RESUMEN
Aquilaria sinensis is an important non-timber tree species for producing high-value agarwood, which is widely used as a traditional medicine and incense. Agarwood is the product of Aquilaria trees in response to injury and fungal infection. The APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in plant stress responses and metabolite biosynthesis. In this study, 119 AsAP2/ERF genes were identified from the A. sinensis genome and divided into ERF, AP2, RAV, and Soloist subfamilies. Their conserved motif, gene structure, chromosomal localization, and subcellular localization were characterized. A stress/defense-related ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif and an EDLL motif were identified. Moreover, 11 genes that were highly expressed in the agarwood layer in response to whole-tree agarwood induction technique (Agar-Wit) treatment were chosen, and their expression levels in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), or salt treatment were further analyzed using the quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Among the 11 genes, eight belonged to subgroup B-3. All 11 genes were significantly upregulated under salt treatment, while eight genes were significantly induced by both MeJA and SA. In addition, the gene clusters containing these upregulated genes on chromosomes were observed. The results obtained from this research not only provide useful information for understanding the functions of AP2/ERF genes in A. sinensis but also identify candidate genes and gene clusters to dissect their regulatory roles in agarwood formation for future research.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Thymelaeaceae , Etilenos , Familia de Multigenes , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Thymelaeaceae/genética , Thymelaeaceae/metabolismoRESUMEN
A series of target compounds 1,3-benzodioxole-based fibrate derivatives were designed and synthesized. All the target compounds were preliminarily evaluated by hyperlipidemia mice induced by Triton WR-1339, in which compound 12 displayed a greater anti-hyperlipidemia activity than other compounds as well as positive drug fenofibrate (FF). 12 showed a significant reduction of plasma lipids, such as triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterin (LDL-C), in high fat diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemic mice. In addition, hepatic transaminases (AST and ALT) were ameliorated after administration of 12, in particular the AST, and the histopathological examination showed that 12 improved the hepatic lipid accumulation. The expression of PPAR-α involved in lipids metabolism was up-regulated in the liver tissues of 12-treated group. Other significant activity such as antioxidant, and anti-inflammation was confirmed and reinforced the effects of 12 as a potential hypolipidemia and hepatoprotective agent.
Asunto(s)
Dioxoles/farmacología , Hiperlipidemias/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipolipemiantes/farmacología , Lípidos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Animales , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Dioxoles/síntesis química , Dioxoles/química , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Hiperlipidemias/inducido químicamente , Hiperlipidemias/metabolismo , Hipolipemiantes/síntesis química , Hipolipemiantes/química , Ratones , Estructura Molecular , Sustancias Protectoras/síntesis química , Sustancias Protectoras/química , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Agarwood is derived from wounds in Aquilaria trees and is widely used in traditional medicine, incense, and perfume. Sesquiterpenes are one of the main active components in agarwood and are known to be induced by wounding or injury; However, the molecular mechanisms by which wounding leads to sesquiterpene formation remain largely unknown. Agarwood sesquiterpene synthase 1 (ASS1) is one of key enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and is a crucial jasmonate (JA)-responsive wound-inducible synthase. However, it is not known why ASS1 is not expressed in healthy trees and how its expression is induced as a result of wounding. Here, we report that ASS1 is a wound-induced gene with a promoter in which a 242-bp region (-973 to -731bp) is identified as the core sequence for responding to wound signals. AsWRKY44 binds directly to this region and represses ASS1 promoter activity. Down-regulation or disruption of AsWRKY44 can relieve the inhibition and activate ASS1 expression. In addition, AsWRKY44 is degraded and the expression of ASS1 is significantly up-regulated in response to exogenous application of methyl jasmonate. Thus, AsWRKY44 is a crucial negative regulator of wound-induced ASS1 transcription, and is central to the mechanism of sesquiterpene biosynthesis in agarwood.
