[Correlation of the expressions of 4-HNE and GPC5 with the progression of prostate cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expressions of phosphatidylinositol proteoglycan 5 (GPC5) and tetrahydroxynonene (4-HNE) in the PCa tissue and their impact on tumor progression. METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry, we determined the expression rates of GPC5 and 4-HNE in 50 PCa and 50 BPH tissue samples, followed by comparative analysis of the correlation between their expressions and Gleason grading. RESULTS: The positive expression rate of GPC5 was 94.0% in the BPH tissue, remarkably higher than 86.7%, 66.7%, 75.0%, 55.6% and 33.3% in the PCa tissues of Gleason grades 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (P = 0.001), with a negative correlation between the positive expression rate of GPC5 and the Gleason grade of tumors (P = 0.021). In contrast, the positive expression rate of 4-HNE was 4.0% in the BPH tissue, dramatically lower than 55.6%, 66.7%, 75.0%, 77.8% and 88.9% in the PCa tissues of Gleason grades 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (P = 0.001), with a positive correlation between the expression rate of GPC5 and the Gleason grade of tumors (P = 0.001). After a follow-up of 10－30 months, the expression rates of GPC5 and 4-HNE in the tissues converted to castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) showed a statistically significant difference from those remaining unconverted (P = 0.001, P = 0.048). There was a negative correlation between the positive expression rate of 4-HNE and that of GPC5 in the PCa tissue (R = －0.983, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: The low expression of GPC5 and high expression of 4-HNE are closely related to the pathological grade of PCa and its conversion to CRP, which may serve as new biological markers in assessing the malignancy and prognosis of tumors.

GHR is involved in gastric cell growth and apoptosis via PI3K/AKT signalling.

Growth hormone receptor (GHR), the cognate receptor of growth hormone (GH), is a membrane bound receptor that belongs to the class I cytokine receptor superfamily. GH binding GHR induces cell differentiation and maturation, initiates the anabolism inside the cells and promotes cell proliferation. Recently, GHR has been reported to be associated with various types of cancer. However, the underlying mechanism of GHR in gastric cancer has not been defined. Our results showed that silence of GHR inhibited the growth of SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells, and tumour development in mouse xenograft model. Flow cytometry showed that GHR knockout significantly stimulated gastric cancer cell apoptosis and caused G1 cell cycle arrest, which was also verified by Western blot that GHR deficiency induced the protein level of cleaved-PARP, a valuable marker of apoptosis. In addition, GHR deficiency inhibited the activation of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. On the basis of the results, that GHR regulates gastric cancer cell growth and apoptosis through controlling G1 cell cycle progression via mediating PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. These findings provide a novel understanding for the role of GHR in gastric cancer.

Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor Roflumilast Protects Rat Hippocampal Neurons from Sevoflurane Induced Injury via Modulation of MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Sevoflurane, a commonly used volatile anesthetic, recently has been found has neurotoxicity in the central nervous system of neonatal rodents. This study aimed to reveal whether phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE-4) inhibitor roflumilast has protective functions in sevoflurane-induced nerve damage. METHODS: Hippocampal neurons were isolated from juvenile rats, and were exposed to sevoflurane with or without roflumilast treatment. Cell viability and apoptosis were respectively assessed by CCK-8 and flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the protein expressions of apoptosis-related factors, and core factors in MEK/ERK and mTOR signaling pathways. RESULTS: Toxic effects of sevoflurane on hippocampal neurons were observed, as cell viability was reduced, apoptotic cell rate was increased, Bcl-2 was down-regulated, and Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and -9 were up-regulated after 1% sevoflurane exposure for 16 h. Sevoflurane exhibited a temporarily (less than 16 h) inhibitory effect on MEK/ERK pathway, but has no impact on mTOR pathway. Roflumilast promoted the release of cAMP and down-regulated the protein expression of PDE-4. Roflumilast (1 µM) alone has no impact on viability and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. However, roflumilast increased cell viability and deceased apoptosis in sevoflurane-injured neurons. Besides, roflumilast could recover sevoflurane-induced deactivation of MEK/ERK pathway. CONCLUSION: To conclude, this study demonstrated a neuroprotective role of roflumilast in sevoflurane-induced nerve damage. Roflumilast promoted hippocampal neurons viability, and reduced apoptosis possibly via modulation of MEK/ERK signaling pathway.

Higher LRRFIP1 expression in glioblastoma multiforme is associated with better response to teniposide, a type II topoisomerase inhibitor.

Previous studies from this laboratory indicated that microRNA-21 (miR-21) contributes to chemoresistance of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells to teniposide, a type II topoisomerase inhibitor. We also showed that LRRFIP1 is a target of miR-21. In this study, we found that higher baseline LRRFIP1 expression in human GBM tissue (n=60) is associated with better prognosis upon later treatment with teniposide. Experiments in cultured U373MG cells showed enhanced toxicity of teniposide against U373MG cells transfected with a vector that resulted in LRRFIP1 overexpression (vs. cells transfected with control vector). Experiments in nude mice demonstrated better response of LRRFIP1 overexpressing xenografts to teniposide. These findings indicate that high baseline LRRFIP1 expression in GBM is associated with better response to teniposide, and encourage exploring LRRFIP1 as a target for GBM treatment.

