Self-supervised deep learning of gene-gene interactions for improved gene expression recovery.

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a powerful tool to gain biological insights at the cellular level. However, due to technical limitations of the existing sequencing technologies, low gene expression values are often omitted, leading to inaccurate gene counts. Existing methods, including advanced deep learning techniques, struggle to reliably impute gene expressions due to a lack of mechanisms that explicitly consider the underlying biological knowledge of the system. In reality, it has long been recognized that gene-gene interactions may serve as reflective indicators of underlying biology processes, presenting discriminative signatures of the cells. A genomic data analysis framework that is capable of leveraging the underlying gene-gene interactions is thus highly desirable and could allow for more reliable identification of distinctive patterns of the genomic data through extraction and integration of intricate biological characteristics of the genomic data. Here we tackle the problem in two steps to exploit the gene-gene interactions of the system. We first reposition the genes into a 2D grid such that their spatial configuration reflects their interactive relationships. To alleviate the need for labeled ground truth gene expression datasets, a self-supervised 2D convolutional neural network is employed to extract the contextual features of the interactions from the spatially configured genes and impute the omitted values. Extensive experiments with both simulated and experimental scRNA-seq datasets are carried out to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed strategy against the existing imputation methods.

Expression of human-specific ARHGAP11B in mice leads to neocortex expansion and increased memory flexibility.

Neocortex expansion during human evolution provides a basis for our enhanced cognitive abilities. Yet, which genes implicated in neocortex expansion are actually responsible for higher cognitive abilities is unknown. The expression of human-specific ARHGAP11B in embryonic/foetal mouse, ferret and marmoset neocortex was previously found to promote basal progenitor proliferation, upper-layer neuron generation and neocortex expansion during development, features commonly thought to contribute to increased cognitive abilities. However, a key question is whether this phenotype persists into adulthood and if so, whether cognitive abilities are indeed increased. Here, we generated a transgenic mouse line with physiological ARHGAP11B expression that exhibits increased neocortical size and upper-layer neuron numbers persisting into adulthood. Adult ARHGAP11B-transgenic mice showed altered neurobehaviour, notably increased memory flexibility and a reduced anxiety level. Our data are consistent with the notion that neocortex expansion by ARHGAP11B, a gene implicated in human evolution, underlies some of the altered neurobehavioural features observed in the transgenic mice, such as the increased memory flexibility, a neocortex-associated trait, with implications for the increase in cognitive abilities during human evolution.

A role for the serotonin 2A receptor in the expansion and functioning of human transmodal cortex.

Integrating independent but converging lines of research on brain function and neurodevelopment across scales, this article proposes that serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) signalling is an evolutionary and developmental driver and potent modulator of the macroscale functional organization of the human cerebral cortex. A wealth of evidence indicates that the anatomical and functional organization of the cortex follows a unimodal-to-transmodal gradient. Situated at the apex of this processing hierarchy-where it plays a central role in the integrative processes underpinning complex, human-defining cognition-the transmodal cortex has disproportionately expanded across human development and evolution. Notably, the adult human transmodal cortex is especially rich in 5-HT2AR expression and recent evidence suggests that, during early brain development, 5-HT2AR signalling on neural progenitor cells stimulates their proliferation-a critical process for evolutionarily-relevant cortical expansion. Drawing on multimodal neuroimaging and cross-species investigations, we argue that, by contributing to the expansion of the human cortex and being prevalent at the apex of its hierarchy in the adult brain, 5-HT2AR signalling plays a major role in both human cortical expansion and functioning. Owing to its unique excitatory and downstream cellular effects, neuronal 5-HT2AR agonism promotes neuroplasticity, learning and cognitive and psychological flexibility in a context-(hyper)sensitive manner with therapeutic potential. Overall, we delineate a dual role of 5-HT2ARs in enabling both the expansion and modulation of the human transmodal cortex.

Mapping Genetic Topography of Cortical Thickness and Surface Area in Neonatal Brains.