Asunto(s)
Sesquiterpenos/metabolismo , Thymelaeaceae/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Thymelaeaceae/genéticaRESUMEN
Objective The purpose of this study was to produce an arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) peptide-modified ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) for targeted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and verify its utility as a T1 positive MRI imaging contrast agent in vitroand in vivo.Methods The carboxylated Fe3O4 NPs stabilized with sodium citrate were conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-linked RGD nanoparticles to form a novel target contrast agent Fe3O4-PEG-RGD NPs. The specificity of Fe3O4-PEG-RGD to bind RGD receptor was investigated in vitro by HepG2 cellular uptake and cell MR imaging, and in vivo by MR imaging of subcutaneous HepG2 tumors of nude mice.Results The formed Fe3O4-PEG-RGD NPs displayed good biocompatibility, and the ultrahigh r1 relaxivity was 1.37 mM -1S -1. The synthesized Fe3O4-PEG-RGD NPs were demonstrated spherical-like with an approximate diameter of 2.7 nm in similar size. The targeting effect to HepG2 cells was confirmed by in vitro cellular uptake and cell MR imaging. The in vivo MR imaging of nude mice demonstrated that the MR signal intensity enhancement of HepG2 tumor in Fe3O4-PEG-RGD NPs treated mice was significantly higher than in mice treated with non-targeted Fe3O4-mPEG NPs at the same post-administration time point. Conclusion The results indicate that the Fe3O4-PEG-RGD particles have potential utility as T1 positive contrast agent in targeted MR imaging.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico por imagen , Medios de Contraste/química , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagen , Nanopartículas Magnéticas de Óxido de Hierro/química , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Nanopartículas/química , Oligopéptidos/químicaRESUMEN
Hypolipidemic effects of the newly synthesized 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione-based fibrates were evaluated in Triton WR-1339 and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic mice. Preliminary screening of all the synthesized compounds was done by using an acute model (Triton WR-1339 model), in which compound 6 shown more significant antidyslipidemic activity than fenofibrate (FF). The compound 6 was also found to reduce serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterin (LDL) in HFD-induced hyperlipidemic mice. Moreover, compound 6 displayed hepatoprotective effect, a significant amelioration in hepatic indices (AST and ALT) toxicity was observed and the histological examination showed that compound 6 inhibited the development of hepatic lipid accumulation and ameliorated the damage in hepatic tissue compared to model mice. Additional effects such as the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action confirmed and reinforced the efficacy of compound 6 as a new agent of dual-effect hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activities.
Asunto(s)
Ácidos Fíbricos/química , Ácidos Fíbricos/uso terapéutico , Hiperlipidemias/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipolipemiantes/química , Hipolipemiantes/uso terapéutico , Tionas/química , Tionas/uso terapéutico , Tiofenos/química , Tiofenos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Ácidos Fíbricos/farmacología , Hiperlipidemias/sangre , Hiperlipidemias/etiología , Hiperlipidemias/metabolismo , Hipolipemiantes/farmacología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Sustancias Protectoras/química , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Sustancias Protectoras/uso terapéutico , Tionas/farmacología , Tiofenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Oxidative stress has been regarded as the leading mechanism of the hepatotoxicity of clofibrate (CF). To achieve multifunctional novel hypolipidemic agents with hypolipidemia, antioxidant, and ameliorating liver injury, clofibric acid derivative hydroxytyrosol-clofibrate (CF-HT) was synthesized by molecular hybridization. CF-HT exhibited significant hypolipidemia, reducing serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and malonaldehyde (MDA) by 30%, 33%, and 29% in hyperlipidemic mice induced by Triton WR 1339. CF-HT also shown hepatoprotective effect, a significant decrease in hepatic indices toxicity was observed, i.e. aspartate and lactate transaminases (AST and ALT) activities, alkalines phosphatases (ALP), and total bilirubin (TBIL) levels. The liver weight and liver coefficient were also ameliorated. Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly elevated, and serum catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were remarkably restored. The hepatic glutathione (GSH) content was obviously increased and hepatic oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content was reduced dramatically by CF-HT, as compared to the CF treated mice (pâ¯<â¯0.05). Moreover, the histopathological damage that hepatocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy was also significantly ameliorated by treatment with CF-HT. Therefore, the results indicated that CF-HT exerted more potent hypolipidemic activity and definite hepatoprotective effect which may mainly be associated with its antioxidative property in mice.