RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Growing body of laboratory evidence supports the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. Epidemiologic studies investigating the relationship between n-3 PUFAs intake and risk of CRC, however, have been inconsistent. We aimed to clarify the relation by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective studies. METHODS: Eligible studies were identified by searching PubMed database and by carefully reviewing bibliographies of retrieved publications. Summary relative risks (RRs) with their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were computed with a random-effects model. Subgroup, meta-regression, and dose-response analyses were performed to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 14 prospective studies involving 8,775 cancer cases were included in the final analysis. Overall, total n-3 or marine PUFAs intake was not associated with risk of CRC (RR 0.99 and 1.00). However, there was a trend toward reduced risk of proximal colon cancer (total n-3 PUFAs: RR 0.83, 95 % CI 0.66-1.05; marine PUFAs: RR 0.81, 95 % CI 0.59-1.10) and a significant increased risk of distal colon cancer (total n-3 PUFAs: RR 1.26, 95 % CI 1.06-1.50; marine PUFAs: RR 1.38, 95 % CI 1.11-1.71). Furthermore, marine PUFAs intake accessed longer before diagnosis was associated 21 % reduced risk of CRC (RR 0.79, 95 % CI 0.63-1.00). CONCLUSION: Overall, this meta-analysis finds no relation between n-3 PUFAs intake and risk of CRC. The observed subsite heterogeneity within colon cancer and the possible effect modification by latency time merit further studies.
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Neoplasias Colorrectales/epidemiología , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Neoplasias Colorrectales/etiología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/prevención & control , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Serum samples were collected from 2643 suspected cases of paragonimiasis in 2000-2007 from the outpatient departments of the city hospitals and surrounding areas, and the infection rate in the inhabitants, the first and second intermediate hosts, and animal reservoir hosts were investigated in the historical endemic areas. Serum samples were detected and 417 were found antibody positive (15.8%). Among residents in the historical endemic areas, the seropositive rate was 3.1% (46/1462), 2.8% (18/649) and 3.2% (26/813) in males and females respectively (CHI2 = 0.1833, P > 0.05). The infection rate in first intermediate host (snails), second intermediate host (crabs) and animal reservoir hosts was 0.05% (9/ 19,368), 31.1% (15,627/ 50,313) and 11.9% (52/438) respectively. Evidently, natural nidi for Paragonimus spp. still exist in Ningbo City.
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Paragonimiasis/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Braquiuros/parasitología , Niño , Preescolar , China/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Paragonimiasis/sangre , Paragonimiasis/parasitología , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Caracoles/parasitologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep duration and overweight/obesity among Chinese adolescents. METHODS: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among Chinese adolescents in 2016. In total, 2795 school-aged Chinese children aged 12 to 13 years participated in this study. Participants were asked to complete self-administered surveys during a 45-min class period in their classroom. Details of the questionnaire about health-related behaviors included sleep habits, physical activity, screen time, cigarette use, and alcohol use. Height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were directly measured. RESULTS: The mean sleep duration was 8.7 h/day. In total, 43.0% of the participants had a sleep duration of less than 9 h/day. Sleep duration was significantly inversely related to BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference and WHtR in multiple linear regression analyses in both genders. Logistic regression models showed that insufficient sleep (<9 h/day) was associated with high odds of overweight/obesity among both young boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS: Insufficient sleep duration was associated with overweight/obesity in Chinese adolescents, and short sleep duration was probably associated with central adiposity, especially among boys.
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Índice de Masa Corporal , Obesidad , Sueño , Adolescente , Niño , China , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidad/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Circunferencia de la CinturaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and sleep duration among Chinese adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among Chinese adolescents in 2017. Data on a total of 800 adolescents aged 8â»14 years was used for this study. Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight were measured by trained research staff. Serum 25(OH)D and lipids were measured in the laboratory. Sleep habits and other health-related behaviors were tested by questionnaire. RESULTS: 25(OH)D levels were significantly positively correlated with sleep duration (r = 0.11, p < 0.05). In multivariate logistic regression analyses, insufficiency/deficiency of vitamin D (25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/mL) was significantly associated with increased probability of short sleep (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.14â»2.43). CONCLUSIONS: Low 25(OH)D levels were independently associated with the risk of insufficient sleep in Chinese adolescents.