Adult twin neuroimaging studies have revealed that cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) are differentially influenced by genetic information, leading to their spatially distinct genetic patterning and topography. However, the postnatal origins of the genetic topography of CT and SA remain unclear, given the dramatic cortical development from neonates to adults. To fill this critical gap, this study unprecedentedly explored how genetic information differentially regulates the spatial topography of CT and SA in the neonatal brain by leveraging brain magnetic resonance (MR) images from 202 twin neonates with minimal influence by the complicated postnatal environmental factors. We capitalized on infant-dedicated computational tools and a data-driven spectral clustering method to parcellate the cerebral cortex into a set of distinct regions purely according to the genetic correlation of cortical vertices in terms of CT and SA, respectively, and accordingly created the first genetically informed cortical parcellation maps of neonatal brains. Both genetic parcellation maps exhibit bilaterally symmetric and hierarchical patterns, but distinct spatial layouts. For CT, regions with closer genetic relationships demonstrate an anterior-posterior (A-P) division, while for SA, regions with greater genetic proximity are typically within the same lobe. Certain genetically informed regions exhibit strong similarities between neonates and adults, with the most striking similarities in the medial surface in terms of SA, despite their overall substantial differences in genetic parcellation maps. These results greatly advance our understanding of the development of genetic influences on the spatial patterning of cortical morphology.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Genetic influences on cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) are complex and could evolve throughout the lifespan. However, studies revealing distinct genetic topography of CT and SA have been limited to adults. Using brain structural magnetic resonance (MR) images of twins, we unprecedentedly discovered the distinct genetically-informed parcellation maps of CT and SA in neonatal brains, respectively. Each genetic parcellation map comprises a distinct spatial layout of cortical regions, where vertices within the same region share high genetic correlation. These genetic parcellation maps of CT and SA of neonates largely differ from those of adults, despite their highly remarkable similarities in the medial cortex of SA. These discoveries provide important insights into the genetic organization of the early cerebral cortex development.

Role of cell metabolism in the pathophysiology of brain size-associated neurodevelopmental disorders.

Cell metabolism is a key regulator of human neocortex development and evolution. Several lines of evidence indicate that alterations in neural stem/progenitor cell (NPC) metabolism lead to abnormal brain development, particularly brain size-associated neurodevelopmental disorders, such as microcephaly. Abnormal NPC metabolism causes impaired cell proliferation and thus insufficient expansion of NPCs for neurogenesis. Therefore, the production of neurons, which is a major determinant of brain size, is decreased and the size of the brain, especially the size of the neocortex, is significantly reduced. This review discusses recent progress understanding NPC metabolism, focusing in particular on glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism (e.g., glutaminolysis and serine metabolism). We provide an overview of the contributions of these metabolic pathways to brain development and evolution, as well as to the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various experimental models to study cell metabolism in the developing brain.

Synergistic effect of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle and miR-137 alleviates autism-like behaviors by modulating the NF-κB pathway.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder predominant in childhood. Despite existing treatments, the benefits are still limited. This study explored the effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) loaded with miR-137 in enhancing autism-like behaviors and mitigating neuroinflammation. Utilizing BTBR mice as an autism model, the study demonstrated that intranasal administration of MSC-miR137-EVs ameliorates autism-like behaviors and inhibits pro-inflammatory factors via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. In vitro evaluation of LPS-activated BV2 cells revealed that MSC-miR137-EVs target the TLR4/NF-κB pathway through miR-137 inhibits proinflammatory M1 microglia. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis identified that MSC-EVs are rich in miR-146a-5p, which targets the TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway. In summary, the findings suggest that the integration of MSC-EVs with miR-137 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for ASD, which is worthy of clinical adoption.

Sulfur Migration Enhanced Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer for Efficient CO2 Desorption with Core-Shelled C@Mn3O4.

Transforming hazardous species into active sites by ingenious material design was a promising and positive strategy to improve catalytic reactions in industrial applications. To synergistically address the issue of sluggish CO2 desorption kinetics and SO2-poisoning solvent of amine scrubbing, we propose a novel method for preparing a high-performance core-shell C@Mn3O4 catalyst for heterogeneous sulfur migration and in situ reconstruction to active -SO3H groups, and thus inducing an enhanced proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) effect for CO2 desorption. As anticipated, the rate of CO2 desorption increases significantly, by 255%, when SO2 is introduced. On a bench scale, dynamic CO2 capture experiments reveal that the catalytic regeneration heat duty of SO2-poisoned solvent experiences a 32% reduction compared to the blank case, while the durability of the catalyst is confirmed. Thus, the enhanced PCET of C@Mn3O4, facilitated by sulfur migration and simultaneous transformation, effectively improves the SO2 resistance and regeneration efficiency of amine solvents, providing a novel route for pursuing cost-effective CO2 capture with an amine solvent.