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Clofibrato/farmacología , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hipolipemiantes/farmacología , Alcohol Feniletílico/análogos & derivados , Animales , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Antioxidantes/química , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Clofibrato/administración & dosificación , Clofibrato/química , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Hipolipemiantes/administración & dosificación , Hipolipemiantes/química , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Estructura Molecular , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Alcohol Feniletílico/administración & dosificación , Alcohol Feniletílico/química , Alcohol Feniletílico/farmacología , Polietilenglicoles/farmacología , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Sesquiterpenes are one of the most important defensive secondary metabolite components of agarwood. Agarwood, which is a product of the Aquilaria sinensis response to external damage, is a fragrant and resinous wood that is widely used in traditional medicines, incense and perfume. We previously reported that jasmonic acid (JA) plays an important role in promoting agarwood sesquiterpene biosynthesis and induces expression of the sesquiterpene synthase ASS1, which is a key enzyme that is responsible for the biosynthesis of agarwood sesquiterpenes in A. sinensis. However, little is known about this molecular regulation mechanism. Here, we characterized a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, AsMYC2, from A. sinensis as an activator of ASS1 expression. AsMYC2 is an immediate-early jasmonate-responsive gene and is co-induced with ASS1. Using a combination of yeast one-hybrid assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses, we showed that AsMYC2 bound the promoter of ASS1 containing a G-box motif. AsMYC2 activated expression of ASS1 in tobacco epidermis cells and up-regulated expression of sesquiterpene synthase genes (TPS21 and TPS11) in Arabidopsis, which was also promoted by methyl jasmonate. Our results suggest that AsMYC2 participates in the regulation of agarwood sesquiterpene biosynthesis in A. sinensis by controlling the expression of ASS1 through the JA signaling pathway.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Sesquiterpenos/metabolismo , Thymelaeaceae/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Acetatos/metabolismo , Acetatos/farmacología , Transferasas Alquil y Aril/genética , Transferasas Alquil y Aril/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Secuencias Hélice-Asa-Hélice , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Thymelaeaceae/efectos de los fármacos , Thymelaeaceae/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genéticaRESUMEN
The MYC2 transcription factor is a member of the important plant b HLH transcription factor families, and it is also the core regulatory elements in jasmonateï¼JAï¼ signaling pathway. However, there is a little information about AsMYC2 gene in Aquilaria sinensis. In this study, with the total RNA isolated from A. sinensis leave as template, the full-length coding sequence (CDS) of AsMYC2 gene was amplified using RT-PCR method and subcloned into pGEX-4T-1 vector by the gene recombination technique. The recombinant vector pGEX-4T-1-AsMYC2 was verified by restriction enzyme digestion and nucleotide sequencing, and was transformed into E. coli BL21ï¼DE3ï¼ to express the protein. A maximum expression of soluble protein was observed with induction by 0.1 mmol·L(-1) IPTG at 37 â for 4 hours. The fusion protein was purified through a Sepharose-Glutathione column, and verified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using an anti-GST polyclonal antibody. We successfully constructed the GST-AsMYC2 plasmid, produced and purified the GST-AsMYC2 fusion protein, which would provide the basic material for polyclonal antibody preparation, interactive factors screening and gene function research. According to the tissue-specific expression pattern analysis by q RT-PCR method, the AsMYC2 gene in A. sinensis tissues is mainly expressed in roots and stems, the main agarwood formation parts, and lowest expressed in leaves. These results indicate that AsMYC2 gene likely play some roles in agarwood formation in A. sinensis.
Asunto(s)
Factores de Transcripción Básicos con Cremalleras de Leucinas y Motivos Hélice-Asa-Hélice/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Thymelaeaceae/genética , Anticuerpos , Secuencia de Bases , Western Blotting , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Escherichia coli , Expresión Génica , Plásmidos , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/biosíntesisRESUMEN
The full-length coding sequence (cds) of jasmonate-zim-domain protein (AsJAZ1) gene was cloned from Aquilaria sinensis, the prokaryotic vector was constructed and the recombinant proteins expression was induced to provide the basic material for interactive proteins screen and gene function research. In this study, with the total RNA isolated from A. sinensis leave as template, the full-length cds of AsJAZ1 gene was amplified using RT-PCR method and subcloned into pET-28a vector. The recombinant plasmid identified by restriction enzyme digestion and nucleotide sequencing was transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3). Inducing with 0.5 mmolâ¢L⻹ IPTG at 37 â for 4 hours, a fusion protein about 39 kDa was maximumly obtained. AsJAZ1 fusion protein had been expressed successfully mainly in the form of inclusion bodies and only a very small amount was secreted into the cytoplasm in the supernatant.
