Circular RNAs: emerging players in brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases.

Brain aging is closely related to neurodegenerative diseases. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of conserved RNAs with covalently closed continuous loops. Emerging evidence has shown that circRNAs are implicated in the biology of brain aging and the pathology of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarize current studies on circRNAs associated with brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases by discussing their expression features, pathophysiological roles, and mechanisms of action. We also discuss the potential challenges of circRNA-based therapy against brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as their potential as diagnostic biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. The review provides insights into current progress in the functions of circRNAs in the process of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. © 2022 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Identification of Potential Therapeutic Targets of Alzheimer's Disease By Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis.

Objective Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The pathophysiology of the disease mostly remains unearthed, thereby challenging drug development for AD. This study aims to screen high throughput gene expression data using weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to explore the potential therapeutic targets.Methods The dataset of GSE36980 was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Normalization, quality control, filtration, and soft-threshold calculation were carried out before clustering the co-expressed genes into different modules. Furthermore, the correlation coefficients between the modules and clinical traits were computed to identify the key modules. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were performed on the key module genes. The STRING database was used to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, which were further analyzed by Cytoscape app (MCODE). Finally, validation of hub genes was conducted by external GEO datasets of GSE 1297 and GSE 28146.Results Co-expressed genes were clustered into 27 modules, among which 6 modules were identified as the key module relating to AD occurrence. These key modules are primarily involved in chemical synaptic transmission (GO:0007268), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory electron transport (R-HSA-1428517). WDR47, OXCT1, C3orf14, ATP6V1A, SLC25A14, NAPB were found as the hub genes and their expression were validated by external datasets.Conclusions Through modules co-expression network analyses and PPI network analyses, we identified the hub genes of AD, including WDR47, OXCT1, C3orf14, ATP6V1A, SLC25A14 and NAPB. Among them, three hub genes (ATP6V1A, SLC25A14, OXCT1) might contribute to AD pathogenesis through pathway of TCA cycle.

Decreased phototoxicity of photodynamic therapy by Cx32/Cx26-composed GJIC: A "Good Samaritan" effect.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been widely used to treat malignant tumors. Our previous studies indicated that connexin (Cx) 32- and Cx26-composed gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) could improve the phototoxicity of PDT. However, the role of heterotypic Cx32/Cx26-formed GJIC in PDT phototoxicity is still unknown. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate the effect of Cx32/Cx26-formed GJIC on PDT efficacy. METHODS: CCK8 assay was used to detect cell survival after PDT. Western blot assay was utilized to detect Cx32/Cx26 expression. "Parachute" dye-coupling assay was performed to measure the function of GJ channels. The intracellular Ca2+ concentrations were determined using flow cytometer. ELISA assay was performed to detect the intracellular levels of PGE2 and cAMP. RESULTS: The present study demonstrates there is a Cx32/Cx26-formed GJIC-dependent reduction of phototoxicity when cells were exposure to low concentration of Photofrin. Such a protective action is missing at low cell density due to the lack of GJ coupling. Under high-cell density condition, where there is opportunity for the cells to contact each other and form GJ, suppressing Cx32/Cx26-formed GJIC by either inhibiting the expression of Cx32/Cx26 or pretreating with GJ channel inhibitor augments PDT phototoxicity after cells were treated with at 2.5 µg/ml Photofrin. The above results suggest that at low Photofrin concentration, the presence of Cx32/Cx26-formed GJIC may decrease the phototoxicity of PDT, leading to the insensitivity of malignant cells to PDT treatment. The GJIC-mediated PDT insensitivity was associated with Ca2+ and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) signaling pathways. CONCLUSION: The present study provides a cautionary note that for tumors expressing Cx32/Cx26, the presence of Cx32/Cx26-composed GJIC may cause the resistance of tumor cells to PDT. Oppositely, treatment strategies designed to downregulate the expression of Cx32/Cx26 or restrain the function of Cx32/Cx26-mediated GJIC may increase the sensitivity of malignant cell to PDT. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:301-308, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[Preliminary establishment of integration of Alzheimer's disease and blood stasis syndrome tree shrew model and evaluation of intervention of Panax notoginseng saponins].

