RESUMEN
Membrane dynamics are important to the integrity and function of mitochondria. Defective mitochondrial fusion underlies the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. The ability to target fusion highlights the potential to fight life-threatening conditions. Here we report a small molecule agonist, S89, that specifically promotes mitochondrial fusion by targeting endogenous MFN1. S89 interacts directly with a loop region in the helix bundle 2 domain of MFN1 to stimulate GTP hydrolysis and vesicle fusion. GTP loading or competition by S89 dislodges the loop from the GTPase domain and unlocks the molecule. S89 restores mitochondrial and cellular defects caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations, oxidative stress inducer paraquat, ferroptosis inducer RSL3 or CMT2A-causing mutations by boosting endogenous MFN1. Strikingly, S89 effectively eliminates ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced mitochondrial damage and protects mouse heart from I/R injury. These results reveal the priming mechanism for MFNs and provide a therapeutic strategy for mitochondrial diseases when additional mitochondrial fusion is beneficial.
Asunto(s)
Dinámicas Mitocondriales , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana Mitocondrial , Ratones , Animales , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana Mitocondrial/análisis , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana Mitocondrial/química , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana Mitocondrial/genética , Mitocondrias , Hidrólisis , Guanosina Trifosfato/análisis , Guanosina Trifosfato/farmacología , Proteínas Mitocondriales/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriales/análisis , Proteínas Mitocondriales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Metabolic fitness of T cells is essential for their vitality, which is largely dependent on the behavior of the mitochondria. The nature of mitochondrial behavior in tumor-infiltrating T cells remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that mitofusin-2 (MFN2) expression is positively correlated with the prognosis of multiple cancers. Genetic ablation of Mfn2 in CD8+ T cells dampens mitochondrial metabolism and function and promotes tumor progression. In tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, MFN2 enhances mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact by interacting with ER-embedded Ca2+-ATPase SERCA2, facilitating the mitochondrial Ca2+ influx required for efficient mitochondrial metabolism. MFN2 stimulates the ER Ca2+ retrieval activity of SERCA2, thereby preventing excessive mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation and apoptosis. Elevating mitochondria-ER contact by increasing MFN2 in CD8+ T cells improves the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Thus, we reveal a tethering-and-buffering mechanism of organelle cross-talk that regulates the metabolic fitness of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and highlights the therapeutic potential of enhancing MFN2 expression to optimize T cell function.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Neoplasias , Humanos , Apoptosis , Retículo Endoplásmico , GTP Fosfohidrolasas , Mitocondrias , Proteínas MitocondrialesRESUMEN
T cell exhaustion is an obstacle to immunotherapy for solid tumors. An understanding of the mechanism by which T cells develop this phenotype in solid tumors is needed. Here, hypoxia, a feature of the tumor microenvironment, causes T cell exhaustion (TExh) by inducing a mitochondrial defect. Upon exposure to hypoxia, activated T cells with a TExh phenotype are characterized by mitochondrial fragmentation, decreased ATP production, and decreased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation activity. The TExh phenotype is correlated with the downregulation of the mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin 1 (MFN1) and upregulation of miR-24. Overexpression of miR-24 alters the transcription of many metabolism-related genes including its target genes MYC and fibroblast growth factor 11 (FGF11). Downregulation of MYC and FGF11 induces TExh differentiation, reduced ATP production and a loss of the mitochondrial mass in T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated T cells. In addition, we determined that MYC regulates the transcription of FGF11 and MFN1. In nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues, the T cells exhibit an increased frequency of exhaustion and loss of mitochondrial mass. In addition, inhibition of miR-24 signaling decreases NPC xenograft growth in nude mice. Our findings reveal a mechanism for T cell exhaustion in the tumor environment and provide potential strategies that target mitochondrial metabolism for cancer immunotherapy.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/metabolismo , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Animales , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Diferenciación Celular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Femenino , Factores de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/genética , Factores de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , GTP Fosfohidrolasas/genética , GTP Fosfohidrolasas/metabolismo , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/patología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/genética , Mitocondrias/inmunología , Mitocondrias/patología , Dinámicas Mitocondriales , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana Mitocondrial/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/genética , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/inmunología , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/patología , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/genética , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/inmunología , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/patología , Fenotipo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/genética , Transducción de Señal , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/patología , Hipoxia TumoralRESUMEN
Mitofusin-2 (MFN2) is a dynamin-like GTPase that plays a central role in regulating mitochondrial fusion and cell metabolism. Mutations in MFN2 cause the neurodegenerative disease Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A (CMT2A). The molecular basis underlying the physiological and pathological relevance of MFN2 is unclear. Here, we present crystal structures of truncated human MFN2 in different nucleotide-loading states. Unlike other dynamin superfamily members including MFN1, MFN2 forms sustained dimers even after GTP hydrolysis via the GTPase domain (G) interface, which accounts for its high membrane-tethering efficiency. The biochemical discrepancy between human MFN2 and MFN1 largely derives from a primate-only single amino acid variance. MFN2 and MFN1 can form heterodimers via the G interface in a nucleotide-dependent manner. CMT2A-related mutations, mapping to different functional zones of MFN2, lead to changes in GTP hydrolysis and homo/hetero-association ability. Our study provides fundamental insight into how mitofusins mediate mitochondrial fusion and the ways their disruptions cause disease.