Donor engineering of a benzothiadiazole-based D-A-D-type molecular semiconductor for perovskite solar cells: a theoretical study.

Due to the easy formation of compact molecular packing arrangements and the favorable photophysical and electrochemical properties, donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D)-type small molecule hole-transporting materials (HTMs) have been widely synthesized and researched to improve the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The main approach in recent experiments has been to seek good acceptors, whereas the influence of the electron-donating units has been less reported. In this work, six new benzothiadiazole-based D-A-D-type HTMs are tailored by employing the ethyl-substituted phenoxazine (POZ), phenothiazine (PTZ) and carbazole (CZ) as the donors. To obtain an elementary understanding of new HTMs, the electronic, optical, hole-transporting and interfacial properties are simulated with quantum chemistry methods. The results indicate that all tailored HTMs exhibit suitable energy alignment compared with the band structures of the perovskite, and the continuous highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels will be helpful for interfacial energy regulation. In comparison with the YN1, the maximum absorption wavelengths of the newly designed HTMs are red-shifted due to the decreased excitation energies from the ground-state to the first singlet excited-state. Importantly, the hole mobilities of all designed HTMs are distinctly higher than the referenced YN1, which is contributed by the better planarity of the molecular skeleton and the easier orbital overlapping between adjacent molecules. The interfacial simulations manifest that the FAPbI3/SM37 system displays a more stable adsorption configuration and greater charge redistributions at the interface compared to YN1, which further promotes the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Moreover, larger Stokes shifts and better solubility are also acquired for the new HTMs. In summary, our calculations not only propose several potential highly efficient HTMs, but also provide useful insights at the atomic level for the experimental synthesis of new D-A-D-type HTMs.

Adsorption-desorption behavior of florpyrauxifen-benzyl on three microplastics in aqueous environment as well as its mechanism and various influencing factors.

Microplastics (MPs) and pesticides are two categories contaminants with proposed negative impacts to aqueous ecosystems, and adsorption of pesticides on MPs may result in their long-range transport and compound combination effects. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl, a novel pyridine-2-carboxylate auxin herbicide has been widely used to control weeds in paddy field, but the insights of which are extremely limited. Therefore, adsorption and desorption behaviors of florpyrauxifen-benzyl on polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE) and disposable face masks (DFMs) in five water environment were investigated. The impacts of various environmental factors on adsorption capacity were evaluated, as well as adsorption mechanisms. The results revealed significant variations in adsorption capacity of florpyrauxifen-benzyl on three MPs, with approximately order of DFMs > PE > PVC. The discrepancy can be attributed to differences in structural and physicochemical properties, as evidenced by various characterization analysis. The kinetics and isotherm of florpyrauxifen-benzyl on three MPs were suitable for different models, wherein physical force predominantly governed adsorption process. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that both high and low temperatures weakened PE and DFMs adsorption, whereas temperature exhibited negligible impact on PVC adsorption. The adsorption capacity was significantly influenced by most environmental factors, particularly pH, cations and coexisting herbicide. This study provides valuable insights into the fate of florpyrauxifen-benzyl in presence of MPs, suggesting that PVC, PE and DFMs can serve as carriers of florpyrauxifen-benzyl in aquatic environment.

An Adaptive Radon-Transform-Based Marker Detection and Localization Method for Displacement Measurements Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.

UAVs have been widely used in deformation monitoring because of their high availability and flexibility. However, the quality of UAV images is affected by changing attitude and surveying environments, resulting in a low monitoring accuracy. Cross-shaped markers are used to improve the accuracy of UAV monitoring due to their distinct center contrast and absence of eccentricity. However, existing methods cannot rapidly and precisely detect these markers in UAV images. To address these problems, this paper proposes an adaptive Radon-transform-based marker detection and localization method for UAV displacement measurements, focusing on two critical detection parameters, namely, the radius of marker information acquisition and the edge width of the cross-shaped scoring template. The experimental results show that the marker detection rate is 97.2% under different combinations of flight altitudes, radius ratios of marker information acquisition, and marker sizes. Furthermore, the root mean square error of detection and localization is 0.57 pixels, significantly surpassing the performance and accuracy of other methods. We also derive the critical detection radius and appropriate parameter combinations for different heights to further improve the practicality of the method.