To establish the integration of Alzheimer's disease(AD) and blood stasis syndrome tree shrew model. Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) was used to intervene the model to testify the stability of the model. The level of blood stasis of each group in the tree shrew model was evaluated by analyzing five traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) characterizations, four blood coagulation indexes, plasma nitric oxide (NO) level, plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in each group. Hematoxylin and eosin(HE) staining was used to observe the morphological changes of brain hippocampal neuron cell of each group. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assay the ChAT and SYP levels in brain hippocampus of each group.The blood stasis characterization of the integration of disease and syndrome group was more obvious than the AD group, and that of the drug administration group was lower than that of the integration of disease and syndrome group. Aß1-42, APP, P-Tau, ChAT and SYP level of AD group were lower than those in the blank group, which were further reduced in the model of integration of disease and syndrome. However, the administration of PNS relieved the reduction, indicating that the AD and blood stasis integration syndrome tree shrew model is stable.

Gap junction enhances phototoxicity of photodynamic therapy agent 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinylpyropheophorbide-a (HPPH).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects on antitumor. However, it remains unclear whether gap junction (GJ) acts on phototoxicity of HPPH and which pathways are involved in the process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We determine the effect of HPPH on cancer cell viability and the apoptosis-associated signaling by cell viability assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, and caspase-3 activity assay. RESULTS: Our study uniquely showed that there is a strong correlation between GJ and HPPH-PDT cytotoxicity, that inhibition of GJ function in U87 cells by tetradecanoylphorbol-13-aaetate or carbenoxolone reduces HPPH-PDT cytotoxicity, that and the enhancement of GJ function by retinoid acid in U87 cells increases HPPH-PDT cytotoxicity. We also observed that GJ intercellular communication composed of connexin 32 (Cx32) induced by doxycycline in Hela cells enhances HPPH-PDT phototoxicity. In addition, we indicated that GJ prompts the HPPH-induced apoptosis likely due to the "bystander effect" of passing apoptotic signals between cells, which results in improving the accumulation of ROS, which also amplifies mitochondria depolarization and the activation of caspase-3. CONCLUSION: GJ enhances the efficacy of HPPH-PDT in U87 and Hela; GJ augments ROS production, which enhances the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the activation of caspase-3, and increases apoptosis in the tumor cells induced by HPPH-PDT. Our findings provide a basis for further development of GJ as a potential prediction of the efficacy of photodynamic therapy.

Mitochondrial Treatment Improves Cognitive Impairment Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Mice.

Neuroinflammation has been proven to drive cognitive impairment associated with neurodegenerative diseases. It has been demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with cognitive impairment caused by neuroinflammation. We hypothesized that the transfer of exogenous mitochondria may be beneficial to the therapy of cognitive impairment induced by neuroinflammation. In the study, the effect of exogenous mitochondria on cognitive impairment induced by neuroinflammation was investigated. The results showed that mitochondrial treatment ameliorated the cognitive performance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. Additionally, mitochondrial therapy attenuated neuronal injury and down-regulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and pro- and cleaved IL-1ß, and the expression of Iba-1 and GFAP in the hippocampus and cortex of LPS-treated mice. Additionally, mitochondrial treatment increased mitochondrial ΔΨm, ATP level, and SOD activity and attenuated MDA level and ROS production in the brains of LPS-treated mice. The study reports the beneficial effect of mitochondrial treatment against cognitive impairment of LPS-treated mice, thereby providing a potential strategy for the treatment of cognitive impairment caused by neuroinflammation.

Ameliorative Role of Mitochondrial Therapy in Cognitive Function of Vascular Dementia Mice.

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a vital role in the progression of vascular dementia (VaD). We hypothesized that transfer of exogenous mitochondria might be a beneficial strategy for VaD treatment. OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed to investigate the role of mitochondrial therapy in cognitive function of VaD. METHODS: The activity and integrity of isolated mitochondria were detected using MitoTracker and Janus Green B staining assays. After VaD mice were intravenously injected with exogenous mitochondria, Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests were used to detect cognitive function of VaD mice. Haematoxylin and eosin, Nissl, TUNEL, and Golgi staining assays were utilized to measure neuronal and synaptic injury in the hippocampus of VaD mice. Detection kits were performed to detect mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), SOD activity and the levels of ATP, ROS, and MDA in the brains of VaD mice. RESULTS: The results showed that isolated mitochondria were intact and active. Mitochondrial therapy could ameliorate cognitive performance of VaD mice. Additionally, mitochondrial administration could attenuate hippocampal neuronal and synaptic injury, improve mitochondrial ΔΨ, ATP level and SOD activity, and reduce ROS and MDA levels in the brains of VaD mice. CONCLUSIONS: The study reports profitable effect of mitochondrial therapy against cognitive impairment of VaD, making mitochondrial treatment become a promising therapeutic strategy for VaD.