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Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/fisiopatología , Sueño , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/sangre , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Adolescente , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Adolescentes , Factores de Edad , Biomarcadores/sangre , Niño , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles , China/epidemiología , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Factores de Riesgo , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/epidemiología , Factores de Tiempo , Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/diagnóstico , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/epidemiología , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between sleep duration and physical activity and dietary behaviors among adolescents in a representative sample. METHODS: The analysis was performed using data from the 2015 Ningbo Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Associations between physical activity and dietary behaviors and sleep duration were examined on weighted data using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 10726 students, roughly 40% reported sleep duration <8 h. Longer sleep duration was associated with higher likelihood of milk intake, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, water consumption, moderate physical activity, and muscle-strengthening physical activity, and with a lower likelihood of cigarette use, alcohol use, sweets intake, Western fast food intake, and breakfast skipping. CONCLUSION: Insufficient sleep may be common among Chinese adolescents. Sleep duration was associated with dietary behaviors, physical activity, and other health-related behaviors. These findings suggest that sleep duration could be a potential target for many health-risk behaviors in young adolescents.
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Dieta , Ejercicio Físico , Sueño , Estudiantes , Adolescente , Niño , China/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Humanos , Funciones de Verosimilitud , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Variación Genética , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico/epidemiología , Estilo de Vida , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , China/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico/genética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos Biológicos , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on tubular epithelial-myofibroblast transdifferentiation (TEMT) triggered by IL-1alpha and the fibronectin secretion of TEMT. METHODS: The normal rat kidney tubular epithelial cell line (NRK52E) was cultured for six days on plastic or collagen type I-coated plates in the presence or absence of HGF or IL-1alpha. The morphology of transdifferentiation tubular cells was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and phase-contrast microscopy. The number of alpha-SMA+ cells, the percentage of alpha-SMA+ cells and the mean channel fluorescence (MCF) were assessed by immunohistochemistry and flowcytometry. The level of fibronectin in supernatant was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: The NRK52E cells triggered by IL-1alpha became fibroblast-like morphologically, and strong alpha-SMA immunostaining of those cells was seen. The level of FN in the culture supernatant, the percentage of alpha-SMA+ cells and the MCF of cells triggered by IL-1alpha were obviously higher than those of blank control group (P<0.05). In the groups with IL-1alpha and different doses of HGF, the transdifferentiation of NRK52E cells was inhibited. With the increase of HGF dose, the percentage of alpha-SMA+ cells and the level of FN showed a tendency to decrease. There was no significant difference between the groups treated with only HGF at different dose levels and the blank control group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: IL-1alpha can induce tubular epithelial cell to transdifferentiate to myofibroblast and increase the secretion of FN. These results suggest that TEMT may play an important role in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. HGF could block the transdifferentiation of tubular epithelial cell and inhibit the secretion of FN. These would provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of renal interstitial fibrosis and end stage renal disease.
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Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento de Hepatocito/farmacología , Interleucina-1/farmacología , Túbulos Renales/citología , Actinas/biosíntesis , Actinas/genética , Animales , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Células Epiteliales/citología , Fibroblastos/citología , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/citología , RatasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among women in Ningbo, China. METHODS: A cluster-sampling study of women from four randomly selected villages was undertaken between April 1 and June 30, 2012. Married women who were not menstruating and had not had sexual intercourse, used vaginal medications, or performed vaginal douching within the previous 48hours were enrolled when attending community health centers for family planning appointments. Exfoliated cell specimens were collected for HPV DNA genotyping and cytologic diagnostic tests. RESULTS: Among 1373 included women, 185 (13.5%) were found to be HPV positive and 178 (13.0%) had a high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) genotype. Among 56 women with cervical cytologic abnormalities, 35 (62.5%) had an HPV infection. The frequency of HPV or HR-HPV infections rose with increasing severity of cytological abnormalities (P<0.001 for both). HPV52 was the most prevalent genotype, followed by HPV58, HPV16, HPV33, and HPV68. An HPV prevalence peak was observed in women aged 40-49 years (101/564 [17.9%]). CONCLUSION: In Ningbo, many women with cervical cytologic abnormalities have HPV infection. Vaccines targeting HPV52 and HPV58 in conjunction with HPV16 and HPV18 are required for the prevention and treatment of cervical lesions in Chinese women.