Asunto(s)
Escherichia coli/genética , Expresión Génica , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Thymelaeaceae/genética , Clonación Molecular , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Vectores Genéticos/genética , Vectores Genéticos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plásmidos/genética , Plásmidos/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismoRESUMEN
A sesquiterpene synthase (AsSS4) full-length open reading frame (ORF) cDNA was cloned from wounded stems of Aquilaria sinensis by RT-PCR method. The result showed that the ORF of AsSS4 was 1,698 bp encoding 565 amino acids. Prokaryotic expression vector pET28a-AsSS4 was constructed and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. Recombinant AsSS4 protein was obtained after induction by IPTG and SDS-PAGE analysis with a MW of 64 kD. Enzymatic reactions using farnesyl pyrophosphate showed that recombinant AsSS4 protein purified by Ni-agarose gel yielded five sesquiterpene compounds, cyclohexane, 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2, 4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-, ß-elemene, α-guaiene, α-caryophyllene and δ-guaiene. This paper reported the first cloning and functional characterization of AsSS4 gene from A. sinensis, which will establish a foundation for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of wound-induce agarwood formation in A. sinensis
Asunto(s)
Transferasas Alquil y Aril/biosíntesis , Thymelaeaceae/enzimología , Transferasas Alquil y Aril/genética , Azulenos , Clonación Molecular , ADN Complementario , Escherichia coli , Sesquiterpenos Monocíclicos , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Fosfatos de Poliisoprenilo , Proteínas Recombinantes/biosíntesis , Sesquiterpenos/metabolismo , Sesquiterpenos de Guayano , Thymelaeaceae/genéticaRESUMEN
Aquilaria sinensis callus induced by stem tips were used to establish the suspension cell system. The results showed that the most suitable medium for callus induction and subculture is MS + 2.0 mg x L(-1) NAA + 1.0 mg x L(-1) 6-BA. After 12 times of subculture, the energetic and loose callus, which were appropriate for cell suspension culture, were cultured and shook in liquid medium MS + 2.0 mg x L(-1) NAA + 1.0 mg x L(-1) 6-BA + 500.0 mg x L(-1) casein hydrolysate (CH) to establish the suspension cell system. The growth curve of suspension cells showed a "S" type. At the beginning of the culture, cell density increased slowly; during 4 to 6 days, suspension cells reached logarithmic growth period; during 7 to 12 days, suspension cells were in the platform period; but after 12 days, cell density and activity went down obviously. Agarwood sesquiterpenes were not detected in the suspension cells during the growth period, however, they could be detected in MeJA treated suspension cells. In this study, a stable and active growing suspension cell system was established, which was a proper system to study the mechanism of agarwood sesquiterpene formation, and additionally provided a potential way to generate agarwood sesquiterpenes through application of cell culture.
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Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Células Vegetales/metabolismo , Thymelaeaceae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Tallos de la Planta/citología , Sesquiterpenos/metabolismo , Thymelaeaceae/citologíaRESUMEN
The study aimed to clone the open reading frame of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) from Aquilaria sinensis and analyze the bioinformatics and expression of the gene. One unique sequence containing C4H domain was discovered in our previous reported wound transcriptome dataset of A. sinensis. The open reading frame of C4H was cloned by RT-PCR strategy with the template of mixed RNA extracted from A. sinensis stem which treated by different wound time. The bioinformatic analysis of this gene and its corresponding protein was performed. C4H expression profiles in responds to MeJA (methyl jasmonate) application were analyzed by real-time PCR. The length of C4H open reading frame (ORF) was 1 515 bp, encoding 514 amino acids. The GenBank accession number is KF134783. Inducible-experiments showed that the genes were induced by mechanical wound as well as MeJA induction, and reached the highest expression level at 8 h and 20 h, respectively. The full-length cDNA of C4H and its expression patterns will provide a foundation for further research on its function in the molecular mechanisms of aromatic compounds and flavonoids biosynthesis.