[Effect of PNS on the activity and content of BACE1 in the brain of SAMP8 mice with Alzheimer's disease].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of Panax notoginseng saponin (PNS) on the activity and content of beta-secretase in the brain of senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice with Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: Totally 32 SAMP8 mice were randomly divided into the normal control group, the high dose PNS group (200 mg/kg), the low dose group (100 mg/kg), and the huperzine A group (0.3 mg/kg), 8 in each group. Equal volume of double distilled water was given to those in the normal control group. All medication was given by gastrogavage, once daily for two successive months. The activity of BACE1 was assayed by direct immunofluorescent method (DIF). The content of BACE1 protein was detected by Western blot. RESULTS: The relative fluorescence units (RFU/microg) was 2.008 +/- 0.031 in the high dose PNS group, 2.221 +/- 0.029 in the low dose PNS group, and 2.267 +/- 0.076 in the huperzine A group, all lower than that in the normal control group (2.403 +/- 0.058; all P < 0.01). The content of BACE1 protein was 0.900 +/- 0.028 in the high dose PNS group, 1.000 +/- 0.032 in the low dose PNS group, and 0.837 +/- 0.080 in the huperzine A group, all lower than that in the normal control group (2.210 +/- 0.074, all P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: PNS higher than 100 mg/kg could decrease the activity of BACE1 and down-regulate the content of BACE1 protein in the brain of SAMP8 mice.

Gliclazide Ameliorates Neuronal Injury by Attenuating Oxidative Stress in D-gal-Induced Senescent Cells and Aging Mice.

Enhancement of oxidative stress and resultant neuronal injury play important roles in initiating cognitive impairment during the aging process. Thus, attenuating oxidative injury is regarded as a profitable therapeutic strategy for age-associated cognitive impairment. Previous studies showed that gliclazide (Gli) had a protective role in neuronal injury from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, whether Gli has a profitable effect on age-associated cognitive impairment remains largely unclear. The present study showed that Gli held the potential to attenuate neuronal apoptosis in D-gal-induced senescent cells and aging mice. Additionally, Gli could alleviate synaptic injury and cognitive function in D-gal-induced aging mice. Further study showed that Gli could attenuate oxidative stress in D-gal-induced senescent cells and aging mice. The p38 MAPK pathway was predicted as the downstream target of Gli retarding oxidative stress using in silico analysis. Further studies revealed that Gli attenuated D-gal-induced phosphorylation of p38 and facilitated Nrf2 nuclear expression, indicating that the anti-oxidative property of Gli may be associated with the p38 MAPK pathway. The study demonstrates that Gli has a beneficial effect on ameliorating D-gal-induced neuronal injury and cognitive impairment, making this compound a promising agent for the prevention and treatment of age-associated cognitive impairment.

[The effect of PNS on the content and activity of alpha-secretase in the brains of SAMP8 mice with alzheimer's disease].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of PNS on the content and activity of alpha-secretase in the brains of SAMP8 mice with Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: SAMP8 mice were randomly divided into four groups: PNS high-dosage group, PNS low-dosage group, huperzine A group and control group. The high-dosage group and low-dosage group were treated with 200 and 100 mg/kg PNS respectively per day and the huperzine A group was treated with 0.3 mg/kg huperzine A per day, all by intragastric administration for 8 consecutive weeks. The same volume of double distilled water was given to the control group. The activity of a-secretase was assayed by direct immunofluorescent method(DIF). Western blot was used to detect the content of alpha-secretase including ADAM9, ADAM10 and ADAM17 proteins. RESULTS: The Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) of PNS high-dosage and low-dosage groups were higher than that of control group (P < 0.01). The results of western blot showed that the level of ADAM9 protein expression in PNS high-dosage, low-dosage and huperzine A groups was significantly higher than that of control group (P < 0.05) while the levels of ADAM10 protein expression in PNS high-dosage, low-dosage and huperzine A groups was significantly lower than that of control group (P < 0.05), while level of ADAM17 of huperzine A group was higher than that of control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: PNS can increase activity of alpha-secretase in the brain of SAMP8 mouse via increasing the level of ADAM9 protein expression.

