The prevalence of VAIN, CIN, and related HPV genotypes in Japanese women with abnormal cytology.

Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) is often found by chance. We investigated the prevalence of VAIN and related human papillomavirus (HPV) types in comparison with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). This study enrolled 648 women who were referred to the outpatient clinic of Kanazawa Medical University Hospital for abnormal cytology from January 2009 to January 2019. HPV genotypes were determined using Genosearch-31 + 4, which can detect 35 different HPV types. Colposcopy was performed at the first visit by an experienced gynecological oncologist. Among 611 subjects with squamous cell lesions, 107 (17.5%) VAIN cases were identified, and 67 (11.0%) women had both VAIN and CIN. Ultimately, 72 VAIN1, 15 VAIN2/3, 203 CIN1, 249 CIN2/3, 32 cervical squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), and one vaginal SCC (Vag-SCC) were identified. The prevalences of VAIN1, VAIN2/3, and Vag-SCC were 35.5%, 6.0%, and 3.1% of equivalent cervical lesions, respectively. The VAIN patients were older than the CIN patients (P = .002). About half of the VAIN cases were diagnosed during the follow-up. Multiple HPV infections were found in 42.9% of the VAIN and CIN patients. HPV52, 16, 51, 53, and 56 were the most common types in VAIN, whereas HPV16, 52, 58, 51, and 31 predominated in CIN. HPV18 was rare in VAIN, HPV58 was more common in CIN than in VAIN, and HPV53 and HPV73 were more common in VAIN. In conclusion, VAIN1 was identified more frequently than we expected. Various HPV types were identified in the vagina, which is likely a reservoir for HPV.

Involvement of splenic marginal zone macrophages in the recognition of systemically administered phosphatidylserine-coated liposomes in mice.

Autoimmune diseases present a significant clinical problem, highlighting the need for the development of novel or improved therapeutic methods. One of the factors that causes autoimmune diseases is a defect in the clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Thus, improved apoptotic cell processing has been considered as a strategy to treat autoimmune diseases. However, therapeutic strategies focusing on apoptotic cell clearance have not been approved till date. We have reported that liposomes composed of phosphatidylserine (PS liposomes) exhibit anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive effects in macrophages. A PS liposome display PS on its surface, which plays a crucial role in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by marginal zone macrophages (MZMs), a key player in the clearance of apoptotic cells, by recognizing PS exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that PS liposomes could be used as "antigen delivery vesicles" to act as a substitute for apoptotic cells in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this study, we showed that systemically administered PS liposomes accumulated in the marginal zone of the spleen due to recognition of surface-displayed PS by MZMs because it was observed that liposomes without PS did not accumulate in the marginal zone. In conclusion, PS liposomes may be useful vehicles to function as active agents and/or antigens against autoimmune diseases.

Case report of large malignant pericardial effusion in a post-surgical setting of endometrial mixed carcinoma: A description of unique cytological, histological, and immunohistochemical findings.

Appearance of endometrial carcinoma in pericardial effusion is extremely rare. Its major etiological factors include lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia. We herein report a case of a large malignant pericardial effusion 7 years after surgery for endometrial carcinoma. A 66-year-old woman who underwent modified radical hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and lymph node dissection for endometrial carcinoma 7 years ago and who had self-interrupted subsequent chemotherapy was presented with vertigo and vomiting. Chest computed tomography revealed pericardial effusion. Cytological examination diagnosed it as adenocarcinoma with psammoma bodies and mitoses. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that adenocarcinoma cells were positive for p53, p16, and insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein-3, but negative for estrogen receptor. Adenocarcinoma cells in pericardial effusion were morphologically and immunohistochemically similar to the serous carcinoma component of the surgical specimen. The appearance of psammoma bodies in cytological examination triggered the diagnosis.