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Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Adulto , Factores de Edad , China/epidemiología , Análisis por Conglomerados , Estudios Transversales , ADN Viral/análisis , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Prevalencia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Previous meta-analyses have demonstrated that lifestyle modification can reduce the blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, although the effects of changes in the blood glucose level on impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) remain controversial. This review therefore aimed to determine the efficacy of lifestyle interventions in adults with IGT. METHODS: We searched the Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Science Citation Index databases and reference lists of the included articles. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the quality of the included studies; a total of nine randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. In addition, we tested for trial heterogeneity and calculated the pooled effects size using the random effects model. RESULTS: The overall interventions were associated with a decline in the 2-hour plasma glucose levels [standardized mean differences (SMD) -0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), -1.01 to -0.10; I(2), 96.6%]. Moreover, dietary intervention (SMD -0.53; 95% CI -0.77 to -0.28) and physical intervention (SMD -0.42; 95% CI -0.63 to -0.20) were each associated with a decline in the 2-hour plasma glucose levels compared with that observed in the control participants. The overall interventions were associated with a decline in the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (SMD -0.27; 95% CI -0.38 to -0.15; I(2) = 47.1%). In addition, physical intervention (SMD -0.25; 95% CI -0.44 to -0.05) and combined dietary and physical intervention were each associated with a decreased FPG level (SMD -0.28; 95% CI -0.44 to -0.12) compared with that observed in the control participants. CONCLUSION: Lifestyle modification based on physical or dietary interventions or both is associated with improvements in the 2-hour plasma glucose and FPG levels in IGT patients.
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Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevención & control , Dieta , Ejercicio Físico , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/prevención & control , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Conducta de Reducción del Riesgo , Adulto , Ayuno , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/epidemiología , Humanos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como AsuntoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: An outbreak of measles occurred in early 2014 among individuals not targeted for vaccination-adults, and infants too young to vaccinate, in Xiangshan County, Zhejiang Province, in eastern China. OBJECTIVE: We conducted an investigation to identify risk factors responsible for this outbreak and to provide evidence-based recommendations for measles elimination strategies in China. METHODS: Measles was diagnosed using national standard case definitions. In a case-control study, 20 randomly selected measles patients were matched with controls selected from the same village or community as each case in a 1:2 case-to-control ratio. Controls were matched on age, within 5 years, and gender. We compared exposure histories during the 7-21 days before rash onset of the case and the same time period for the matched controls. We also conducted a measles antibody seroprevalence survey of a convenient sample of residual serum obtained from healthy patients during routine care in a hospital. RESULTS: The outbreak consisted of 45 measles cases, with an attack rate of 8.9/100,000 total population. Among cases, 91.1% (41/45) were adults (ranged 23-51 years) who had unknown vaccination histories; the other cases were infants younger than 8 months of age. The case-control study showed major risk factors to be a visit to Hospital X (OR(MH)=7.3, 95% CI: 1.8-30.7) and treatment in an IV room in Hospital X (OR(MH)=11.0, 95% CI: 1.3-96.1). The seroprevalence survey showed that 88.8% of adults had measles IgG antibodies, and that 100% of children 2-19 years of age were seropositive. CONCLUSIONS: The outbreak was primarily among age groups not targeted for vaccination-primarily adults, but with some children too young to vaccinate. Visiting a hospital was the major risk factor for measles transmission. We conclude that in addition to maintaining high 2-dose coverage with measles vaccine, working with hospital infection control programs to implement evidence-based strategies to prevent or limit hospital transmission is an important action for eliminating measles in eastern China.