Erratum: Cx43 deficiency confers EMT-mediated tamoxifen resistance to breast cancer via c-Src/PI3K/Akt pathway: Erratum.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.55453.].

Corrigendum: A Novel Role of Connexin 40-Formed Channels in the Enhanced Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00595.].

[Effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on APP gene transcription in the brain tissue of SAMP8].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on learning and memory ability and APP gene transcription in the brain tissue in senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8). METHODS: SAMP8 were randomly divided into high-does PNS group, low-does PNS group, huperzin A group and model group,the treatment groups were treated with the designed drugs respectively by intragastric administration for 4 consecutive weeks. The same volume of double distilled water was given to model group. After treatment, the abilities of learning and memory of the mice were tested with morris water maze, the mRNA content of APP was assayed by reverse transcription (RT) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: PNS could improve the abilities of learning and memory, high-does PNS could reduce the mRNA content of APP in the brain tissue of SAMP8. CONCLUSION: PNS can improve the abilities of learning and memory of SAMP8, the mechanism may be relevant to down-regulating the expression of APP gene at transcriptional level.

MeCP2 prevents age-associated cognitive decline via restoring synaptic plasticity in a senescence-accelerated mouse model.

Age-related cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), is associated with the deficits of synaptic plasticity. Therefore, exploring promising targets to enhance synaptic plasticity in neurodegenerative disorders is crucial. It has been demonstrated that methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) plays a vital role in neuronal development and MeCP2 malfunction causes various neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the role of MeCP2 in neurodegenerative diseases has been less reported. In the study, we found that MeCP2 expression in the hippocampus was reduced in the hippocampus of senescence-accelerated mice P8 (SAMP8) mice. Overexpression of hippocampal MeCP2 could elevate synaptic plasticity and cognitive function in SAMP8 mice, while knockdown of MeCP2 impaired synaptic plasticity and cognitive function in senescence accelerated-resistant 1 (SAMR1) mice. MeCP2-mediated regulation of synaptic plasticity may be associated with CREB1 pathway. These results suggest that MeCP2 plays a vital role in age-related cognitive decline by regulating synaptic plasticity and indicate that MeCP2 may be promising targets for the treatment of age-related cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases.

Cx43 deficiency confers EMT-mediated tamoxifen resistance to breast cancer via c-Src/PI3K/Akt pathway.

Tamoxifen (TAM) resistance has indicated a significant challenge during endocrine therapy for hormone-sensitive breast cancer. Thus, it is significant to elucidate the molecular events endowing TAM resistance to endocrine therapy. In this study, we found that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was an important event to confer TAM resistance, and attenuating EMT by elevating connexin (Cx) 43 expression could reverse TAM resistance. Specifically, Cx43 overexpression improved TAM sensitivity, while Cx43 depletion facilitated TAM insensitivity by modulating EMT in T47D TAM-resistant and -sensitive cells, and transplanted xenografts. Importantly, we found a novel reciprocal regulation between Cx43 and c-Src/PI3K/Akt pathway contributing to EMT and TAM resistance in breast cancer. Moreover, we identified that Cx43 deficiency was significantly correlated with poor relapse-free survival in patients undergoing TAM treatment. Therefore, Cx43 represents a prognostic marker and an attractive target for breast cancer treatments. Therapeutic strategies designed to increase or maintain Cx43 function may be beneficial to overcome TAM resistance.

Functional roles of circular RNAs in Alzheimer's disease.

Although efforts have been made to develop therapeutic approaches, the clinical management of AD maintains a major challenge. CircRNAs are highly abundant and evolutionarily conserved in neuronal tissues in mammals. Accumulating data suggest that circRNAs regulate biological and pathological processes by sponging miRNAs, binding to RBPs, modulating mRNA stability, and being translated into peptides in various diseases, serving as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Growing evidence demonstrates that circRNAs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we summarized current studies on circRNAs involved in AD pathology, providing a theoretical basis for the use of circRNAs in AD treatment and diagnosis.

[Inhibitive effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on expression of Abeta(1-40), Abeta(1-42) protein in SAMP8's brain].