CircDNAJC11 interacts with TAF15 to promote breast cancer progression via enhancing MAPK6 expression and activating the MAPK signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is a common malignant tumor in women worldwide. Circular RNA (circRNA) has been proven to play a critical role in BC progression. However, the exact biological functions and underlying mechanisms of circRNAs in BC remain largely unknown. METHODS: Here, we first screened for differentially expressed circRNAs in 4 pairs of BC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues using a circRNA microarray. Functionally, gain- and loss-of-function experiments in vitro and in vivo showed that circDNAJC11 promoted BC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor growth. Mechanistically, RNA pull-down, mass spectrum, RNA immunoprecipitation, fluorescence in situ hybridization assays, and rescue experiments were executed. RESULTS: We found that circDNAJC11 was significantly upregulated in triple-negative breast cancer tissues and cells. Clinical data revealed that the high expression of circDNAJC11 was closely correlated with a poor prognosis of BC patients and could be an independent risk factor for BC prognosis. Functionally, gain- and loss-of-function experiments in vitro and in vivo showed that circDNAJC11 promoted BC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor growth. Mechanistically, RNA pull-down, mass spectrum, RNA immunoprecipitation, fluorescence in situ hybridization assays, and rescue experiments were executed. We demonstrated that circDNAJC11 combined with TAF15 to promote BC progression via stabilizing MAPK6 mRNA and activating the MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: The circDNAJC11/TAF15/MAPK6 axis played a crucial role in the progression and development of BC, suggesting that circDNAJC11 might be a novel biomarker and therapeutical target for BC.

Hypoxia Inhibitor Combined with Chemotherapeutic Agents for Antitumor and Antimetastatic Efficacy against Osteosarcoma.

Chemotherapy is the main treatment method for osteosarcoma in the clinic. However, drug resistance and its poor antimetastatic effects greatly limit its clinical application. In this work, dual-drug nanoparticles (NPs) containing albendazole (ABZ) and doxorubicin (DOX), named AD@PLGA-PEG NPs, were prepared to solve the problems of chemotherapeutic drug resistance and poor antimetastasis effects. Compared with free DOX, ABZ combined with DOX can increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce more tumor cell apoptosis; therefore, AD@PLGA-PEG NPs produced more mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress and better apoptosis efficiency. Importantly, ABZ can also effectively inhibit the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and then reduce the expression of its downstream vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); thus, the AD@PLGA-PEG NPs effectively inhibited tumor metastasis in vivo. Collectively, the dual-drug AD@PLGA-PEG NPs delivery system provided prominent antitumor and antimetastatic efficacy and might be a promising treatment for osteosarcoma.

Biomimetic and Multifunctional Hemostatic Hydrogel with Rapid Thermoresponsive Gelation and Robust Wet Adhesion for Emergency Hemostasis: A Rational Design Based on Photo-Cross-Linking Coordinated Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Balance Strategies.

Uncontrolled bleeding in emergency situations is a great threat to both military and civilian lives, and an ideal hemostat for effectively controlling prehospital hemorrhage is urgently needed but still lacking. Although hemostatic hydrogels are promising for emergency hemostasis, they are currently challenged by either the mutual exclusion between a short gelation time and strong adhesive network or the insufficient functionality of ingredients and complicated operations for in situ curing. Herein, an extracellular matrix biopolymer-based and multifunctional hemostatic hydrogel that simultaneously integrates rapid thermoresponsive gelation, robust wet adhesion, and ease of use in emergencies is rationally engineered. This hydrogel can be conveniently used via simple injection and achieves instant sol-gel phase transition at body temperature. Its comprehensive performance could be facilely regulated by tuning the proportions of components, and the optimal performance (gelation time 6-8 s, adhesion strength 125 ± 3.6 kPa, burst pressure 282 ± 4.1 mmHg) is established due to the coordinated enhancement of the photo-cross-linking pretreatment and the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance among various interactions in the hydrogel system. Additionally, it exhibits significant coagulation effect in vitro and enables effective hemostasis and wound healing in vivo. This work provides a promising platform for versatile applications of hydrogel-based materials, including emergency hemostasis.