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Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Sarampión/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , China/epidemiología , Infección Hospitalaria/transmisión , Femenino , Hospitales , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Sarampión/transmisión , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Ningbo. METHODS: A descriptive analysis was conducted through the surveillance data of HFMD in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, from 2008 to 2011. Genes on EV71 and Cox A16 were amplified with RT-PCT from the stool samples of HFMD patients. Sequences were analyzed by bioinformatics software. RESULTS: 37 524 cases of HFMD were reported from 2008 to 2011, including 196 severe cases and 12 deaths. The reported incidence was 145.26 per 100 000 and the case fatality was 0.03%. Cases in children aged 5 or younger accounted for 95.89%, and the scattered cases accounted for 64.10%. Xiangshan and Ninghai counties had the highest incidence rates in Ningbo. The peak of incidence was from April to July. The number of male patients was obviously higher than females. 2394 cases of HFMD were laboratory confirmed and EV71 with the predominant epidemic strain. Data from phylogenetic analysis revealed that EV71 isolated from HFMD patients in Ningbo belonged to C4a evolution branch of C4 sub-genotype, with several transmission chains. Cox A16 belonged to B1 evolution branch. 53.48% of the healthy children in Ningbo showed EV71 antibody positive. The geometric mean of the antibody titer (GMT) was 11.23 (8.33 - 14.98) in healthy children. Cox A16 antibody was detected at 63.18% of the healthy children in Ningbo. GMT in healthy children was 12.61 (6.70 - 16.52). CONCLUSION: HFMD was highly endemic in Ningbo, with children under 5 years old were at high-risk. The major etiologic agent was EV71 which belonged to C4a in the C4 sub-genotypes. Cox A16 belonged to the B1 evolution branch, which were in line with the predominant virus circulating in the mainland of China.
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Enterovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedad de Boca, Mano y Pie/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Boca, Mano y Pie/virología , Niño , Preescolar , China/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coxsackievirus/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Recién Nacido , MasculinoRESUMEN
A total of 100 H1N1 flu real-time-PCR positive throat swabs collected from fever patients in Zhejiang, Hubei and Guangdong between June and November 2009, were provided by local CDC laboratories. After MDCK cell culture, 57 Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) viruses were isolated and submitted for whole genome sequencing. A total of 39 HA sequences, 52 NA sequences, 36 PB2 sequences, 31 PB1 sequences, 40 PA sequences, 48 NP sequences, 51 MP sequences and 36 NS sequences were obtained, including 20 whole genome sequences. Sequence comparison revealed they shared a high degree of homology (96%-99%) with known epidemic strains (A/California/04/2009(H1N1). Phylogenetic analysis showed that although the sequences were highly conserved, they clustered into a small number of groups with only a few distinct strains. Site analysis revealed three substitutions at loop 220 (221-228) of the HA receptor binding site in the 39 HA sequences: A/Hubei/86/2009 PKVRDQEG â PKVRDQEA, A/Zhejiang/08/2009 PKVRDQEG â PKVRDQER, A/Hubei/75/2009 PKVRDQEG â PKVRDQGG, the A/Hubei/75/2009 was isolated from an acute case, while the other two were from patients with mild symptoms. Other key sites such as 119, 274, 292 and 294 amino acids of NA protein, 627 of PB2 protein were conserved. Meanwhile, all the M2 protein sequences possessed the Ser32Asn mutation, suggesting that these viruses were resistant to adamantanes. Comparison of these sequences with other H1N1 viruses collected from the NCBI database provides insight into H1N1 transmission and circulation patterns.
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Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/virología , Pandemias , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , China/epidemiología , Variación Genética , Humanos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/química , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Alineación de Secuencia , Proteínas Virales/química , Proteínas Virales/genéticaRESUMEN
AIM: To determine the association of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes with probable cirrhosis and fatty liver in community-based populations. METHODS: A multi-stage cluster probability sampling method was applied to recruit 10 167 subjects aged between 6 and 72 years from our epidemiological bases in Eastern China. After excluding the subjects co-infected with hepatitis C or hepatitis D viruses, the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive subjects were examined for HBV genotype, serum viral load, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status, and ultrasonographic changes. Logistic regression models were used to determine the factors associated with probable cirrhosis and fatty liver. RESULTS: Of 634 HBsAg-positive subjects with HBV genotype determined, 82 had probable cirrhosis (ultrasonographic score > or = 5), 42 had ultrasonographic fatty liver. Probable cirrhosis was only found in the HBeAg-negative subjects, and more frequently found in the subjects with genotype C than in those with genotype B (14.8% vs 8.0%, P = 0.018). In HBeAg-negative subjects, high viral load was frequently associated with abnormal ALT level, while ALT abnormality was more frequent in those with probable cirrhosis than those without (19.5% vs 7.8%, P = 0.001). Univariate analysis showed that age, sex, HBV genotypes, and viral load were not significantly associated with ultrasonographic fatty liver, whereas ALT abnormality was significantly related to ultrasonographic fatty liver (OR = 4.54, 95% CI: 2.11-9.75, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that HBV genotype C, age (> or = 45 years), male sex, and ALT abnormality were independently associated with probable cirrhosis (AOR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.26-4.19; AOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.10-2.99; AOR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.03-2.95; AOR = 2.98, 95% CI: 1.48-5.99, respectively). CONCLUSION: A crude prevalence of probable cirrhosis is 12.9% in the community-based HBV-infected subjects. HBV genotype C is independently associated with probable cirrhosis in the HBeAg-negative subjects.
