Comparative and functional analysis unveils the contribution of photoperiod to DNA methylation, sRNA accumulation, and gene expression variations in short-day and long-day grasses.

Photoperiod employs complicated networks to regulate various developmental processes in plants, including flowering transition. However, the specific mechanisms by which photoperiod affects epigenetic modifications and gene expression variations in plants remain elusive. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of DNA methylation, small RNA (sRNA) accumulation, and gene expressions under different daylengths in facultative long-day (LD) grass Brachypodium distachyon and short-day (SD) grass rice. Our results showed that while overall DNA methylation levels were minimally affected by different photoperiods, CHH methylation levels were repressed under their favorable light conditions, particularly in rice. We identified numerous differentially methylated regions (DMRs) that were influenced by photoperiod in both plant species. Apart from differential sRNA clusters, we observed alterations in the expression of key components of the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway, DNA methyltransferases, and demethylases, which may contribute to the identified photoperiod-influenced CHH DMRs. Furthermore, we identified many differentially expressed genes in response to different daylengths, some of which were associated with the DMRs. Notably, we discovered a photoperiod-responsive gene MYB11 in the transcriptome of B. distachyon, and further demonstrated its role as a flowering inhibitor by repressing FT1 transcription. Together, our comparative and functional analysis sheds light on the effects of daylength on DNA methylation, sRNA accumulation, and gene expression variations in LD and SD plants, thereby facilitating better designing breeding programs aimed at developing high-yield crops that can adapt to local growing seasons.

Long noncoding RNA UCA1 promotes the chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via regulating PARP1 ubiquitination.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) possess the potential to differentiate into cartilage cells. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNAs) urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1) has been confirmed to improve the chondrogenic differentiation of marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Herein, we further investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of these processes. The expression of UCA1 was positively associated with chondrogenic differentiation and the knockdown of UCA1 has been shown to attenuate the expression of chondrogenic markers. RNA pull-down assay and RNA immunoprecipitation showed that UCA1 could directly bind to PARP1 protein. UCA1 could improve PARP1 protein via facilitating USP9X-mediated PARP1 deubiquitination. Then these processes stimulated the NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, PARP1 was declined in UCA1 knockdown cells, and silencing of PARP1 could diminish the increasing effects of UCA1 on the chondrogenic differentiation from MSCs and signaling pathway activation. Collectively, these outcomes suggest that UCA1 could act as a mediator of PARP1 protein ubiquitination and develop the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs.

ALDH1+ tumor stem cells promote the progression of malignant fibrous tissue sarcoma by inhibiting SYNPO2 through hsa-mir-206.

This research aims to explore the mechanism by which microRNAs may regulate the biological behavior of tumor cells in ALDH1+ fibrosarcoma. We identified differentially expressed miRNAs in ALDH + NMFH-1 cells, screened genes related to sarcoma metastasis in the TCGA database, and finally obtained key genes regulated by miRNAs that are involved in metastasis. The function and mechanism of these key genes were then validated at the cellular level. Using the ULCAN database, a significant correlation was found between hsa-mir-206 and mortality in sarcoma patients. WGCNA analysis identified 352 genes related to tumor metastasis. Through Venn diagrams, we obtained 15 metastasis-related genes regulated by hsa-mir-206. Survival analysis showed that SYNPO2 expression is significantly correlated with survival rate and is significantly underexpressed in multiple tumors. SYNPO2 showed a negative correlation with macrophages and a positive correlation with CD8+ T cells. After inhibiting the expression of hsa-mir-206 with siRNA plasmids, the mRNA expression of SYNPO2 was significantly upregulated. The results of CCK8 assay, scratch assay, and transwell assay showed that the proliferation and migration ability of NFMH-1 cells were promoted after SYNPO2 was inhibited. ALDH1+ tumor stem cells promote the proliferation and invasion of malignant fibrous histiocytoma cells by inhibiting SYNPO2 through hsa-mir-206.

Magneto-optical Effects of an Artificially Layered Ferromagnetic Topological Insulator with a TC of 160 K.

