Conversion of non-van der Waals solids to 2D transition-metal chalcogenides.

Although two-dimensional (2D) atomic layers, such as transition-metal chalcogenides, have been widely synthesized using techniques such as exfoliation1-3 and vapour-phase growth4,5, it is still challenging to obtain phase-controlled 2D structures6-8. Here we demonstrate an effective synthesis strategy via the progressive transformation of non-van der Waals (non-vdW) solids to 2D vdW transition-metal chalcogenide layers with identified 2H (trigonal prismatic)/1T (octahedral) phases. The transformation, achieved by exposing non-vdW solids to chalcogen vapours, can be controlled using the enthalpies and vapour pressures of the reaction products. Heteroatom-substituted (such as yttrium and phosphorus) transition-metal chalcogenides can also be synthesized in this way, thus enabling a generic synthesis approach to engineering phase-selected 2D transition-metal chalcogenide structures with good stability at high temperatures (up to 1,373 kelvin) and achieving high-throughput production of monolayers. We anticipate that these 2D transition-metal chalcogenides will have broad applications for electronics, catalysis and energy storage.

Bubbling Chemical Vapors in Molten Metal toward XIV-Group Nanosheets.

Two-dimensional (2D) XIV-group nanosheets (germanene, silicene, and stannene) possess unique physical and chemical features promising in fields of electronics, energy storage, and conversions. However, preparing these nanosheets is challenging owing to their non van der Waals structure with strong chemical bonds inside. Herein, a bubbling chemical-vapor growth method is proposed to synthesize these XIV-group nanosheets by bubbling XIV-group-element chlorides in molten sodium. During the synthetic process, XIV-group materials are formed by the reaction of XIV-group element chlorides with strong reducing sodium, then nucleated, and finally isolated to 2D nanosheets in the gas-liquid interface. With the collapse of vapor bubbles and subsequent injection, 2D nanosheets are continuously produced. The nanosheets (Ge) possess a thickness of ∼3.8 nm and a lateral size of ∼2.0 µm. Combining with graphene, the hybrid and flexible films are obtained, delivering a volumetric specific capacity of 4785 mAh cm-3 and superior cycling stability (over 4000 cycles) in lithium-ion batteries.

Recent Progress in Modular Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrogen and High-Value-added Chemicals based on Solid Redox Mediator.

Electrochemical synthesis of H2 and high-value-added chemicals is an efficient and cost-effective approach that can be powered using renewable electricity. Compared to a conventional electrochemical production system, the modular electrochemical production system (MEPS) based on a solid redox mediator (SRM) can separate the anodic and cathodic reactions in time and space. The MEPS can avoid the use of membranes and formation of useless products, as well as eliminate the mutual dependence of production rates at anode and cathode. The SRM can temporarily store or release electrons and ions to pair with cathodic and anodic reactions, respectively, in MEPS. Designing of SRMs with large charge capacity and good cyclability is of great significance for constructing a high-performance MEPS. This work summarizes the design principles, recent advances in MEPS based on SRM, and application in redox flow cells. Moreover, structure design strategies as well as in situ characterization techniques and theoretical calculations for SRM is also proposed. It is expected to promote the vigorous development of MEPS based on SRM. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of MEPS based on SRM are discussed.

Uncovering Temperature-Insensitive Feature of Phase Change Thermal Storage Electrolyte for Safe Lithium Battery.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged as highly promising energy storage devices due to their high energy density and long cycle life. However, their safety concern, particularly under thermal shock, hinders their widespread applications. Herein, a temperature-insensitive electrolyte (TI-electrolyte) with exceptional resistance to thermal stimuli is presented to address the safety issues arising from the lack of thermal abuse tolerance in LIBs. The TI-electrolyte is composed of two phase-change polymers with differentiation melting points (60 and 35°C for polycaprolactone and polyethylene glycol respectively), delivering a wide temperature-resistant range. It is demonstrated that the TI-electrolyte possesses a heat capacity of 27.3 J g-1. The crystalline region in the TI-electrolyte shrinks when confronted with above-ambient temperature, absorbing heat to unlock molecular chains fixed in the crystal lattice, becoming amorphous. Notably, the Li||LFP pouch cell delays 3 valuable minutes to achieve the same temperature as conventional liquid electrolytes (LE) when subjected to thermal shocks, paralleling with the simulation results. Moreover, symmetrical Li||Li cell cycles stably for over 600 h at 0.1 mA cm-2, and Li||LFP full cell demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance, with a capacity of 142.7 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C, thus representing a critical approach to enhancing the safety of LIBs.

