[Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of encephalopathy of prematurity].

Objective: To explore the MRI manifestation of encephalopathy of prematurity (EOP), so as to find an access to the early prevention, early diagnosis, effective treatment and prognosis. Methods: A total of 2 718 premature infants were collected, MRI and clinical data were analyzed who were admitted to NICU of Children's Hospital of Fudan University between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2014. The manifestation and lesions distribution in MRI were analyzed. Results: All the 2 718 preterm infants underwent MRI. 58.8% (1 599/2 718) of which had normal MRI apperance, whereas 24.9% (678/2 718) showed manifestations of EOP.78.8% (534/678) EOP were non-cystic EOP. 21.2% (144/678) EOP were cystic EOP. Periventricular and cerebral lobe white matter were primary distributions of these lesions. Cystic lesions were primarily distributed in the body of periventricular whiter matter (49.3%). However, more non-cystic EOP were found in cerebral parietal lobe whiter matter (25.1%). Non-cystic EOP were also distributed in the body of periventricular whiter matter, frontal lobe and basal ganglia(20.8%, 20.2% and 18.9%, respectively ). Conclusions: The morbidity rate of EOP in preterm infants was 24.9%. 21.2% (144/678) EOP were cystic EOP. 78.8% (534/678) EOP were non-cystic EOP. Cystic lesions were primarily distributed in the body of periventricular whiter matter. Non-cystic EOP were also distributed in the body of periventricular whiter matter, frontal lobe and basal ganglia.

[Efficacy and safety of transbronchial cryobiopsy in the etiologic diagnosis of diffuse lung disease].

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of transbronchial cryobiopsy (TBCB) for the etiologic evaluation of diffuse lung disease (DLD). Methods: Between December 2015 to April 2017, a total of 38 patients with DLD met the inclusion criteria for TBCB in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, and 35 of them consented to undergo the procedure under rigid or flexible bronchoscopy. On the tissues obtained from the 35 patients, histopathologic and microbiological evaluations were performed, and together with clinical and radiological manifestations, diagnoses were made and the efficacy of TBCB in the diagnosis of DLD was confirmed, and then therapies were planned accordingly. Complications of the biopsy procedures were recorded. Results: Of the 35 patients who were enrolled, 24 underwent TBCB under rigid bronchoscopy and 11 under flexible bronchoscopy. Another 3 patients refused the procedure due to disinclination to invasive examinations. One single procedure of TBCB took (51.8±19.2) min on average, the median number of tissues obtained was 6 (5, 8), and the median area of tissues was 15 (9, 20) mm(2).Definite diagnoses were reached in 33 patients, including idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (n=8), connective tissue disease-interstitial lung disease (n=8), occupational lung disease (n=4), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n=3), interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (n=3), tuberculosis (n=2), cryptogenic organization pneumonia (n=1), acute interstitial pneumonia (n=1), pulmonary infection (n=1), hypersensitivity pneumonia (n=1) and sarcoidosis (n=1). Diagnostic yield was 94.3% (33 out of 35 cases diagnosed). Pneumothorax occurred in 3 patients (1 patients with mild pneumothorax , 1 moderate and 1 severe), and were resolved with thoracic puncture or pleural drainage. Bleeding occurred in all 24 patients who received TBCB under rigid bronchoscopy (11 patients with mild bleeding, 12 moderate and 1 severe) and was controlled after coagulation measures. After one month of treatment according to the diagnoses acquired with cryobiopsy, the condition was cured in 1 patient (3.0%), alleviated in 17 (51.5%), stable in 11 (33.3%), and deteriorated in 4 (12.1%). Conclusion: TBCB yields reliable diagnoses with a good safety profile.

[Effect of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand on developing human oligodendrocytes in culture].

Accumulating evidence suggests that proinflammatory cytokines play an important role in white matter injury in preterm infants, a condition in which oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells are preferentially injured. We investigated the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its death (TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2) and decoy (TRAIL-R3, TRAIL-R4) receptors in periventricular white matter injury (PWMI). We hypothesized that the maturation-dependent vulnerability of OLs to TRAIL is due to differential TRAIL receptor expression. We previously investigated TRAIL/TRAIL receptor expression levels in rat OLs in vivo in the context of PWMI. We found that during different developmental stages, human OLs differentially express TRAIL receptors; there is a progressive loss of sensitivity to TRAIL as OLs proceed through the maturation process. Our results show that both TRAIL-R1 and -R2 are highly expressed on human OL progenitors and pre-OLs, while TRAIL-R3 and TRAIL-R4 are mainly expressed on immature and mature human OLs. Our results suggest that TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 might mediate the death signal in human OL precursor cells and pre-OLs.