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Investigación Participativa Basada en la Comunidad , Virus de la Hepatitis B/genética , Cirrosis Hepática/epidemiología , Cirrosis Hepática/virología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Niño , China , Análisis por Conglomerados , Hígado Graso/epidemiología , Hígado Graso/etnología , Hígado Graso/virología , Femenino , Genotipo , Antígenos e de la Hepatitis B/sangre , Humanos , Hígado/diagnóstico por imagen , Cirrosis Hepática/etnología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Prevalencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Ultrasonografía , Carga Viral/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
110 children who were given the complete course of the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix) were followed up 10 years later. Age-matched healthy children who were not inoculated served as controls. One month after two primary injections, all children were positive for serum antibody. After 10 years, 99.09% of inoculated children remained positive for serum anti-HAV antibody, with a geometric mean concentration (GMC) of 61.59mIU/mL. GMC values following a secondary immunization in children with antibody levels <20mIU/mL were significantly elevated (567.9mIU/mL), compared with the primary injection alone. Havrix appears to induce persistent immunity and potent immune memory.
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Vacunas contra la Hepatitis A/inmunología , Hepatitis A/inmunología , Hepatitis A/prevención & control , Anticuerpos Antivirales/análisis , Niño , Preescolar , China/epidemiología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Anticuerpos de Hepatitis A/análisis , Anticuerpos de Hepatitis A/inmunología , Humanos , Memoria Inmunológica , Lactante , Masculino , Modelos Estadísticos , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Vacunas Atenuadas , Vacunas de Productos InactivadosAsunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Homosexualidad Masculina , Conducta Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , China/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Parejas Sexuales , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To Know the antibody level of comparison in maternal-infant pairs and the change of rubella in infants, and to provide scientific basis for controlling congenital rubella syndrome. METHODS: Newborn, 3, 6, 8, 9-month infant who never had rubella and their mothers were residents in Ningbo of Zhejiang, Harbin of Heilongjiang and Jinan of Shandong were collected as objects. Their serum samples were tested by the method of ELISA. RESULTS: The positive rate of Rubella antibody in newborns, 3, 6, 8, 9, were 74.4, 14.9, 3.3, 4.6, 15.0 percent respectively, and GMC were 34.06, 5.42, 1.48, 1.10, 1.83IU/ml respectively. The positive rate and GMC of Rubella antibody in mothers were 71.1 percent and 30.96IU/ml. The correlation coefficient between mother and infant was 0.658. CONCLUSION: Maternal-transferred rubella antibody decreased as the growth of infants. The positive rate of measles antibody was very low in 6 and 8-month, which almost had no protection.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Intercambio Materno-Fetal , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/inmunología , Adulto , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , China , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Embarazo , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/sangre , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/congénitoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in high epidemic areas. METHODS: Reported data on typhoid and paratyphoid fever during 1988-2007 in Ningbo were analyzed epidemiologically. Shellfish from the market was collected for laboratory testing and Salmonella typhi strains collected from the patients were also studied. RESULTS: Number of reported cases on both typhoid and paratyphoid fever was 19 404 with 7 deaths, from 1988 to 2007. The annual mean incidence was 17.68 per one hundred thousand with the fatality rate as 0.36 per thousand. Most cases were among adults aged 20-50 years and an obvious regional distribution was observed with high incidence seen in winter and spring. Since 1990s, the advantage strain had changed from Salmonella typhi to Salmonella paratyphi A. Etiologic studies showed that raw Anadara subcrenata and oyster were the main risk factors. One Salmonella paratyphi A strain was detected in both Anadara subcrenata and oysters collected from the market, which contained TEM-1 drug resistance gene. PFGE genotyping showed that PFGE-X2 was the strain which causing pandemic in Ningbo. CONCLUSION: Eating contaminated raw shellfish like oysters and hairy clams was the primary risk factor, responsible for the outbreaks. Salmonella paratyphi A was the advantages pandemic strain in Ningbo. Strategies as supervision on personal hygiene and health education should be strengthened.