Multi-Task Environmental Perception Methods for Autonomous Driving.

In autonomous driving, environmental perception technology often encounters challenges such as false positives, missed detections, and low accuracy, particularly in detecting small objects and complex scenarios. Existing algorithms frequently suffer from issues like feature redundancy, insufficient contextual interaction, and inadequate information fusion, making it difficult to perform multi-task detection and segmentation efficiently. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an end-to-end multi-task environmental perception model named YOLO-Mg, designed to simultaneously perform traffic object detection, lane line detection, and drivable area segmentation. First, a multi-stage gated aggregation network (MogaNet) is employed during the feature extraction process to enhance contextual interaction by improving diversity in the channel dimension, thereby compensating for the limitations of feed-forward neural networks in contextual understanding. Second, to further improve the model's accuracy in detecting objects of various scales, a restructured weighted bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN) is introduced, optimizing cross-level information fusion and enabling the model to handle object detection at different scales more accurately. Finally, the model is equipped with one detection head and two segmentation heads to achieve efficient multi-task environmental perception, ensuring the simultaneous execution of multiple tasks. The experimental results on the BDD100K dataset demonstrate that the model achieves a mean average precision (mAP50) of 81.4% in object detection, an Intersection over Union (IoU) of 28.9% in lane detection, and a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 92.6% in drivable area segmentation. The tests conducted in real-world scenarios show that the model performs effectively, significantly enhancing environmental perception in autonomous driving and laying a solid foundation for safer and more reliable autonomous driving systems.

Deciphering and Integrating Functionalized Side Chains for High Ion-Conductive Elastic Ternary Copolymer Solid-State Electrolytes for Safe Lithium Metal Batteries.

A critical challenge in solid polymer lithium batteries is developing a polymer matrix that can harmonize ionic transportation, electrochemical stability, and mechanical durability. We introduce a novel polymer matrix design by deciphering the structure-function relationships of polymer side chains. Leveraging the molecular orbital-polarity-spatial freedom design strategy, a high ion-conductive hyperelastic ternary copolymer electrolyte (CPE) is synthesized, incorporating three functionalized side chains of poly-2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl acrylate (PTFEA), poly(vinylene carbonate) (PVC), and polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether acrylate (PEGMEA). It is revealed that fluorine-rich side chain (PTFEA) contributes to improved stability and interfacial compatibility; the highly polar side chain (PVC) facilitates the efficient dissociation and migration of ions; the flexible side chain (PEGMEA) with high spatial freedom promotes segmental motion and interchain ion exchanges. The resulting CPE demonstrates an ionic conductivity of 2.19×10-3 S cm-1 (30 °C), oxidation resistance voltage of 4.97 V, excellent elasticity (2700 %), and non-flammability. The outer elastic CPE and the inner organic-inorganic hybrid SEI buffer intense volume fluctuation and enable uniform Li+ deposition. As a result, symmetric Li cells realize a high CCD of 2.55 mA cm-2 and the CPE-based Li||NCM811 full cell exhibits a high-capacity retention (~90 %, 0.5 C) after 200 cycles.

High-Entropy Laminates with High Ion Conductivities for High-Power All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries.

Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are crucial to high-energy-density lithium metal batteries, but they commonly suffer from slow Li+ transfer kinetics and low mechanical strength, severely hampering the application for all-solid-state batteries. Here, we develop a two-dimensional (2D) high-entropy lithium-ion conductor, lithium-containing transition-metal phosphorus sulfide, HE-LixMPS3 (Lix(Fe1/5Co1/5Ni1/5Mn1/5Zn1/5)PS3) with five transition-metal atoms and lithium ions (Li+) dispersed into [P2S6]2- framework layers, exhibiting high lattice distortions and a large amount of cation vacancies. Such unique features enable to efficiently accelerate the migration of Li+ in 2D [P2S6]2- interlamination, delivering a high ionic conductivity of 5 × 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature. Moreover, the HE-LixMPS3 laminate can be employed as a building block to construct an ultrathin SSE film (∼10 µm) based on strong C-S bonding between HE-LixMPS3 and nitrile-butadiene rubber. The SSE film delivers a strong mechanical robustness (6.0 MPa, 310% elongation) and a high ionic conductivity of 4 × 10-4 S cm-1, showing a long cycle stability of 800 h in lithium symmetric cells. Coupled with LiFePO4 cathode and lithium anode, the all-solid-state battery presents a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.8% within 2000 cycles at 5.0 C.

Photo- or Electrochemical Cyclization of Dienes with Diselenides to Access Seleno-Benzo[b]azepines.

A cascade selenylation/cyclization of dienes with diselenides has been realized under visible-light irradiation or electrolysis conditions. Employing O2 or electricity as a "green" oxidant, this protocol provides a green and efficient method for an array of biologically important seleno-benzo[b]azepine derivatives in moderate to good yields. The direct sunlight irradiation and gram-scale reaction render the approach practical and attractive.

An intramolecular vibrationally excited intermolecular potential energy surface and predicted 2OH overtone spectroscopy of H2O-Kr.

A new five-dimensional potential energy surface (PES) for H2O-Kr which explicitly includes the intramolecular 2OH overtone state of the H2O monomer is presented. The intermolecular potential energies were evaluated using explicitly correlated coupled cluster theory [CCSD(T)-F12] with a large basis set. Four vibrationally averaged analytical intermolecular PESs for H2O-Kr with H2O molecules in its |00+〉, |02+〉, |02-〉, and |11+〉 states are obtained by fitting to the multi-dimensional Morse/Long-Range potential function form. Each vibrationally averaged PES fitted to 578 points has root-mean-square (RMS) deviations smaller than 0.14 cm-1 and requires only 58 parameters. The combined radial discrete variable representation/angular finite basis representation method and the Lanczos algorithm were employed to calculate the rovibrational energy levels for |00+〉, |02+〉, |02-〉, and |11+〉 states of the H2O-Kr complexes. The calculated |02-〉Πf/e(101) ← |00+〉Σe(000) and |02+〉Πf/e(110) ← |00+〉Σe(101) infrared transitions are in excellent agreement with the experimental values with RMS discrepancies being only 0.007 and 0.016 cm-1, respectively. These analytical PESs can be used to provide reliable theoretical guidance for future infrared overtone spectroscopy of H2O-Kr.

Mechanistic insights into photoinduced energy and charge transfer dynamics between magnesium-centered tetrapyrroles and carbon nanotubes.

Functionalizing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with light-harvesting molecules is a facile way to construct donor-acceptor nanoarchitectures with intriguing optoelectronic properties. Magnesium-centered bacteriochlorin (MgBC), chlorin (MgC), and porphyrin (MgP) are a series of tetrapyrrole macrocycles comprising a central metal and four coordinated aromatic or antiaromatic five-membered rings linked by methine units, which show excellent visible light absorption. To delineate the effects of the aromaticity of coordinated rings on the optoelectronic properties of the nanocomposites, the photoinduced energy and charge transfer dynamics between Mg-centered tetrapyrroles and SWNTs are explored. The results show that excited energy transfer (EET) can occur within MgP@SWNT ascribed to the stabilization of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in MgP with the increase of aromatic coordinated rings, while only electron transfer can take place in MgBC@SWNT and MgC@SWNT. Non-adiabatic dynamics simulations demonstrate that electron and hole transfer from MgP to SWNT is asynchronous. The electron transfer is ultrafast with a timescale of ca. 50 fs. By contrast, the hole transfer is significantly suppressed, although it can be accelerated to some extent when using a lower excitation energy of 2.2 eV as opposed to 3.1 eV. Further analysis reveals that the large energy gaps between charge-donor and charge-acceptor states play a crucial role in regulating photoexcited state relaxation dynamics. Our theoretical insights elucidate the structure-functionality interrelations between Mg-centered tetrapyrroles and SWNTs and provide a comprehensive understanding of the underlying charge transfer mechanism within MgP@SWNT nanocomposites, which paves the way for the forthcoming development of SWNT-based photo-related functional materials with targeted applications.

