in all cases, surgery successfully ameliorated the indications. Children, both pre- and post-pubertal, can rarely manifest visually threatening severe orbitopathy due to TED. This represents the first reports of thyroid-related optic neuropathy and globe subluxation in pediatric patients. Further studies examining the mechanism responsible for the disparities in pediatric and adult TED are warranted.

Thyroid-Related Orbital Decompression Surgery: A Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors and Outcomes.

PURPOSE: Despite the number of publications on orbital decompression surgery for thyroid eye disease, there are few comparative studies and most studies are underpowered. The goal of the study is to use multivariable analysis to identify independent patient and disease-related predictors of response to decompression surgery and of need for secondary decompressions. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent transorbital thyroid-related orbital decompression surgery at the Kellogg Eye Center of the University of Michigan between 1999 and 2014. Demographic, medical, and surgical covariates were collected. Decompression techniques included medial, lateral, and balanced decompressions, with or without orbital fat removal. Main outcomes included proptosis reduction and secondary decompressions, both analyzed at the orbital level. Univariate and multivariable analyses (with adjustment for interorbit correlation) were conducted to determine predictors of the outcomes of interest. RESULTS: Mean proptosis reduction was 3.8 ± 2.4 mm (mean ± standard deviation, N = 420 orbits). The secondary decompression rate was 13.8% (82/594). On multivariable mixed linear regression, larger preoperative proptosis (p < 0.0001), balanced decompression (p = 0.0002), thyroid eye disease duration < 4 years (p = 0.0093), and history of orbital radiation (p = 0.0111) were all predictive of greater proptosis reduction. On multivariable survival modeling, factors associated with increased hazard for secondary decompression include younger age (p = 0.0434), larger preoperative proptosis (p = 0.0001), unilateral decompression (p = 0.0272), preoperative steroid treatment (p = 0.0200), and normal thyroid function (p = 0.0148). Factors associated with decreased hazard include adjunctive fat decompression (p = 0.0004), balanced decompression (vs. lateral, p = 0.0039), and African-American ethnicity (p = 0.0076). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a diverse study cohort, the authors have identified factors associated with clinically relevant outcomes of decompression surgery for thyroid eye disease, including proptosis reduction and incidence of secondary decompression. Randomized controlled trials of different treatment algorithms for TED are needed to devise optimized guidelines for individualizing surgical care.

Geriatric patients are predisposed to strabismus following thyroid-related orbital decompression surgery: A multivariate analysis.

Geriatric patients (age ≥ 65) are prone to complications after surgery and are at risk for severe thyroid eye disease (TED). In this study, we aim to identify preoperative demographic and TED patterns associated with geriatric patients who underwent decompression surgery, to examine the effect of age on postoperative strabismus rates, and to identify factors that may contribute to postoperative strabismus in the geriatric subgroup. We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent thyroid-related orbital decompression surgery at the Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, between 1999 and 2014. Primary outcome was postoperative strabismus requiring palliation with prisms and/or strabismus surgery. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to define association of geriatric age with postoperative strabismus and determine predictors of postoperative strabismus. Of 241 patients, 41 (17.0%) were geriatric. They were less likely to undergo bilateral decompression (P = 0.012), less likely to be current smokers at time of decompression (P = 0.002), and more likely to have preoperative primary gaze diplopia (P = 0.001). Postoperative strabismus rates for geriatric patients (≥ 65 years of age), ages 50-65, 30-50, and < 30, were 73.2%, 41.3%, 31.9%, and 15.8%, respectively (P = 0.002). On multivariable analysis, geriatric age remained an independent risk factor for postoperative strabismus when compared to each age group (P ≤ 0.001). Among geriatric patients in subgroup multivariable analysis, balanced as opposed to lateral wall decompression (P = 0.038) and shorter TED duration (P = 0.031) were independently predictive of postoperative strabismus.

Simultaneous Versus Staged Balanced Decompression for Thyroid-Related Compressive Optic Neuropathy.