OBJECTIVE: To observe inhibitive effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on expression of Abeta(1-40), Abeta(1-42) protein in SAMP8's brain. METHODS: Amount of Abeta(1-40), Abeta(1-42 immuno-positive neurons was detected in parietal cortex and hippocamp in their brains under high power lens (40 x) by immunohistochemistry analysis. RESULTS: PNS could reduce the amount of Abeta(1-40), Abeta(1-42) protein in parietal cortex and hippocamp. CONCLUSION: PNS can reduce the amount of Abeta(1-40), Abeta(1-42) protein in SAMP8's brain.

[The effect of gallic acid extracted from leaves of Phyllanthus emblica on apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma BEL-7404 cells].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of gallic acid extracted from Leaves of Phyllanthus emblica on the apoptosis of BEL-7404 cells. METHODS: MTT assay was applied to detect the influence on prolifetation in vitro. Inverted microscope was utilized to observe the morphological changes after BEL-7404 cells were treated with gallic acid. Annexin V/PI double label method was used to detect earlier period apoptosis cells and Tunel was applied to calculate the apoptosis rates. RESULTS: Gallic acid could restrain the BEL-7404 cells proliferation at diffierent levels in a time and concentration dependent manner. The typical morphological changes of apoptosis were observed after BEL-7404 cells were treated with gallic acid. Annexin V/PI double label method and Tunel method showed that the viable apoptotic cell and apoptosis rates added as action time prolonged. CONCLUSION: Gallic acid can restrain the BEL-7404 cells proliferation and induce apoptosis, and its effect on apoptosis is time dependent.

A Novel Role of Connexin 40-Formed Channels in the Enhanced Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy.

Despite responses to initial treatment of photodynamic therapy (PDT) being promising, a recurrence rate exists. Thus, finding novel therapeutic targets to enhance PDT efficacy is an urgent need. Reports indicate that connexin (Cx) 40 plays an important role in tumor angiogenesis and growth. However, it is unknown whether Cx40-composed channels have effects on PDT efficacy. The study uniquely demonstrated that Cx40-formed channels could enhance the phototoxicity of PDT to malignant cells in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, Cx40-formed channels at high cell density could increase PDT photocytotoxicity. This action was substantially restricted when Cx40 expression was not induced or Cx40 channels were restrained. Additionally, the presence of Cx40-composed channels enhanced the phototoxicity of PDT in the tumor xenografts. The above results indicate that enhancing the function of Cx40-formed channels increases PDT efficacy. The enhancement of PDT efficacy mediated by Cx40 channels was related with intracellular pathways mediated by ROS and calcium pathways, but not the lipid peroxide-mediated pathway. This work demonstrates the capacity of Cx40-mediated channels to increase PDT efficacy and suggests that therapeutic strategies designed to maintain or enhance Cx40 expression and/or channels composed by Cx40 may increase the therapeutic efficacy of PDT.

A novel role of Cx43-composed GJIC in PDT phototoxicity: an implication of Cx43 for the enhancement of PDT efficacy.

In spite of initially promising responses, 5-year recurrence after photodynamic therapy (PDT) sustains high level and an increase in PDT effectiveness is needed. It has been demonstrated that gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) formed by Connexin (Cx)43 could improve the transfer of "death signal" between cells, thereby causing the enhancement of cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutics and suicide gene therapy. Nevertheless, whether Cx43-composed GJIC has an effect on PDT phototoxicity remains unknown. This study showed that Cx43-formed GJIC could improve PDT phototoxicity to tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, Cx43-formed GJIC under the condition of high cellular density could improve PDT phototoxicity in Cx43-transfected HeLa cells and Cx43-expressing U87 glioma cells. This effect was remarkably inhibited when Cx43 was not expressed or Cx43-formed GJ channels were prohibited. Additionally, the presence of Cx43-mediated GJIC could decrease the mean RTV and tumor weights of xenografts after Photofrin-PDT. The improved PDT efficacy by Cx43-composed GJIC was correlated with stress signaling pathways mediated by ROS, calcium and lipid peroxide. The present study demonstrates the presence of Cx43-composed GJIC improves PDT phototoxicity and suggests that therapeutic strategies designed to upregulate the expression of Cx43 or enhance Cx43-mediated GJIC function may increase the sensitivity of malignant cell to PDT, leading to the increment of PDT efficacy. Oppositely, factors that retard Cx43 expression or prohibit the function of Cx43-mediated GJIC may cause insensitivity of malignant cells to PDT, leading to PDT resistance.