ROS generation and p-38 activation contribute to montmorillonite-induced corneal toxicity in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Montmorillonite (Mt) and its derivatives are now widely used in industrial and biomedical fields. Therefore, safety assessments of these materials are critical to protect human health after exposure; however, studies on the ocular toxicity of Mt are lacking. In particular, varying physicochemical characteristics of Mt may greatly alter their toxicological potential. To explore the effects of such characteristics on the eyes, five types of Mt were investigated in vitro and in vivo for the first time, and their underlying mechanisms studied. RESULTS: The different types of Mt caused cytotoxicity in human HCEC-B4G12 corneal cells based on analyses of ATP content, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, cell morphology, and the distribution of Mt in cells. Among the five Mt types, Na-Mt exhibited the highest cytotoxicity. Notably, Na-Mt and chitosan-modified acidic Na-Mt (C-H-Na-Mt) induced ocular toxicity in vivo, as demonstrated by increases corneal injury area and the number of apoptotic cells. Na-Mt and C-H-Na-Mt also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in vitro and in vivo, as indicated by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate and dihydroethidium staining. In addition, Na-Mt activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. The pretreatment of HCEC-B4G12 cells with N-acetylcysteine, an ROS scavenger, attenuated the Na-Mt-induced cytotoxicity and suppressed p38 activation, while inhibiting p38 activation with a p38-specific inhibitor decreased Na-Mt-induced cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that Mt induces corneal toxicity in vitro and in vivo. The physicochemical properties of Mt greatly affect its toxicological potential. Furthermore, ROS generation and p38 activation contribute at least in part to Na-Mt-induced toxicity.

Single-Atom Pt Anchored on Oxygen Vacancy of Monolayer Ti3C2Tx for Superior Hydrogen Evolution.

Two-dimensional (2D) MXene-loaded single-atom (SA) catalysts have drawn increasing attention. SAs immobilized on oxygen vacancies (OV) of MXene are predicted to have excellent catalytic performance; however, they have not yet been realized experimentally. Here Pt SAs immobilized on the OV of monolayer Ti3C2Tx flakes are constructed by a rapid thermal shock technique under a H2 atmosphere. The resultant Ti3C2Tx-PtSA catalyst exhibits excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance, including a small overpotential of 38 mV at 10 mA cm-2, a high mass activity of 23.21 A mgPt-1, and a large turnover frequency of 23.45 s-1 at an overpotential of 100 mV. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations demonstrate that anchoring the Pt SA on the OV of Ti3C2Tx helps to decrease the binding energy and the hybridization strength between H atoms and the supports, contributing to rapid hydrogen adsorption-desorption kinetics and high activity for the HER.

Mechanistic study of silica nanoparticles on the size-dependent retinal toxicity in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) are extensively applied in the biomedical field. The increasing medical application of SiO2 NPs has raised concerns about their safety. However, studies on SiO2 NP-induced retinal toxicity are lacking. METHODS: We investigated the retinal toxicity of SiO2 NPs with different sizes (15 and 50 nm) in vitro and in vivo along with the underlying mechanisms. The cytotoxicity of SiO2 NPs with different sizes was assessed in R28 human retinal precursor cells by determining the ATP content and LDH release. The cell morphologies and nanoparticle distributions in the cells were analyzed by phase-contrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The mitochondrial membrane potential was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The retinal toxicity induced by SiO2 NPs in vivo was examined by immunohistochemical analysis. To further investigate the mechanism of retinal toxicity induced by SiO2 NPs, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, glial cell activation and inflammation were monitored. RESULTS: The 15-nm SiO2 NPs were found to have higher cytotoxicity than the larger NPs. Notably, the 15-nm SiO2 NPs induced retinal toxicity in vivo, as demonstrated by increased cell death in the retina, TUNEL-stained retinal cells, retinal ganglion cell degeneration, glial cell activation, and inflammation. In addition, The SiO2 NPs caused oxidative stress, as demonstrated by the increase in the ROS indicator H2DCF-DA. Furthermore, the pretreatment of R28 cells with N-acetylcysteine, an ROS scavenger, attenuated the ROS production and cytotoxicity induced by SiO2 NPs. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence that SiO2 NPs induce size-dependent retinal toxicity and suggest that glial cell activation and ROS generation contribute to this toxicity.