Magnetic topological insulators are a fertile platform for studying the interplay between magnetism and topology. The unique electronic band structure can induce exotic transport and optical properties. However, a comprehensive optical study at both near-infrared and terahertz frequencies has been lacking. Here, we report magneto-optical effects from a heterostructure of a Cr-incorporated topological insulator, CBST. By measuring the magneto-optical Kerr effect, we observe a high temperature ferromagnetic transition (160 K) in the CBST film. We also use time-domain terahertz polarimetry to reveal a terahertz Faraday rotation of 1.5 mrad and a terahertz Kerr rotation of 3.6 mrad at 2 K. The calculated terahertz Hall conductance is 0.42 e2/h. Our work shows the optical responses of an artificially layered magnetic topological insulator, paving the way toward a high-temperature quantum anomalous Hall effect via heterostructure engineering.

Self-Healable, High-Stability Anode for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries Realized by Graphene-Confined Gallium Metal.

In this work, a self-healable, high-stability anode material for rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) has been developed by introducing a core-shell structure of Ga confined by reduced graphene oxide (Ga@rGO). Via this Ga@rGO anode, a specific capacity of 150 mAh g-1 at a current of 0.5 A g-1 stable up to 1200 cycles at room temperature and a specific capacity of 100 mAh g-1 under an ultrahigh current of 1 A g-1 stable up to 700 cycles at a slightly elevated temperature of 40 °C have been achieved. Additionally, the ultrahigh rate, high-cycling stability, and long-cycle life of the anode are attributed to the stabilized structure; such a low-cost, simple, and environmentally friendly direct drop coating (DDC) method is developed to maximize the original state of the active materials. Remarkably, the self-healing ability of anodes is still presented under the ultrahigh charging current. This anode is promising for the development of high rate and high stability RMBs.

Programmable Ferroelectricity in Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Enabled by Oxygen Defect Engineering.

Ferroelectricity, especially the Si-compatible type recently observed in hafnia-based materials, is technologically useful for modern memory and logic applications, but it is challenging to differentiate intrinsic ferroelectric polarization from the polar phase and oxygen vacancy. Here, we report electrically controllable ferroelectricity in a Hf0.5Zr0.5O2-based heterostructure with Sr-doped LaMnO3, a mixed ionic-electronic conductor, as an electrode. Electrically reversible extraction and insertion of an oxygen vacancy into Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 are macroscopically characterized and atomically imaged in situ. Utilizing this reversible process, we achieved multilevel polarization states modulated by the electric field. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of the mixed conductor to repair, create, manipulate, and utilize advanced ferroelectric functionality. Furthermore, the programmed ferroelectric heterostructures with Si-compatible doped hafnia are desirable for the development of future ferroelectric electronics.

Uncovering the Bronchoalveolar Single-Cell Landscape of Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Coinfection.

BACKGROUND: Coinfection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the most significant risk factor for tuberculosis (TB). The immune responses of the lung are essential to restrict the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and avoid the emergence of the disease. Nevertheless, there is still limited knowledge about the local immune response in people with HIV-1-TB coinfection. METHODS: We employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 9 individuals with HIV-1-TB coinfection and 10 with pulmonary TB. RESULTS: A total of 19 058 cells were grouped into 4 major cell types: myeloid cells, T/natural killer (NK) cells, B cells, and epithelial cells. The myeloid cells and T/NK cells were further divided into 10 and 11 subsets, respectively. The proportions of dendritic cell subsets, CD4+ T cells, and NK cells were lower in the HIV-1-TB coinfection group compared to the TB group, while the frequency of CD8+ T cells was higher. Additionally, we identified numerous differentially expressed genes between the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-1 infection not only affects the abundance of immune cells in the lungs but also alters their functions in patients with pulmonary TB.

Bioadhesive-Inspired Ionomer for Membrane Electrode Assembly Interface Reinforcement in Fuel Cells.