PURPOSE: To compare the visual and exophthalmometry outcomes of simultaneous versus staged balanced decompression in patients with thyroid-related compressive optic neuropathy (CON). METHODS: All consecutive patients who underwent simultaneous or staged balanced decompressions for clinically diagnosed thyroid-related CON performed by 4 surgeons at the Kellogg Eye Center of the University of Michigan between 1999 and 2014 were included in the study. Demographic, medical, and surgical covariates were collected. Orbits were stratified by decompression technique. Primary outcomes were improvement in CON score (which quantifies visual dysfunction using logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, color vision, and Humphrey visual field mean deviation), and improvement in proptosis. The authors performed univariate and descriptive statistics to identify baseline differences and covariates associated with the outcomes of interest; multivariate mixed linear regression models (to adjust for interorbit correlation) were then constructed with inclusion of potential confounders with p value ≤0.1. RESULTS: In total, 80 orbits of 53 patients were included in the study. Of the 80 orbits, 61% underwent simultaneous balanced decompression, and 39% underwent staged balanced decompression. Mean CON score reduction was 6.12 ± 9.7 and mean proptosis reduction was 5.63 ± 2.6 mm. Staged balanced decompression was significantly associated with greater CON score reduction (p = 0.038). However, staged (vs. simultaneous) decompression technique did not remain an independent predictor (p = 0.950) after multivariate analysis adjusted for confounders. For proptosis reduction, there were no statistically significant differences between simultaneous and staged balanced decompression on univariate (p = 0.122) or multivariate mixed linear regression models (p = 0.812). CONCLUSION: Simultaneous and staged balanced decompression are equally efficacious in treating visual dysfunction and exophthalmos due to thyroid eye disease in patients with clinically diagnosed CON. Patient choice should be the primary consideration and care should be individualized. Further studies validating the CON score used in the study and comparative studies individualizing surgical treatment of thyroid eye disease are warranted.

"Tag-Team" Orbital and Strabismus Surgeries with Immediate Reconstruction After Tumor Excision Metastatic to the Inferior Rectus.

Carcinoid tumors are rare, slow-growing, low-grade neuroendocrine tumors with a propensity for orbital metastatic spread. The typical treatment paradigm for localized orbital disease involves excision, adjuvant radiotherapy, and/or receptor-targeted chemotherapy, followed by delayed evaluation for reconstructive strabismus surgery. We present a 58-year-old female patient with carcinoid tumor metastatic to the right inferior rectus muscle who presented with worsening binocular diplopia. The patient underwent coordinated "tag-team" orbital and strabismus surgeries that included excision of the right inferior rectus muscle to the annulus of Zinn followed immediately by reconstructive strabismus surgery. The patient required 1 additional strabismus surgery 1 year later. Follow up revealed no tumor recurrence at 4 years, and excellent binocular vision with good function. Deep orbital and strabismus surgeries, when performed simultaneously in a "tag-team" approach, may offer superior functional outcomes and improved patient quality of life, with expedited functional recovery. This approach may become a new treatment paradigm for surgical disease processes localized to the extraocular muscles.

The Effects of Cannabis on Inpatient Agitation, Aggression, and Length of Stay.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the association between cannabis use and the hospital course of patients admitted to the psychiatric inpatient unit with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder. Many confounding variables potentially contribute to the clinical presentation of hospitalized patients in the psychiatric unit. Illicit drug use, in particular, has been associated with acute agitation, and questions can be raised as to what lasting effects drug use prior to admission may have throughout a patient's hospital stay. METHODS: Subjects with a discharge diagnosis of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or psychosis not otherwise specified (N = 201) were retrospectively identified, and those with positive results of urine drug screen for cannabis on admission were compared to negative counterparts. Agitation and aggression were measured using an adaptation of the Excited Component of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS-EC). These markers were also quantified by comparing charted episodes of restraint and seclusion and administration of as needed medications, such as benzodiazepines and antipsychotics. RESULTS: Positive urine drug screen results for cannabis was correlated with young (p = .001) males (p = .003) with bipolar disorder (p = .009) exhibiting active manic symptoms (p = .003) at the time of admission. Cannabis use was further associated with a shorter length of stay (p = .008), agitation triggering adapted PANSS-EC nursing assessments (p = .029), and oral medications as needed (p = .002) for agitation. CONCLUSIONS: Cannabis use, as defined by positive urine drug screen results, was more common in patients with bipolar disorder and was accompanied by a higher incidence of inpatient agitation. Although these patients also had short hospital lengths of stay, there was no clear relationship between level of agitation and length of stay across all patient groups. One possible explanation for patients with bipolar disorder experiencing short lengths of stay is that their source of agitation may be more closely related to a complex effect of cannabis use rather than a sole etiology of mental illness. Inpatient clinicians should be aware of patient cannabis use proximate to admission.

