Tunable single frequency Hz-magnitude narrow linewidth Brillouin fiber laser based on parity-time symmetry.

An Hz-magnitude ultra-narrow linewidth single-frequency Brillouin fiber laser (BFL) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The single frequency of the laser is selected by parity-time (PT) symmetry, which consists of a stimulated Brillouin scatter (SBS) gain path excited by a 24 km single-mode fiber (SMF) and an approximately equal length loss path tuned with a variable optical attenuator (VOA). These paths are coupled through a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) into a wavelength space. Accomplishing single-frequency oscillation involves the precise adjustment of polarization control (PC) and VOA to attain the PT broken phase. In the experiment, the linewidth of the proposed BFL is 9.58 Hz. The optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) reached 78.89 dB, with wavelength and power fluctuations of less than 1pm and 0.02 dB within one hour. Furthermore, the wavelength can be tuned from 1549.9321 nm to 1550.2575 nm, with a linewidth fluctuation of 1.81 Hz. The relative intensity noise (RIN) is below -74 dB/Hz. The proposed ultra-narrow single-frequency BFL offers advantages such as cost-effectiveness, ease of control, high stability and excellent output characteristics, making it highly promising for the applications in the coherent detection.

High resolution and large measurement range voltage sensing based on an optoelectronic oscillator utilizing an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

A voltage sensor with high resolution and large measurement range based on an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The key component in the cavity to select the oscillating signal is a finite impulse response (FIR)-microwave photonic filter (MPF) which consists of a sinusoidal broadband optical signal, an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), a section of dispersion compensating fiber, and a photodetector. The center frequency of the FIR-MPF is mainly determined by the free spectral range (FSR) of the FIR-MPF. In the lower arm of the MZI, a cylindrical piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) wrapped with a section of optical fiber acts as voltage sensing head. Due to the inverse piezoelectric effect of PZT, the variation of the voltage will cause radial deformation of the cylindrical PZT and then lead to the change of the FSR of the MZI, determining the shift of center frequency of FIR-MPF as well as the frequency of the oscillating signal of the OEO. Thus, by monitoring the shift of the oscillation frequency of the OEO using an electric spectrum analyzer or a digital signal processor, a high-speed interrogation and high-resolution voltage measurement can be realized. Additionally, in the proposed scheme, an infinite impulse response (IIR)-MPF consisting of a fiber ring resonator is cascaded with the FIR-MPF to ensure the single-mode oscillation of the OEO. The experimental results show that a total range of 1700 V voltage sensing from - 200 V to 1500 V is accomplished with the voltage sensitivity of 0.25 GHz/100 V and the resolution of 0.3 V. By adjusting the proportion of the length of single mode fiber between two branches of MZI, the impact of temperature can be greatly reduced. The proposed sensor offers advantages such as a large measurement range, high resolution, high-speed interrogation, and stability to temperature disturbances, making it highly suitable for sensing applications in smart grids.

Research on Simultaneous Measurement of Magnetic Field and Temperature Based on Petaloid Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor.

In this paper, we propose and design a magnetic field and temperature sensor using a novel petaloid photonic crystal fiber filled with magnetic fluid. The PCF achieves a high birefringence of more than 1.43 × 10-2 at the wavelength of 1550 nm via the design of material parameters, air hole shape and the distribution of the photonic crystal fiber. Further, in order to significantly improve the sensitivity of the sensor, the magnetic-fluid-sensitive material is injected into the pores of the designed photonic crystal fiber. Finally, the sensor adopts a Mach-Zehnder interferometer structure combined with the ultra-high birefringence of the proposed petaloid photonic crystal fiber. Magnetic field and temperature can be simultaneously measured via observing the spectral response of the x-polarization state and y-polarization state. As indicated via simulation analysis, the sensor can realize sensitivities to magnetic fields and temperatures at -1.943 nm/mT and 0.0686 nm/°C in the x-polarization state and -1.421 nm/mT and 0.0914 nm/°C in the y-polarization state. The sensor can realize the measurement of multiple parameters including temperature and magnetic intensity and has the advantage of high sensitivity.