Anion exchange membrane fuel cells promise a sustainable and ecofriendly energy conversion pathway yet suffer from insufficient performance and durability. Drawing inspiration from mussel foot adhesion proteins for the first time, we herein demonstrate catechol-modified ionomers that synergistically reinforce the membrane electrode assembly interface and triple-phase boundary inside catalyst layers. The resulting ionomers present exceptional alkaline stability with only slight ionic conductivity declines after treatment in 2 M NaOH aqueous solution at 80 °C for 2500 h. Adopting catechol-modified ionomer as both anion exchange membrane and binder achieves a single-cell performance increase of 34%, and more importantly, endows fuel cell operation at a current density of 0.4 A cm-2 for over 300 h with negligible performance degradation (with a cell voltage decay rate of 0.03 mV h-1). Combining theoretical and experimental investigations, we reveal the molecular adhesion mechanism between the catechol-modified ionomer and Pt catalyst and illuminate the effect on the catalyst layer microstructure. Of fundamental interest, this bioadhesive-inspired strategy is critical to enabling knowledge-driven ionomer design and is promising for diverse membrane electrode assembly configurational applications.

Molecular Basis for Inhibition of Heparanases and ß-Glucuronidases by Siastatin B.

Siastatin B is a potent and effective iminosugar inhibitor of three diverse glycosidase classes, namely, sialidases, ß-d-glucuronidases, and N-acetyl-glucosaminidases. The mode of inhibition of glucuronidases, in contrast to sialidases, has long been enigmatic as siastatin B appears too bulky and incorrectly substituted to be accommodated within a ß-d-glucuronidase active site pocket. Herein, we show through crystallographic analysis of protein-inhibitor complexes that siastatin B generates both a hemiaminal and a 3-geminal diol iminosugar (3-GDI) that are, rather than the parent compound, directly responsible for enzyme inhibition. The hemiaminal product is the first observation of a natural product that belongs to the noeuromycin class of inhibitors. Additionally, the 3-GDI represents a new and potent class of the iminosugar glycosidase inhibitor. To substantiate our findings, we synthesized both the gluco- and galacto-configured 3-GDIs and characterized their binding both structurally and kinetically to exo-ß-d-glucuronidases and the anticancer target human heparanase. This revealed submicromolar inhibition of exo-ß-d-glucuronidases and an unprecedented binding mode by this new class of inhibitor. Our results reveal the mechanism by which siastatin B acts as a broad-spectrum glycosidase inhibitor, identify a new class of glycosidase inhibitor, and suggest new functionalities that can be incorporated into future generations of glycosidase inhibitors.

Electron-Delocalization Across High Surface Entropy Sub-1 nm Nanobelts Toward Enhanced Electrocatalytic Urea Oxidation.

Integration of inherently incompatible elements into a single sublattice, resulting in the formation of monophasic metal oxide, holds great scientific promise; it unveils that the overlooked surface entropy in subnanometer materials can thermodynamically facilitate the formation of homogeneous single-phase structures. Here a facile approach is proposed for synthesizing multimetallic oxide subnanometer nanobelts (MMO-PMA SNBs) by harnessing the potential of phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) clusters to capture inorganic nuclei and inhibiting their subsequent growth in solvothermal reactions. Experimental and theoretical analyses show that PMA in MMO-PMA SNBs not only aids subnanometer structure formation but also induces in situ modifications to catalytic sites. The electron transfer from PMA, coupled with the loss of elemental identity of transition metals, leads to electron delocalization, jointly activating the reaction sites. The unique structure makes pentametallic oxide (PMO-PMA SNBs) achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 at a low potential of 1.34 V and remain stable for 24 h at 10 mA cm-2 on urea oxidation reaction (UOR). The exceptional UOR catalytic activity suggests a potential for utilizing multimetallic subnanometer nanostructures in energy conversion and environmental remediation.

Achieving Efficient Oxygen Evolution on High-Entropy Sulfide Utilizing Low Electronegativity of Al.