PTEN status determines therapeutic vulnerability to celastrol in cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: A balanced protein homeostasis network helps cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) maintain their oncogenic growth, and disrupting proteostasis therapeutically will induce proteotoxic stress. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) have been reported to be involved in proteostasis, and PTEN-associated pathways are commonly altered in CCA. Celastrol, a triterpene from plants, exhibits cytotoxic effects in various types of cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. PURPOSE: We investigated the therapeutic effect of celastrol in CCA and identified the molecular characteristics of tumors that were sensitive to celastrol. The target of celastrol was explored. We then evaluated the candidate combination therapeutic strategy to increase the effectiveness of celastrol in celastrol-insensitive CCA tumors. METHODS: Various CCA cells were categorized as either celastrol-sensitive or celastrol-insensitive based on their response to celastrol. The molecular characteristics of cells from different groups were determined by RNA-seq. PTEN status and its role in proteasome activity in CCA cells were investigated. The CMAP analysis, molecular docking, and functional assay were performed to explore the effect of celastrol on proteasome activities. The correlation between PTEN status and clinical outcomes, as well as proteasomal activity, were measured in CCA patients. The synergistic therapeutic effect of autophagy inhibitors on celastrol-insensitive CCA cells were measured. RESULTS: Diverse responses to celastrol were observed in CCA cells. PTEN expression varied among different CCA cells, and its status could impact cell sensitivity to celastrol: PTENhigh tumor cells were resistant to celastrol, while PTENlow cells were more sensitive. Celastrol induced proteasomal dysregulation in CCA cells by directly targeting PSMB5. Cells with low PTEN status transcriptionally promoted proteasome subunit expression in an AKT-dependent manner, making these cells more reliant on proteasomal activities to maintain proteostasis. This caused the PTENlow CCA cells sensitive to celastrol. A negative correlation was found between PTEN levels and the proteasome signature in CCA patients. Moreover, celastrol treatment could induce autophagy in PTENhigh CCA cells. Disrupting the autophagic pathway in PTENhigh CCA cells enhanced the cytotoxic effect of celastrol. CONCLUSION: PTEN status in CCA cells determines their sensitivity to celastrol, and autophagy inhibitors could enhance the anti-tumor effect in PTENhigh CCA.

Co-culture of hepatoma cells with hepatocytic precursor (stem-like) cells inhibits tumor cell growth and invasion by downregulating Akt/NF-κB expression.

Hepatocytic stem cells (HSCs) have inhibitory effects on hepatocarcinoma cells. The present study investigated the effects of HSC activity in hepatocarcinoma cells in vitro. A Transwell co-culture system of hepatocytic precursor (stem-like) WB-F344 cells and hepatoma CBRH-7919 cells was used to assess HSC activity in metastasized hepatoma cells in vitro. Nude mouse xenografts were used to assess HSC activity in vivo. Co-culture of hepatoma CBRH-7919 cells with WB-F344 cells suppressed the growth and colony formation, tumor cell migration and invasion capacity of CBRH-7919 cells. The nude mouse xenograft assay demonstrated that the xenograft size of CBRH-7919 cells following co-culture with WB-F344 cells was significantly smaller compared with that of control cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of the epithelial markers E-cadherin and ß-catenin were downregulated, while the mesenchymal markers α-SMA and vimentin were upregulated. Co-culture of CBRH-7919 cells with WB-F344 cells downregulated NF-κB and phospho-Akt expression. In conclusion, hepatocytic precursor (stem-like) WB-F344 cells inhibited the growth, colony formation and invasion capacity of metastasized hepatoma CBRH-7919 cells in vitro and in vivo by downregulating Akt/NF-κB signaling.

Alveolar adenoma combined with multifocal cysts: case report and literature review.

Alveolar adenoma is an extremely rare and benign pulmonary neoplasm; it is always asymptomatic and is usually detected incidentally on routine chest X-radiography. Typically on imaging examinations, alveolar adenoma exhibits as a peripheral, solitary, cystic nodule in the lung, which may easily imitate other lung lesions, consequently leading to difficulties in the differential diagnosis of this condition. Surgical resection is the primary treatment option. The diagnosis of alveolar adenoma is mainly based on postoperative histopathology, with features of proliferative type 2 alveolar epithelial cells and septal mesenchyme. The present case was a 60-year-old woman with alveolar adenoma, combined with systemic mutifocal cystic lesions. She underwent surgery following the obvious enlargement of this mass and a cystic nodule 7 cm in maximum diameter was resected. Postoperative histopathology confirmed a diagnosis of alveolar adenoma; her prognosis was favourable. In addition to reporting a rare case of alveolar adenoma coexisting with multifocal cysts, the English-language literature was reviewed for similar cases of alveolar adenoma.