Embedded Mo/Mn Atomic Regulation for Durable Acidity-Reinforced HZSM-5 Catalyst toward Energy-Efficient Amine Regeneration.

Metal-molecular sieve composites with high acidity are promising solid acid catalysts (SACs) for accelerating sluggish CO2 desorption processes and reducing the energy consumption of CO2 chemisorption systems. However, the production of such SACs through conventional approaches such as loading or ion-exchange methods often leads to uncontrolled and unstable metal distribution on the catalysts, which limits their pore structure regulation and catalytic performance. In this study, we demonstrated a feasible strategy for improving the durability, surface chemical activity, and pore structure of metal-doped HZSM-5 through bimetallic Mo/Mn modification. This strategy involves the immobilization of Mo-O-Mn species confined in an MFI structure by regulating MoO42- anions and Mn2+ cations. The embedded Mn/Mo species of low valence can strongly induce electron transfer and increase the density of compensatory H+ on the MoMn@H catalyst, thereby reducing the CO2 desorption temperature by 8.27 °C and energy consumption by 37% in comparison to a blank. The durability enhancement and activity regulation method used in this study is expected to advance the rational synthesis of metal-molecular sieve composites for energy-efficient CO2 capture using amine regeneration technology.

Use of La-Co@NPC for Sulfite Oxidation and Arsenic Detoxification Removal for High-Quality Sulfur Resources Recovery in Desulfurization Process.

Ammonia desulfurization is a typical resource-recovery-type wet desulfurization process that is widely used in coal-fired industrial boilers. However, the sulfur recovery is limited by the low oxidation rate of byproduct (ammonium sulfite), leading to secondary SO2 pollution due to its easy decomposability. In addition, the high toxic arsenic trace substances coexisting in desulfurization liquids also reduce the quality of the final sulfate product, facing with high environmental toxicity. In this study, nitrogen-doped porous carbon coembedded with lanthanum and cobalt (La-Co@NPC) was fabricated with heterologous catalytic active sites (Co0) and adsorption sites (LaOCl) to achieve sulfite oxidation and the efficient removal of high toxic trace arsenic for the recovery of high-value ammonium sulfate from the desulfurization liquid. The La-Co@NPC/S(IV) catalytic system can generate numerous strongly oxidizing free radicals (·SO5- and ·O2-) for the sulfite oxidation on the Co0 site, as well as oxidative detoxification of As(III) into As(V). Subsequently, arsenic can be removed through chemical adsorption on LaOCl adsorption sites. By using the dual-functional La-Co@NPC at a concentration of 0.25 g/L, the rate of ammonium sulfite oxidation reached 0.107 mmol/L·s-1, the arsenic (1 mg/L) removal efficiency reached 92%, and the maximum adsorption capacity of As reached up to 123 mg/g. This study can give certain guiding significance to the functional material design and the coordinated control of multiple coal-fired pollutants in desulfurization for high-value recovery of sulfur resources.

In Situ Reconstruction of Active Catalysis Sites Triggered by Chromium Immobilization for Sulfite Oxidation.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a highly toxic substance in wastewater, triggering grievous detriment to aquatic life and human health. Magnesium sulfite is spawned along with the desulfurization process in coal-fired power plants, which is usually disposed of as solid waste. Here, a "waste control by waste" method was proposed upon the redox of Cr(VI)-sulfite, in which highly toxic Cr(VI) is detoxicated and sequent enriched on a novel biochar-induced cobalt-based silica composite (BISC) due to the forced electron transfer from chromium to surface hydroxyl. The immobilized Cr on BISC gave rise to the reconstruction of catalytic active sites "Cr-O-Co", which further enhance its performance in sulfite oxidation by elevating O2 adsorption. As a result, the sulfite oxidation rate increased by 10 times compared with the non-catalysis benchmark together with the maximum chromium adsorption capacity being 120.3 mg/g. Therefore, this study provides a promising strategy to simultaneously control highly toxic Cr(VI) and sulfite, achieving high-grade sulfur resource recovery for wet magnesia desulfurization.

Multiomics provides insights into the succession of microbiota and metabolite during plant leaf fermentation.