Efficient and stable catalysts are in high demand for accelerating the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, a high-entropy sulfide (HES) of (FeCoNiCrCuAl)S@HCS with a 3D structure is successfully prepared by utilizing a simple one-step solvothermal method and employed as catalyst toward OER. The lower electronegativity of Al compared to the other metal elements and its anti-corrosion character enable an outstanding OER performance of (FeCoNiCrCuAl)S@HCS with an overpotential of 253 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and an excellent durability after 20 000 CV cycles, outperforming the commercial RuO2 and most reported metal-sulfide catalysts. Experiments coupled with theoretical calculations reveal that Al atom primarily serves as electron donor and promotes a redistribution of local electrons from Co and Cr toward adjacent Fe, Ni, and Cu sites. As a result, the Cr-Al site possesses a lowest energy barrier during the rate-determining step and works as the dominant active site for OER process. This study provides a novel insight and strategy into structural design and performance enhancement for HES materials.

Unlocking the Power of Magnesium Batteries: Synergistic Effect of InSb-C Composites to Achieve Superior Electrochemical Performance.

Pure magnesium anode used in rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMB) exhibits high theoretical capacity but has been challenged by the passivation issue with conventional electrolytes. Alloy-type anodes have the potential to surpass this issue and have attracted increasing attention. However, the kinetic performance and stabilities of conventional alloy anodes are still constrained. In this study, the InSb-10%C anode is synthesized by a two-step high-energy ball milling process. The InSb-10%C anode exhibits a remarkably high capacity of up to 448 mA h g-1, significantly improved cycle performance (234 mA h g-1 at 100 cycles) and rate performance (168 mA h g-1 at 500 mA g-1). The above-mentioned superior performance of the InSb-10%C anode for RMBs is attributed to the cellular graphitized amorphous carbon composite structure (CGA) which effectively refines the particle size and restricts the volume expansion. Additionally, the reduced surface electron density of InSb combined with the high conductivity resulting from graphitization enhances the Mg2+ diffusion performance. Notably, the InSb-10%C anode demonstrates good compatibility with conventional halogen-free salt ether-based electrolytes in the full battery configuration.

A Mott-Schottky Heterojunction with Strong Chemisorption and Fast Conversion Effects for Room-Temperature Na-S Batteries.

The practical application of the room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries is currently limited by low reversible capacity and serious capacity decay due to the sluggish reaction kinetics and shuttle effect. It is necessary to design a suitable sulfur host integrated with electrocatalysts to realize effective chemisorption and catalysis of sodium polysulfides (NaPSs). Herein, under the guidance of theoretical calculation, the Mott-Schottky heterojunction with a built-in electric field composed of iron (Fe) and iron disulfide (FeS2) components anchored on a porous carbon matrix (Fe/FeS2-PC) is designed and prepared. The enhanced chemisorption effect of Fe, the fast electrocatalytic effect of FeS2, and the fast transfer effect of the built-in electric field within the Fe/FeS2 heterojunction in the cathode of RT Na-S batteries work together to effectively improve the electrochemical performance. As a result, the Fe/FeS2-PC@S cathode exhibits high reversible capacity (815 mAh g-1 after 150 cycles at 0.2 A g-1) and excellent stability (516 mAh g-1 after 600 cycles at 5 A g-1, with only 0.07% decay per cycle). The design of the Fe/FeS2 heterojunction electrocatalyst provides a new strategy for the development of highly stable RT Na-S batteries.

Human trophoblast invasion and migration are mediated by the YAP1-CCN1 pathway: defective signaling in trophoblasts during early-onset severe preeclampsia.

The transcription coactivator YAP1 mediates the major effects of the Hippo signaling pathway. The CCN family is a small group of glycoproteins known to be downstream effectors of YAP1 in diverse tissues. However, whether CCN family members mediate the effects of YAP1 in human trophoblasts is unknown. In this study, placental expression of both YAP1 and CCN1 was found to be impaired in pregnancies complicated by early-onset severe preeclampsia (sPE). CCN1 was expressed not only in cytotrophoblasts, trophoblast columns and mesenchymal cells, similar to active YAP1, but also in syncytiotrophoblasts of normal first-trimester placental villi; moreover, decidual staining of active YAP1 and CCN1 was found in both interstitial and endovascular extravillous trophoblasts. In cultured immortalized human trophoblastic HTR-8/SVneo cells, knockdown of YAP1 decreased CCN1 mRNA and protein expression and led to impaired cell invasion and migration. Also, CCN1 knockdown negatively affected HTR-8/SVneo cell invasion and migration but not viability. YAP1 knockdown was further found to impair HTR-8/SVneo cell viability via G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, while CCN1 knockdown had minimal effect on cell cycle arrest and no effect on apoptosis. Accordingly, treatment with recombinant CCN1 partially reversed the YAP1 knockdown-induced impairment in trophoblast invasion and migration but not in viability. Thus, CCN1 mediates the effects of YAP1 on human trophoblast invasion and migration but not apoptosis, and decreased placental expression of YAP1 and CCN1 in pregnancies complicated by early-onset sPE might contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease.