Triel Bond Formed by Malondialdehyde and Its Influence on the Intramolecular H-Bond and Proton Transfer.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) engages in a triel bond (TrB) with TrX3 (Tr = B and Al; X = H, F, Cl, and Br) in three modes, in which the hydroxyl O, carbonyl O, and central carbon atoms of MDA act as the electron donors, respectively. A H···X secondary interaction coexists with the TrB in the former two types of complexes. The carbonyl O forms a stronger TrB than the hydroxyl O, and both of them are better electron donors than the central carbon atom. The TrB formed by the hydroxyl O enhances the intramolecular H-bond in MDA and thus promotes proton transfer in MDA-BX3 (X = Cl and Br) and MDA-AlX3 (X = halogen), while a weakening H-bond and the inhibition of proton transfer are caused by the TrB formed by the carbonyl O. The TrB formed by the central carbon atom imposes little influence on the H-bond. The BH2 substitution on the central C-H bond can also realise the proton transfer in the triel-bonded complexes between the hydroxyl O and TrH3 (Tr = B and Al).

Formation of Super-Assembled TiOx /Zn/N-Doped Carbon Inverse Opal Towards Dendrite-Free Zn Anodes.

Uncontrolled growth of Zn dendrites and side reactions are the major restrictions for the commercialization of Zn metal anodes. Herein, we develop a TiOx /Zn/N-doped carbon inverse opal (denoted as TZNC IO) host to regulate the Zn deposition. Amorphous TiOx and Zn/N-doped carbon can serve as the zincophilic nucleation sites to prevent the parasitic reactions. More importantly, the highly ordered IO host homogenizes the local current density and electric field to stabilize Zn deposition. Furthermore, the three-dimensional open networks could regulate Zn ion flux to enable stable cycling performance at large current densities. Owing to the abundant zincophilic sites and the open structure, granular Zn deposits could be realized. As expected, the TZNC IO host guarantees the steady Zn plating/stripping with a long-term stability over 450 h at the current density of 1 mA cm-2 . As a proof-of-concept demonstration, a TZNC@Zn||V2 O5 full cell shows long lifespan over 2000 cycles at 5.0 A g-1 .

Tricycloquinazoline-Based 2D Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks as Promising Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction.

2D conductive metal-organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs) are promising candidates for efficient electrocatalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR). A nitrogen-rich tricycloquinazoline (TQ) based multitopic catechol ligand was used to coordinate with transition-metal ions (Cu2+ and Ni2+ ), which formed 2D graphene-like porous sheets: M3 (HHTQ)2 (M=Cu, Ni; HHTQ=2,3,7,8,12,13-Hexahydroxytricycloquinazoline). M3 (HHTQ)2 can be regarded as a single-atom catalyst where Cu or Ni centers are uniformly distributed in the hexagonal lattices. Cu3 (HHTQ)2 exhibited superior catalytic activity towards CO2 RR in which CH3 OH is the sole product. The Faradic efficiency of CH3 OH reached up to 53.6 % at a small over-potential of -0.4 V. Cu3 (HHTQ)2 exhibited larger CO2 adsorption energies and higher activities over the isostructural Ni3 (HHTQ)2 and the reported archetypical Cu3 (HHTP)2 . There is a strong dependence of both metal centers and the N-rich ligands on the electrocatalytic performance.