[Research on distribution of patents' holders for Chinese herbal compounds in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular based on cluster analysis].

To discuss the distribution of patents' holders for Chinese herbal compounds in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, the patents' holders for Chinese herbal compounds in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular were cluster analyzed by means of simple statistics and cluster analysis. Clustering variables were composed of patent applications, patent maintained number, related papers' quantity, etc. Chinese herbal compound patents' holders were divided into four categories according to their different scientific research and patent strength. It is the magic weapon for Chinese herbal compound patents' holders that have scientific research patents' transforming and make coordination of patent protection and scientific innovation.

[Study on influencing factors of valid patents of compound traditional Chinese medicines for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases on base of regression analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influencing factors for the maintenance of valid patents of compound traditional Chinese medicines in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. METHOD: Logistic regression analysis was used to detect the influencing factors for the maintenance of valid patents. RESULT: The maintenance of valid patents of compound traditional Chinese medicines in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases was closely related to many factors, such as their invention, patent rights' transfer, patent claims and patent declaration documents. CONCLUSION: The maintenance of valid patents of compound traditional Chinese medicines in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases depends on many factors, such as centralization of efficacy of components of patent compound traditional Chinese medicines, increasing number of dependent claims, and supply of new dosage form and detailed experimental data. Therefore, the transfer of patent rights is of great significance to the maintenance of patents.

[Regional development of patents of traditional Chinese medicine compounds on basis of cluster analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To study current regional development and optimization schemes of patents of traditional Chinese medicine compounds. METHOD: Simple statistics and cluster analysis were adopted for calculating application quantity, maintenance quantity and quantity of scientific research papers related to patents of traditional Chinese medicine compounds in different regions. On that basis, cluster analysis was used for studying current development patents of traditional Chinese medicine compounds in different regions. RESULT: The 34 regions, including Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, were divided into four groups by cluster analysis according to the difference in quantities of patents and research papers. The first and third region are better, the second region is medium, while the forth region is not ideal. CONCLUSION: Different regions shall adopt suitable development schemes for the development of traditional Chinese medicine compounds according to their actual situations. Reasonable regional alliance is helpful for inter-regional win-win and co-flourishing.

[Current service invention patents and growth pathways on basis of cluster analysis].

This study aims for enhancing quantity and quality of patents of traditional Chinese medicine compounds of traditional Chinese medicine enterprises, traditional Chinese medicine colleges and relevant institutions while building an efficient pathway for patent protection using simple statistics and cluster analysis, with service invention patent holders of traditional Chinese medicine compounds as the study object.

[Regularity of drug use of patents in force of traditional Chinese medicine compounds in preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases on basis of frequency analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the regularity of drug use of patents in force of traditional Chinese medicine compounds in treating cardiovascular diseases and provide reference for new drug R&D and patent protection. METHOD: With long-lasting patents in force of traditional Chinese medicine compounds in treating cardiovascular diseases as the study object, the frequency analysis was made for studying their core ingredients, efficacy, channel tropism and drug compatibility. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: There are nearly 30 frequently used traditional Chinese medicine compounds in treating cardiovascular diseases with patents in force including Salvia miltiorrhiza and Astragalus mongholicus, with main efficacy for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis and reinforcing Qi and the highest efficacy in heart, liver, spleen and lung channels. The results of this study provide reference and new room for development for R&D of traditional Chinese medicine compounds in treating cardiovascular diseases and patent protection.

[Cluster analysis on authorized patents of compound traditional Chinese medicines with different efficacy in 2010].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the authorized patent of compound traditional Chinese medicines with different efficacy in 2010, in order to provide reference for R&D of relevant compounds and patent protection. METHOD: Literatures for patents of compound traditional Chinese medicines were searched to screen relevant data and create a sample space. The samples were classified by hierarchical cluster procedures and iterative partitioning procedures using "authorized percentage" and "authorized time interval" as variable quantities. The comprehensive results generated by the two clustering methods were used to draw a conclusion. RESULT: The samples were classified into four groups by clustering methods, each has significant difference in authorized patents' number and authorized time interval with others. CONCLUSION: Among compounds showing therapeutic advantage of traditional Chinese medicines, patents with short authorization period and in less number can be given most attention for patent application. Those with longer authorization period and in less number can be given more attention. While those with shorter authorization period and in large number can also be given attention for information guidance for traditional Chinese medicine science and technology and commercialization of patent achievements.