Investigation of unidirectional coupling of dipole emitters in valley photonic heterostructure waveguides.

Photonic heterostructure has recently become a promising platform to study topological photonics with the introduction of mode width degree of freedom (DOF). However, there is still a lack of comprehensive analysis on the coupling of dipole emitters in photonic heterostructures, which constrains the development of on-chip quantum optics based on chiral dipole sources. We systematically analyze the unidirectional coupling mechanism between dipole emitters and valley photonic heterostructure waveguides (VPHWs). With the eigenmode calculations and full-wave simulations, the Stokes parameters are obtained to compare the coupling performance of two types of valley-interface VPHWs. Simulation results show that compared to the zigzag interface with inversion symmetry, the strategy of bearded interface with glide symmetry is easier to realize high-efficiency coupling. By adjusting the position and chirality of dipole emitters in VPHWs, the transmission of light reverses with guided modes coupled to different directions. Furthermore, a topological beam modulator is realized based on VPHWs, which maintains the robustness to large-area potential barriers and sharp corners. Our work supplies a powerful guide for chiral light-matter interaction, which is expected to be applied to increasingly compact and efficient on-chip optical platforms in the future.

Tunable metasurfaces for implementing terahertz controllable NOT logic gate functions.

Compared with traditional electrical logic gates, optical or terahertz (THz) computing logic gates have faster computing speeds and lower power consumption, and can better meet the huge data computing needs. However, there are limitations inherent in existing optical logic gates, such as single input/output channels and susceptibility to interference. Here, we proposed a new approach utilizing polarization-sensitive graphene-vanadium dioxide metasurface THz logic gates. Benefitting from two actively tunable materials, the proposed controlled-NOT logic gate(CNOT LG) enables versatile functionality through a dual-parameter control system. This system allows for the realization of multiple output states under diverse polarized illuminating conditions, aligning with the expected input-output logic relationship of the CNOT LG. Furthermore, to demonstrate the robustness of the designed THz CNOT LG metasurface, we designed an imaging array harnessing the dynamic control capabilities of tunable meta-atoms, facilitating clear near-field imaging. This research is promising for advancing CNOT LG applications in the THz spectrum. It has potential applications in telecommunications, sensing, and imaging.

Nd:YVO4/YVO4 cascaded Raman laser pumped dual-wavelength signal wave MgO:PPLN-OPO with wide range adjustable wavelength interval.

This article presents a dual-wavelength signal wave output system capable of generating a broad range of adjustable wavelength intervals. The setup involved the creation of a dual-wavelength cascaded Raman laser featuring composite cavities operating at 1176 nm and 1313 nm. Experimental investigations were carried out on an external cavity MgO:PPLN-OPO driven by the cascaded Raman laser. By setting the crystal polarization period to 27.6-34.4 µm and the temperature to 50-130°C, adjustable tunable output of dual-wavelength signal wave at 1176 nm-MgO:PPLN-OPO (1550-2294 nm) and 1313 nm-MgO:PPLN-OPO (1768-2189 nm) was achieved with a wavelength interval of 0-218 nm. Under the conditions of a period of 34.4 µm, temperature of 90°C, and an incident Raman power of 2.6 W, the highest conversion efficiency of Raman to dual-wavelength signal wave (2212, 2182 nm) was 34.2%. Furthermore, the maximum output power of dual-wavelength signal wave was recorded at 1.02 W with an incident Raman power of 3.33 W.

Versatile Polymerization-Induced Emission Polymers from Barbier Polymerization of Cinnamic Esters with Tunable Emission.