Gradient-Distributed Nucleation Seeds on Conductive Host for a Dendrite-Free and High-Rate Lithium Metal Anode.

Much attention is paid to metal lithium as a hopeful negative material for reversible batteries with a high specific capacity. Although applying 3D hosts can relieve the dendrite growth to some extent, gradient-distributed lithium ion in 3D uniform hosts still induces uncontrolled lithium dendrites growth, especially at high lithium capacity and high current density. Herein, a 3D conductive carbon nanofiber framework with gradient-distributed ZnO particles as nucleation seeds (G-CNF) to regulate lithium deposition is proposed. Based on such a unique structure, the G-CNF electrode exhibits a high average Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 98.1% for 700 cycles at 0.5 mA cm-2 . Even at 5 mA cm-2 , the G-CNF electrode performs a stable cycling process and high CE of 96.0% for over 200 cycles. When the lithium-deposited G-CNF (G-CNF-Li) anode is applied in a full cell with a commercial LiFePO4 cathode, it exhibits a stable capacity of 115 mAh g-1 and high retention of 95.7% after 300 cycles. Through inducing the gradient-distributed nucleation seeds to counter the existing Li-ion concentration polarization, a uniform and stable lithium deposition process in the 3D host is achieved even under the condition of high current density.

Rapid and Low-Temperature Salt-Templated Production of 2D Metal Oxide/Oxychloride/Hydroxide.

2D materials have played an important role in electronics, sensors, optics, electrocatalysis, and energy storage. Many methods for the preparation of 2D materials have been explored. It is crucial to develop a high-yield, rapid, and low-temperature method to synthesize 2D materials. A general, fast (5 min), and low-temperature (≈100 °C) salt (CoCl2 ·6H2 O)-templated method is proposed to prepare series of 2D metal oxides/oxychlorides/hydroxides in large scale, such as MoO3 , SnO2 , SiO2 , BiOCl, Sb4 O5 Cl2 , Zn2 Co3 (OH)10 2H2 O, and ZnCo2 O4 . The as-synthesized 2D materials possess an ultrathin feature (2-7 nm) and large aspect ratios. Additionally, these 2D metal oxides/oxychlorides/hydroxides exhibit good electrochemical properties in energy storage (lithium/sodium-ion batteries) and electrocatalysis (hydrogen/oxygen evolution reaction).

Coinage-Metal Bond between [1.1.1]Propellane and M2/MCl/MCH3 (M = Cu, Ag, and Au): Cooperativity and Substituents.

A coinage-metal bond has been predicted and characterized in the complexes of [1.1.1]propellane (P) and M2/MCl/MCH3 (M = Cu, Ag, and Au). The interaction energy varies between -16 and -47 kcal/mol, indicating that the bridgehead carbon atom of P has a good affinity for the coinage atom. The coinage-metal bond becomes stronger in the Ag < Cu < Au sequence. Relative to M2, both MCl and MCH3 engage in a stronger coinage-metal bond, both -Cl and -CH3 groups showing an electron-withdrawing property. The formation of coinage-metal bonding is mainly attributed to the donation orbital interactions from the occupied C-C orbital into the empty metal orbitals and a back-donation from the occupied d orbital of metal into the empty C-C anti-bonding orbital. In most complexes, the coinage-metal bond is dominated by electrostatic interaction, with moderate contribution of polarization. When P binds simultaneously with two coinage donors, negative cooperativity is found. Moreover, this cooperativity is prominent for the stronger coinage-metal bond.

Recent Advances in Synthesis and Applications of 2D Junctions.

Recent progress in the methods of integration of 2D materials is reviewed. Integrated 2D circuits are one of the most promising candidates for advanced electronics and flexible devices. Specifically, methods such as mechanical transfer, chemical vapor deposition growth, high temperature conversion, phase engineering, surface doping, electrostatic doping, and so on to fabricate 2D heterostructures are discussed in detail. Applications of these integrated 2D heterostructures in p-n junctions, ohmic contact, high-performance transistors, and phototransistors are also highlighted. Finally, challenges and opportunities of methods to integrate 2D materials are proposed.