Predictors of compliance with surveillance after endovascular aneurysm repair and comparative survival outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Although imaging surveillance is mandatory for all patients after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), many patients are not compliant with follow-up. We sought to determine predictors of compliance with EVAR surveillance and to examine how compliance with current surveillance protocols correlates with survival. METHODS: We analyzed 188 patients who underwent EVAR at our institution for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) between 2001 and 2011. The primary end point was compliance with post-EVAR surveillance recommendations. Univariate analysis included patient demographics and socioeconomic information, AAA characteristics, EVAR hospital course variables, late complications and secondary interventions, length of follow-up, smoking status, family history of AAA, driving distances, primary care providers, and medical comorbidities. Mortality was determined by the Social Security Death Index. Multinomial logistic regressions were fit to identify independent predictors of compliance. Survival plots were generated with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to determine effect of compliance on survival after adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: Of 188 patients, 89 (47.3%) were 100% compliant with follow-up visits and imaging, 21 (11.1%) were moderately compliant by missing appointments, and 78 (41.4%) were lost to follow-up completely. Overall median age was 74 years, and 81.9% of patients were male. Late complications occurred in 77 patients (40.9%), secondary interventions were performed in 32 patients (17%), and 5-year mortality was 21.2%. Mean follow-up interval was >40 months for 100% compliant and moderately compliant patients and <20 months for those lost to follow-up (P < .0001). In adjusted analysis, late complications (odds ratio [OR], 2.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32-5.55; P = .007), absence of social work consultation (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.12-5.27; P = .024), and family history of AAA (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.06-6.75; P = .037) were associated with 100% compliance, whereas shorter driving distances (P = .051) and shorter hospital stay (P = .056) approached significance. Transient ischemic attack or stroke (OR, 3.59; 95% CI, 1.18-10.91; P = .024) was the only variable independently associated with moderate compliance. Compared with patients lost to follow-up, 100% compliant patients had worse survival (log-rank test, P = .033), whereas moderately compliant patients' survival was not significantly different (log-rank test, P = .149). In adjusted Cox regression analysis, 100% compliant patients had decreased survival duration (rate ratio, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.18-6.06; P = .018) compared with those lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Follow-up surveillance is incomplete for more than half of patients who undergo EVAR at our institution, and patient compliance can be predicted by covariates mentioned before. Compliance with current surveillance regimens does not confer a survival benefit. Further research individualizing surveillance protocols based on risk level of late complications and noncompliance and prospective studies examining resulting survival benefits of compliance are warranted.

Incidental discovery of a chronically thrombosed abdominal aortic aneurysm: case report and literature review.

Chronic spontaneously thrombosed abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are rare. We present a patient with a completely thrombosed abdominal aortic aneurysm found incidentally on imaging for evaluation of unrelated abdominal pain. The patient was asymptomatic with regards to the aneurysm due to extensive collateralization of the intercostal and lumbar arteries to the bilateral hypogastric and internal mammary arteries to the common femoral arteries bilaterally. Follow-up imaging after 10 months showed no aneurysmal change. Further study is needed regarding indications for elective repair, medical therapy, and surveillance modality and schedule for patients with chronically occluded AAAs as these patients are at risk for aneurysm rupture and thrombus propagation.

Malignant cause of ventriculoperitoneal shunt 'pseudocyst': a case report.

Abdominal pseudocysts are an uncommon complication of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts. We present the case of a 4-year-old boy with a history of complicated hydrocephalus managed with a VP shunt due to sequelae of prematurity. The patient presented with abdominal distention, and a pseudocyst was diagnosed. Despite shunt externalization and aspiration, the pseudocyst continued to produce up to 1 liter of serosanguineous fluid per day. After MRI revealed malignant features within the pseudocyst, laparotomy was performed and the pseudocyst was partially excised. Pathology reports suggested sarcoma. The cystic mass grew back aggressively, accompanied by distant metastasis. The patient's condition deteriorated and he died from his disease. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of an abdominal malignancy mimicking a pseudocyst and causing VP shunt failure.

Stereotactic Navigation With a Registration Mask in Orbital Decompression Surgery: Preliminary Results.

PURPOSE: Frameless stereotactic navigation has been widely adopted in multiple surgical specialties and has been increasingly used by oculoplastic surgeons. The authors report their preliminary results using navigation guidance with a registration mask for orbital decompressions. METHODS: Stereotactic navigation with an adhesive autoregistration mask was used to guide consecutive orbital decompression surgeries for Graves' orbitopathy performed by 1 surgeon at the authors' institution from January 2014 to September 2014. Decompressions performed were 1 or 2 sided with medial, lateral, or balanced techniques. Navigation-guided operating technique and operating parameters are reported and compared with non-navigation-guided decompressions performed by the same surgeon in 2013. RESULTS: Eleven decompressions were performed in 7 patients. The median age of the cohort was 60 years, and 5 patients were female. No intraoperative or late complications occurred with the registration mask or with the navigation system. Although initially longer than in decompressions performed without navigation, actual operating times consistently decreased with each sequential case until they were 8, 40, and 24 minutes shorter than surgeries performed without navigation for balanced, lateral, and medial decompressions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: An autoregistration mask enables intraoperative navigation guidance that is associated with no complications in this small case series. Benefits include improved anatomical localization and shorter actual operating times after overcoming initial learning curve, especially for lateral wall decompressions. Navigation guidance may be useful for deep orbital procedures. They may also have utility in surgical training. Wider adoption of the technology will be driven by both efficiency and patient safety. Additional studies are warranted.