Cinnamic ester is a common and abundant chemical substance, which can be extracted from natural plants. Compared with traditional esters, cinnamic ester contains α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl structure with multiple reactive sites, resulting in more abundant reactivities and chemical structures. Here, a versatile polymerization-induced emission (PIE) is successfully demonstrated through Barbier polymerization of cinnamic ester. Attributed to its abundant reactivities of α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl structure, Barbier polymerization of cinnamic esters with different organodihalides gives polyalcohol and polyketone via 1,2-addition and 1,4-addition, respectively, which is also confirmed by small molecular model reactions. Meanwhile, these organodihalides dependant polyalcohol and polyketone exhibit different non-traditional intrinsic luminescence (NTIL) from aggregation-induced emission (AIE) type to aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) type, where novel PIE luminogens (PIEgens) are revealed. Further potential applications in explosive detection are carried out, where it achieves TNT detection sensitivity at ppm level in solution and ng level on the test paper. This work therefore expands the structure and functionality libraries of monomer, polymer and NTIL, which might cause inspirations to different fields including polymer chemistry, NTIL, AIE and PIE.

Clinically relevant stratification of patients with type 2 diabetes by using continuous glucose monitoring data.

AIM: The wealth of data generated by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides new opportunities for revealing heterogeneities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to develop a method using CGM data to discover T2DM subtypes and investigate their relationship with clinical phenotypes and microvascular complications. METHODS: The data from 3119 patients with T2DM who wore blinded CGM at an academic medical centre was collected, and a glucose symbolic pattern (GSP) metric was created that combined knowledge-based temporal abstraction with numerical vectorization. The k-means clustering was applied to GSP to obtain subgroups of patients with T2DM. Clinical characteristics and the presence of diabetic retinopathy and albuminuria were compared among the subgroups. The findings were validated in an independent population comprising 773 patients with T2DM. RESULTS: By using GSP, four subgroups were identified with distinct features in CGM profiles and parameters. Moreover, the clustered subgroups differed significantly in clinical phenotypes, including indices of pancreatic ß-cell function and insulin resistance (all p < .001). After adjusting for confounders, group C (the most insulin resistant) had a significantly higher risk of albuminuria (odds ratio = 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.39) relative to group D, which had the best glucose control. These findings were confirmed in the validation set. CONCLUSION: Subtyping patients with T2DM using CGM data may help identify high-risk patients for microvascular complications and provide insights into the underlying pathophysiology. This method may help refine clinically meaningful stratification of patients with T2DM and inform personalized diabetes care.

Dichloramine Hydrolysis in Membrane Desalination Permeate: Mechanistic Insights and Implications for Oxidative Capacity in Potable Reuse Applications.

Dichloramine (NHCl2) naturally exists in reverse osmosis (RO) permeate due to its application as an antifouling chemical in membrane-based potable reuse treatment. This study investigated mechanisms of background NHCl2 hydrolysis associated with the generation of oxidative radical species in RO permeate, established a kinetic model to predict the oxidative capacity, and examined its removal efficiency on trace organic contaminants in potable reuse. Results showed that NHCl2 hydrolysis generated transient peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and subsequently dissociated into hydroxyl radical (HO•). The maximal HO• exposure was observed at an RO permeate pH of 8.4, higher than that from typical ultraviolet (UV)-based advanced oxidation processes. The HO• exposure during NHCl2 hydrolysis also peaked at a NH2Cl-to-NHCl2 molar ratio of 1:1. The oxidative capacity rapidly degraded 1,4-dioxane, carbamazepine, atenolol, and sulfamethoxazole in RO permeate. Furthermore, background elevated carbonate in fresh RO permeate can convert HO• to carbonate radical (CO3•-). Aeration of the RO permeate removed total carbonate, significantly increased HO• exposure, and enhanced the degradation kinetics of trace organic contaminants. The kinetic model of NHCl2 hydrolysis predicted well the degradation of contaminants in RO permeate. This study provides new mechanistic insights into NHCl2 hydrolysis that contributes to the oxidative degradation of trace organic contaminants in potable reuse systems.