[Analyses on positive influence of harmonous development of traditional Chinese medicine compounds' researchs and patent protection].

Current patent protection of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds is far from being satisfactory with increasing research and development achievements. As patent protection of traditional Chinese medicine compounds is closely related with many fields such as research and development of new TCM drugs, industrial development and TCM internationalization, the development of research and harmonious development of TCM compounds and their patent protection is bound to have a far-reaching influence on domestic and even international societies.

[Brief history of pharmaceutical standard system in China].

Pharmaceutical standard system which belongs to an important part of national drug policies is an inevitable result of the development of pharmacy. There was a long standing of pharmaceutical standard system in China whose germination could be traced back to Qin and Han dynasties, and it had laid a solid foundation for the establishment and improvement of modern pharmaceutical standard system by continual accumulation from the past dynasties. Since the founding of new China, distinguished achievements had been obtained on pharmaceutical standardization working,and currently it is in a new developing stage. There was a brief description in this paper on the development history of pharmaceutical standard system in China.

[GC-MS analysis of essential oil from anthodiums of Chrysanthemum morifolium processed by microwave-airflow and steam calefaction].

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of the constituents of the essential oil extracted from the flowers of the Chrysanthemum morifolium processed by the microwave-airflow and the calefaction after steam process from the State Chrysanthemum GAP bases in Zhejiang Province and to provide scientific basis for quality control. METHOD: The essential oil was extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by GC capillary column chromatography. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and identified by GC-MS. RESULT: From the microwave-airflow dried sample and the calefactively dried sample after steam process, 119 and 175 components were detected, among them fifty and fifty-five components were identified, which were composed of 67.89% and 63.64% of the total essential oil, respectively. CONCLUSION: The yield of the essential oil extracted from the microwave-airflow dried sample was 0.40%, and that from the calefactively dried sample after steam process was 0. 19%. The former is 2.1 times higher than the latter. The components of the essential oil are similar and there are differences between the content of corresponding compounds in the two samples. The results showed that application of microwave-airflow combined drying technology remained original and essential constituents. The production benefit was improved greatly. The grade and quality of C. morifolium enhanced, and it's market selling price was increased compared to the traditional drying calefaction after steam process.

[GC-MS analysis of essential oils from Radix Angelicae Pubescentis].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the constituents of the essential oils from Radix Angelicae Pubescentis planted in a GAP base of the Chinese medica materials, and provide the scientific basis for quality control. METHOD: The essential oils were extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by GC capillary column chromatography. The components were calculated with normalization method, and were identified by MS detector. RESULT: 229 peaks weredetected, among which 8 compounds have been identified, which made up 78.23% of the total essential oil. CONCLUSION: In the total essential oils of Radix Angelicae Pubescentis, 3-carene (8.89%), m-cymene (4.99%) and beta-phellandrene (8.35%) as the monoterpenes and its derivatives, and eudesma-4 (14), 11-diene (4.36%), alpha-selinene (1.36%), ledol (1.14%), alpha-bisabolol (6.03%), and 1, 8-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-spiro[4.5]dec-8-en-7-one (4.37%) as the sesquiterpenes and its derivatives, are main components.

Nanoporous LiNi(1/3)Co(1/3)Mn(1/3)O2 as an ultra-fast charge cathode material for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries.

Nanoporous LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NP-NCM) was synthesized by using vapour grown carbon fibers (VGCFs) as templates. It exhibits excellent electrochemical performance as a cathode material for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries, especially with ultra-fast charge capability, and 72 mA h g(-1) can be achieved at a charge time of 20 s.

Nanoporous selenium as a cathode material for rechargeable lithium-selenium batteries.

Nanoporous selenium was prepared by a simple mechanical method adopting nano-CaCO3 as a template. When used as a cathode, it can exhibit relatively high capacity and good cycling behaviour. These results present great promise for this new cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries of high energy density.