The quality of fermented plant products is closely related to microbial metabolism. Here, the associations of bacterial communities, metabolites, and functional genes were explored using multi-omics techniques based on plant leaf fermentation systems. The results showed significant changes in the structure of the microbial community, with a significant decrease in Firmicutes and a significant increase in Proteobacteria. In addition, the concentration of metabolites with antibacterial, antioxidant and aroma properties increased significantly, enhancing the quality of the fermented plant leaves. Integrated macrogenomic and metabolomic analyses indicated that amino acid metabolism could be key metabolic pathway affecting fermentation quality. Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes were actively involved in tyrosine metabolism (ko00350) and phenylalanine metabolism (ko00360), and are presumed to be the major groups responsible for synthesizing growth and flavor compounds. This study emphasized the important role of microorganisms in the changes of metabolites during the fermentation of plant leaves.

Plantar Pressure Characteristics and Prevention of Painful Accessory Navicular in Military Recruits.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to provide practical guidance for the prevention of painful accessory navicular among recruits by comparing and analyzing the plantar pressure parameters of individuals with normal foot, flat foot, and accessory navicular. METHODS: After training, a total of 90 military recruits were included in this study, comprising 30 with normal foot, 30 with flat foot, and 30 with painful accessory navicular. The plantar pressure distribution was measured for all participants. RESULTS: In individuals with flat feet, there was an increase in plantar pressure on the medial side of the forefoot, as well as a significant increase in pressure on the medial side of the heel and arch (P<0.05). Conversely, there was a significant decrease in pressure on the lateral side of the heel and arch (P<0.05). In patients with painful accessory navicular, the medial pressure on the foot arch showed a further increase (P<0.001), while the lateral pressure on the foot arch exhibited a further decrease (P<0.001), indicating highly significant differences. CONCLUSION: Compared to participants with flat feet, participants with accessory navicular demonstrated faster and more impulsive impact on the ground within the same stress area, resulting in more noticeable pain caused by the injury to the accessory navicular.

Estrogen deficiency impedes fracture healing despite eliminating the excessive absorption of the posterior callus in a semi-fixed distal tibial fracture mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of distal tibial fractures is a challenge due to their specific anatomical location. However, there is no appropriate mouse model to simulate a clinical distal tibial fracture for basic research. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the feasibility of simulating a clinical fracture of the distal tibia of mice and to investigate the effect of ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis on fracture healing in this model. METHODS: Sixty female 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups, either sham or OVX. A semi-fixation distal tibia fracture was established in the right tibia after 8 weeks of OVX. The right tibias were collected at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post fracture. RESULTS: In the semi-fixation distal tibia fracture model, the posterior callus in the sham group showed excessive bone resorption and lower bone mass phenotype compared with the anterior site; a similar trend was not found in the OVX group. At 28 days post fracture, the posterior callus was more mineralized than the anterior callus in the OVX group. Although the fracture healing of the sham group showed a special phenotype in this mode, the progress and quality of fracture healing were still better than those of the OVX group. CONCLUSION: A semi-fixed distal tibial closed fracture mouse model was successfully established. In this model, excess bone resorption of the posterior callus impaired normal fracture healing, but not in OVX-induced osteoporotic bone. Although the stress shielding effect was not observed in the OVX group, impaired bone healing caused by OVX was still present. Our results suggest that this fracture model may have potential for studies on distal tibial fractures and stress shielding.

A Mitigation Method for Optical-Turbulence-Induced Errors and Optimal Target Design in Vision-Based Displacement Measurement.

Computer vision-based displacement measurement techniques are increasingly used for structural health monitoring. However, the vision sensors employed are easily affected by optical turbulence when capturing images of the structure, resulting in displacement measurement errors that significantly reduce the accuracy required in engineering applications. Hence, this paper develops a multi-measurement point method to address this problem by mitigating optical-turbulence errors with spatial randomness. Then, the effectiveness of the proposed method in mitigating optical-turbulence errors is verified by static target experiments, in which the RMSE correction rate can reach up to 82%. Meanwhile, the effects of target size and the number of measurement points on the proposed method are evaluated, and the optimal target design criteria are proposed to improve our method's performance in mitigating optical-turbulence errors under different measurement conditions. Additionally, extensive dynamic target experiments reveal that the proposed method achieves an RMSE correction rate of 69% after mitigating the optical-turbulence error. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method improves the visual displacement measurement accuracy and retains the detailed information of the displacement measurement results.