Comparison of Unilateral and Bilateral Surgical Approaches for the Treatment of Age-Related Divergence Insufficiency Esotropia.

PURPOSE: Age-related divergence insufficiency-esotropia (ARDIE) is characterized by greater esodeviation at distance than near. This study aims to compare the outcomes of unilateral and bilateral surgical approaches. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-two cases treated at the Kellogg Eye Center, the University of Michigan, from 1995 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. One surgeon used unilateral procedures including unilateral medial rectus recession (n = 24, group 1) or unilateral recession-resection (n = 18, group 2) with an adjustable suture. Another surgeon used bilateral medial rectus recession with fixed sutures (n = 20, group 3). RESULTS: For patients with distance esodeviation <15∆, postoperative distance deviations in both group 1 and group 3 were not statistically different (p = .352). For patients with esodeviations 15-20∆, postoperative distance deviations in all 3 groups were also not statistically different (p = .142). Similarly, patients with deviations >20∆ did not show significantly different postoperative distance alignment (p = .082) between group 2 and 3. Overall, group 2 had the highest overall success rate (90%) (mean at distance = 1.17∆ exodeviation, at near = 2.33∆ exodeviation). CONCLUSION: Both unilateral medial rectus recession ± lateral rectus resection and bilateral medial rectus recession surgical approaches produced similar favorable outcomes in ARDIE.

Surgical Outcomes of Acute Retinal Necrosis-Related Retinal Detachment in Polymerase Chain Reaction-Positive Patients: A Single-Center Experience.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical features, operative techniques, and surgical outcomes of patients who underwent surgery for acute retinal necrosis (ARN)-related retinal detachment (RD). DESIGN: Retrospective, longitudinal, consecutive case series. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with polymerase chain reaction-positive ARN presenting from 2011 to 2021 who underwent vitreoretinal surgery for ARN-related RD at our institution. METHODS: Univariate, multivariate, and survival analyses were used to determine predictors of anatomic and functional outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Single-surgery anatomic success rate, recurrent RD, and visual acuity (VA) at 1 year. RESULTS: Thirty-four eyes of 34 patients (32.4% women, mean age, 45.1 ± 20.4 years) were included for analysis with a median follow-up of 2.5 years (interquartile range [IQR], 0.8-5.5 years). Presenting VA was 1.1 ± 0.8 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) (Snellen ∼20/250). The median time from presentation to RD surgery was 1.7 months (IQR, 0.8-4.1 months), and the mean preoperative VA was 1.6 ± 0.8 LogMAR (Snellen ∼20/800). Small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with or without a scleral buckle (SB) was performed for all eyes with an overall single-surgery success rate of 63.6%, with no statistically significant differences in visual/anatomic outcomes between PPV and PPV/SB cases. Silicone oil was used for tamponade in 33 (97.1%) cases and was removed in 10 (30.3%) with good anatomic and final functional outcomes (Snellen âˆ¼20/80). Independent predictors of recurrent RD included the female sex (hazard ratio, 8.38; 95% confidence interval, 2.03-34.68; P < 0.01) and zone 1 retinitis involvement at presentation (hazard ratio, 10.95; 95% confidence interval, 2.12-56.48; P < 0.01). The mean VA at 1 year (VA1year) and at the final follow-up both had a Snellen equivalent of 20/640 (P > 0.05 for both compared with preoperative VA, respectively). Eyes that achieved single-surgery success had VA1year of 20/200 versus hand movements in those with single-surgery failure (P < 0.01). On multivariate linear regression, younger age (P = 0.04) and better presenting VA (P < 0.01) were both associated with better VA1year. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate single-surgery anatomic success can be achieved with modern vitreoretinal surgical techniques for ARN-related RD, although visual outcomes remain poor. Further studies investigating interventions for increasing single-surgery success rates, for the inflammatory complications of ARN, and for preventing ARN-related RD are needed.

Pachychoroid spectrum disease.

Recent improvements in ophthalmic imaging have led to the identification of a thickened choroid or pachychoroid to be associated with a number of retinal diseases. The number of conditions linked to this phenotype has continued to widen with specific endophenotypes found within the pachychoroid spectrum. The spectrum includes choroidal features such as focal or diffuse choroidal thickening and thinning of the overlying inner choroid, and choroidal hyperpermeability as demonstrated by indocyanine green angiography. In addition, these diseases are associated with overlying retinal pigmentary changes and retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction and may also be associated with choroidal neovascularization. This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature looking at diseases currently described within the pachychoroid spectrum including central serous chorioretinopathy, pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy, pachychoroid neovasculopathy, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy/aneurysmal type 1 neovascularization, peripapillary pachychoroid disease and focal choroidal excavation. We particularly focus on clinical imaging, genetics and pathological findings in these conditions with the aim of updating evidence suggesting a common aetiology between diseases within the pachychoroid spectrum.