Asunto(s)
Clonación Molecular , Oxidorreductasas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Thymelaeaceae/enzimología , Transcinamato 4-Monooxigenasa/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Modelos Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Oxidorreductasas/química , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Thymelaeaceae/química , Thymelaeaceae/genética , Transcinamato 4-Monooxigenasa/química , Transcinamato 4-Monooxigenasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
To investigate the mechanism of agarwood formation in Aquilaria sinensis induced by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, the fermentation liquor of L. theobromae was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). JAs were detected in the fermentation liquor. The effect of the fermentation liquor on the abundance of sesquiterpenes in the callus of A. sinensis was analyzed by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). And the fermentation liquor stimulated alpha-guaiene, alpha-humulene and delta-guaiene biosynthesis in calli. It was inferred that L. theobromae produced JAs, which resulted in a significant increase of sesquiterpenes in A. sinensis.
Asunto(s)
Ascomicetos/fisiología , Fermentación , Sesquiterpenos/metabolismo , Thymelaeaceae/metabolismo , Thymelaeaceae/microbiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to clone the acetyl-CoA C-acetyl transferase (AACT) gene from Aquilaria sinensis and analyze the bioinformatics and expression of the gene. METHOD: One unique sequence containing partly AACT gene sequence was discovered in our previous transcriptome dataset of A. sinensis. AACT gene was cloned by RT-PCR and RACE strategy with the template of RNA extracted from A. sinensis stem. The bioinformatic analysis of this gene and its corresponding protein was performed. The AsAACT expression in calli was analyzed with GADPH gene as an internal control gene in wounded condition by qRT-PCR technique. RESULT: One unique sequence of AACT, named as AsAACT, was cloned from A. sinensis. The full length of AsAACT cDNA was containing a 1 236 bp ORF that encoded 411 amino acids. The result of qRT-PCR displayed that the highest expression level was at 4 h. which indicated that it was possibly involved in early-stage response to wound. CONCLUSION: Cloning and analyzing AsAACT gene from A. sinensis provided basic information for study the function and expression regulation of AsAACT in terpenoid biosynthesis.
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Acetil-CoA C-Acetiltransferasa/genética , Acetil-CoA C-Acetiltransferasa/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Thymelaeaceae/enzimología , Thymelaeaceae/genética , Acetil-CoA C-Acetiltransferasa/química , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Bases , Clonación Molecular , Modelos Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Estructura Secundaria de ProteínaRESUMEN
Traditional π-conjugated luminescent macromolecules typically suffer from aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) and high cytotoxicity, and they require complex synthetic processes. In contrast, nonconventional luminescent macromolecules (NCLMs) with nonconjugated structures possess excellent biocompatibility, ease of preparation, unique luminescence behavior, and emerging applications in optoelectronics, biology, and medicine. NCLMs are currently believed to produce inherent luminescence due to through-space conjugation of overlapping electron orbitals in solid/aggregate states. However, as experimental facts continue to exceed expectations or even overturn some previous assumptions, there is still controversy about the detailed luminous mechanism of NCLMs, and extensive studies are needed to further explore the mechanism. This Perspective highlights recent progress in NCLMs and classifies and summarizes these advances from the viewpoint of molecular design, mechanism exploration, applications, and challenges and prospects. The aim is to provide guidance and inspiration for the huge fundamental and practical potential of NCLMs.