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Fiebre Paratifoidea/microbiología , Salmonella paratyphi A/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella typhi/aislamiento & purificación , Mariscos/microbiología , Fiebre Tifoidea/microbiología , Adulto , Animales , China/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fiebre Paratifoidea/epidemiología , Fiebre Paratifoidea/etiología , Factores de Riesgo , Estaciones del Año , Fiebre Tifoidea/epidemiología , Fiebre Tifoidea/etiología , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Trabajadores Sexuales/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/epidemiología , Adulto , China/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Asunción de Riesgos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
A high-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS-MS) method was developed and validated to determine simultaneously coumafuryl and coumateralyl in animal tissues using warfarin as an internal standard (IS). Animal tissue samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and cleaned by Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. After pretreatment, the separation was performed on a XDB C18 column with an isocratic mobile phase of acetic acid-ammonium acetate (5 mmol l(-1), pH = 4.5)/methanol (30:70, v/v). Detection was carried out on a mass spectrometer by negative electrospray ionization (ESI) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The calibration curves were linear (r(2) > 0.998) in the concentration range 0.75-100.0 ng g(-1) with a lower limit of quantification of 0.75 ng g(-1) for coumafuryl, and 0.5 ng g(-1) for coumateralyl in liver and kidney samples. Intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 8.6% and 10.9%, respectively. Recoveries of coumafuryl and coumateralyl were in the range 81.5-89.5%. The developed assay has been applied to the determination of trace residues of coumafuryl and coumateralyl in animal tissues to investigate suspected poisoning of human and animals.
Asunto(s)
4-Hidroxicumarinas/análisis , Rodenticidas/análisis , Warfarina/análogos & derivados , 4-Hidroxicumarinas/envenenamiento , Animales , Calibración , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Humanos , Estándares de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Rodenticidas/envenenamiento , Solventes , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Distribución Tisular , Warfarina/análisis , Warfarina/envenenamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of age distribution of measles and related policies on measles vaccines (live; MV) in infants through analyzing the antibody levels of comparison in maternal-infant pairs. Transition of immunity in infants was also studied to provide theoretic basis for measles immunization strategy and to reduce the incidence of month-old infants. METHODS: In cities of Ningbo, Harbin, and Jinan from Zhejiang, Heilongjiang and Shandong provinces, data was collected from 2004 to 2007 and analyzed regarding the epidemic situation of measles. Studies on maternal-transferred measles antibody were carried our sero-epidemiologically. RESULTS: Most of the measles cases were found among babies younger than 12 months, and the incidence of < 1 year olds had been increasing. The distribution was dominated by 5 - 8 month olds in infant measles cases. The positive rate and GRMT of measles antibody in newborns were 89.3 percent and 738.93. The positive rate of the measles antibody and GMRT of the 6-month infant were 6.9% and 6.89, while 6.7% and 3.69 in 8-month infant. There was a declining trend of the positive rate of the measles antibody during the newborns to 8-month infant. The positive rate and GRMT of measles antibody in mothers were 84.3 percent and 516.94. Mother's measles antibodies mainly to be at low and moderate level, which accounted for 50.4 percent and 30.3 percent respectively, the correlation coefficient between mother and infant was 0.840. CONCLUSION: Maternal-transferred measles antibody decreased as the growth of infants. The positive rates of measles antibody were quite low in 6-month and 8-month olds which were the age range that needs most attention.