Semi-rational mutagenesis of an industrial Streptomyces fungicidicus strain for improved enduracidin productivity.

The biosynthesis of the valuable antibiotic enduracidin by Streptomyces fungicidicus TXX3120 is a complex multistep process. To identify the rate-limiting step of the entire biosynthetic process, we carried out a deep RNA sequencing towards the mycelia of TXX3120 at different fermentation stages. Comparative RNA-seq analysis indicated that the expression level of the endC gene during the enduracidin production phase was evidently lower than that of the other relevant genes to enduracidin biosynthesis. This result was further confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR, and the giant non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) encoded by endC was predicated to be the rate-limiting enzyme in enduracidin biosynthesis. To increase the expression of endC during the enduracidin production phase, a reporter-based selection system was developed by genetically replacing the initial part of the endC gene with a thiostrepton resistance gene (tsr), which will then act as a selectable marker to report the expression level of the rate-limiting gene endC, thereby facilitating the selection of enduracidin-overproducing mutants following random mutagenesis. After one round of mutagenesis, thiostrepton resistance selection, and restoration of the endC gene, three mutant strains with improved endC expression levels were obtained. Their highest enduracidin titers reached 9780.54, 9272.46, and 8849.06 U/mL, respectively representing 2.31-, 2.19-, and 2.09-fold of the initial industrial strain TXX3120. Our research provides a useful strategy for the rational breeding of industrial strains that synthesize complex natural products.

Ficellomycin: an aziridine alkaloid antibiotic with potential therapeutic capacity.

Ficellomycin is an aziridine antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ficellus, which displays high in vitro activity against Gram-positive bacteria including multidrug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Compared to currently available antibiotics, ficellomycin exhibits a unique mechanism of action-it impairs the semiconservative DNA replication by inducing the formation of deficient 34S DNA fragments, which lack the ability to integrate into larger DNA pieces and eventually the complete bacterial chromosome. Until recently, some important progress has been made in research on ficellomycin synthesis and biosynthesis, opening the perspective to develop a new generation of antibiotics with better clinical performance than the currently used ones. In this review, we will cover the discovery and biological activity of ficellomycin, its biosynthesis, mode of action, and related synthetic analogs. The role of ficellomycin and its analogs as an important source of drug prototypes will be discussed together with future research prospects.

Engineered variants of a lipase from Yarrowia lipolytica with improved trypsin resistance for enzyme replacement therapy.

To improve the proteolytic stability of the lipase LIP2 from Yarrowia lipolytica, the peptide bonds susceptible to trypsin in LIP2 were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry and redesigned by site-directed mutagenesis. Different variants of the enzyme were expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 and their biochemical properties were subsequently investigated. Although most of the variants were still cleaved by trypsin, some of them did show an evident increase of resistance against proteolytic degradation. The most stable mutant was LIP2-C5, in which five trypsin-cleavage sites were replaced by non-preferred amino acids. Upon incubation with human trypsin for 80 min at 37°C, the mutant LIP2-C5 was found to retain >70% of its initial activity, compared to only 10% for the wild-type.

[A randomized controlled trial: acclimatization training on the prevention of motion sickness in hot-humid environment].

OBJECTIVE: Incidence and severity of motion sickness (MS) in hot-humid environment are extremely high. We tried to know the effect of two-stage training for reducing incidence and severity of ms. METHODS: Sixty male subjects were divided into experimental group and control group randomly. Subjects in experimental group received: (2) adaptation training including sitting, walking and running in hot lab. After adaptation confirmation based on subjective feeling, rectal temperature, heart rate, blood Pressure, sweat rates and sweat salt concentration, we tested both groups by Coriolis acceleration revolving chair test and recorded Graybiel's score and grading of severity to evaluate whether adaptation training was useful; (2) Anti-dizzy training 3m later of deacclimatization contained revolving chair training for 10 times. Then we did the same test as mentioned above to evaluate effect of anti-dizzy training. RESULST: Graybiel' s score and grading of severity had no difference between two groups through acclimatization training (P > 0.05). While they had difference through anti-dizzy training (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Adaptation training seems useless for reducing incidence and severity of MS in hot-humid environment, but anti-dizzy training is useful.