RESUMEN
The LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) protein, named for its LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (LOB) domain, is a member of a class of specific transcription factors commonly found in plants and is absent from all other groups of organisms. LBD TFs have been systematically identified in about 35 plant species and are involved in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development. However, research on the signaling network and regulatory functions of LBD TFs is insufficient, and only a few members have been studied. Moreover, a comprehensive review of these existing studies is lacking. In this review, the structure, regulatory mechanism and function of LBD TFs in recent years were reviewed in order to better understand the role of LBD TFs in plant growth and development, and to provide a new perspective for the follow-up study of LBD TFs.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Plantas , Factores de Transcripción , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Dominios Proteicos , Desarrollo de la Planta , Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas/genéticaRESUMEN
A simple and effective strategy to obtain solid-state multicolor emitting materials is a particularly attractive topic. Nonconventional/nonconjugated polymers are receiving widespread attention because of their advantages of rich structural diversity, low cost, and good processability. However, it is difficult to control the molecular conformation or to obtain the crystal structure of amorphous molecules, which means it is a challenge to obtain nontraditional polymeric materials with multicolor emission. In this work, a polyurethane derivative (PUH) with red-shifted emission was synthesized by a simple one-pot polymerization reaction. By exploiting the aggregation-induced luminochromism of PUH, a series of plastic films with tunable emission from blue to orange, and white-light emission, was obtained by doping different amounts of PUH into poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), thereby changing the aggregation degree of PUH. This work demonstrates the excellent promise of polyurethane derivatives for the simple fabrication of large-scale flexible luminescent films.
RESUMEN
The development of single-component materials with low cytotoxicity and multichannel fluorescence imaging capability is a research hotspot. In the present work, highly electron-deficient pyrazine monomers were covalently connected into a polyurethane backbone using addition polymerization with terminal poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether units containing a high density of electron pairs. Thereby, an amphiphilic polyurethane-pyrazine (PUP) derivative has been synthesized. The polymer displays cluster-induced emission through compact inter- and/or intramolecular noncovalent interactions and extensive through-space electron coupling and delocalization. Molecular rigidity facilitates red-shifted emission. Based on hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions and excitation dependence emission at low concentrations, PUP has been self-assembled into fluorescent nanoparticles (PUP NPs) without additional surfactant. PUP NPs have been used for cellular multicolor imaging to provide a variety of switchable colors on demand. This work provides a simple molecular design for environmentally sustainable, luminescent materials with excellent photophysical properties, biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and color modulation.
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Polietilenglicoles , Poliuretanos , Polietilenglicoles/química , Polímeros/química , PirazinasRESUMEN
The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding (LHCB) proteins are the apoproteins of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II. In the present study, we observed that downregulation of any of the six LHCB genes resulted in abscisic acid (ABA)-insensitive phenotypes in seed germination and post-germination growth, demonstrating that LHCB proteins are positively involved in these developmental processes in response to ABA. ABA was required for full expression of different LHCB members and physiologically high levels of ABA enhanced LHCB expression. The LHCB members were shown to be targets of an ABA-responsive WRKY-domain transcription factor, WRKY40, which represses LHCB expression to balance the positive function of the LHCBs in ABA signalling. These findings revealed that ABA is an inducer that fine-tunes LHCB expression at least partly through repressing the WRKY40 transcription repressor in stressful conditions in co-operation with light, which allows plants to adapt to environmental challenges.
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Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión a Clorofila/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/farmacología , Arabidopsis/efectos de los fármacos , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Unión a Clorofila/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Germinación , Complejos de Proteína Captadores de Luz/genética , Complejos de Proteína Captadores de Luz/metabolismo , Liasas/genética , Liasas/metabolismo , Mutación , Complejo de Proteína del Fotosistema II/genética , Complejo de Proteína del Fotosistema II/metabolismo , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Semillas/genética , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Factores de Transcripción/genéticaRESUMEN
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is the first rate-limiting enzyme for sesquiterpene synthesis in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. The specific primers were designed according to the transcript sequence of AsHMGR2 from the Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg transcriptome database. The full-length cDNA of AsHMGR2 was cloned by RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technology, and was analyzed at bioinformatics levels; AsHMGR2 expression profiles in different tissues and in responds to different treatments were analyzed by real-time PCR. The length of AsHMGR2 Open Reading Frame (ORF) was 1 749 bp, encoding 582 amino acids. The GenBank accession number is KC140287. Tissue expression analysis indicated that AsHMGR2 was mainly expressed in root and shoot tips, followed by stem, and was lowest in leaves. Inducible-experiments showed that the genes were induced by mechanical wound as well as chemical liquid induction, and reached the highest expression level at 6 h and 8 h, separately. The full-length cDNA of AsHMGR2 and its expression patterns will provide a foundation for further research on its function in agarwood sesquiterpene biosynthesis.