Helicobacter pylori Antibiotic Resistance: Molecular Basis and Diagnostic Methods.

Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common cause of human infections. Infected patients develop chronic active gastritis in all cases, which can lead to peptic ulcer, atrophic gastritis, gastric cancer and gastric MALT-lymphoma. The prevalence of H. pylori infection in the population has regional characteristics and can reach 80%. Constantly increasing antibiotic resistance of H. pylori is a major cause of treatment failure and a major problem. According to the VI Maastricht Consensus, two main strategies for choosing eradication therapy are recommended: individualized based on evaluating sensitivity to antibacterial drugs (phenotypic or molecular genetic method) prior to their appointment, and empirical, which takes into account data on local H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin and monitoring effectiveness schemes in the region. Therefore, the determination of H. pylori resistance to antibiotics, especially clarithromycin, prior to choosing therapeutic strategy is extremely important for the implementation of these treatment regimens.

Degradability of commercial mixtures of polychlorobiphenyls by three Rhodococcus strains.

Biodegradative characteristics were investigated for the commercially available mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Trikhlorbifenil and Sovol degraded by the Rhodococcus wratislaviensis КT112-7, Rhodococcus wratislaviensis CH628 and Rhodococcus ruber P25 strains isolated from the natural habitats. For bioutilization of the Trikhlorbifenil, all three strains were found to have a high biodegrading potential: the complete destruction was achieved in 10-14 days. For the mixture Sovol, the bioutilization parameters were found to be of lower values: the degradation of the PCBs congeners was 96-98% after 14 days. For the tested polychlorobiphenyl mixtures, the structural specificities of congeners are discussed, the genes encoding monooxygenases are revealed, and explanation is given to the differences in biodegradative characteristics of the Rhodococcus strains towards di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa- and heptachlorobiphenyls. The presented data are highly relevant for environmental remediation of objects polluted with the extremely hazardous polychlorobiphenyls.

Selective pressure of biphenyl/polychlorinated biphenyls on the formation of aerobic bacterial associations and their biodegradative potential.

Unique bacterial associations were formed in the polluted soils from territory of the industrial factories Open Joint Stock Company "The Middle Volga Chemical Plant," Chapaevsk, Russia and Open Joint Stock Company "Lubricant Producing Plant," Perm, Russia. This study evaluates the influence of the biphenyl/polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) on the formation of aerobic bacterial associations and their biodegradative potential. Enrichment cultivation of the soil samples from the territories of these industrial factories with PCB (commercial mixture Sovol) was lead for forming aerobic bacterial enrichment cultures showing a unique composition. The dominating in these bacterial cultures was the phylum Proteobacteria (Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria). Using biphenyl as a carbon source led to decrease of biodiversity in the final stable bacterial associations. Periodic cultivation experiments demonstrated that the association PN2-B has a high degradative potential among the six studied bacterial associations. PN2-B degraded 100% mono-chlorobiphenyls (94.5 mg/L), 86.2% di-chlorobiphenyls (22.3 mg/L), 50.9% Sovol, and 38.4% Delor 103 (13.8 mg/L). Qualitative analysis of metabolites showed that association performed transformation of chlorobenzoic acids (PCB degradation intermediates) into metabolites of citrate cycle. Twelve individual strain-destructors were isolated. The strains were found to degrade 17.7-100% PCB1, 36.2-100% PCB2, 18.8-100% PCB3 (94.5 mg/L), and 15.7-78.2% PCB8 (22.3 mg/L). The strains were shown to metabolize chlorobenzoic acids formed during degradation of chlorobiphenyls. A unique ability of strains Micrococcus sp. PNS1 and Stenotrophomonas sp. PNS6 to degrade ortho-, meta-, and para-monosubstituted chlorobenzoic acids was revealed. Our results suggest that PN2-B and individual bacterial strains will be perspective for cleaning of the environment from polychlorinated biphenyls.

Biodegradability of hydroxylated derivatives of commercial polychlorobiphenyls mixtures by Rhodococcus-strains.

For the first time, investigations are is carried out for the interactions of hydroxylated polychlorobiphenyls (HO-PCBs) mixtures, which were obtained from PCBs commercially available under the trade name Sovol, with the Rhodococcus (R.) strains. It is established that the HO-PCBs mixtures containing basic products within the range of 83.2-95.8% cause a toxic effect on the growth of R. wratislaviensis KT112-7, R. wratislaviensis CH628, R. ruber P25 strains. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) was varied within the range of 30-490 mg/l. For the first time, it is found that the bacterial strains can use HO-PCBs as a source of carbon with no co-substrate added. The strains are shown to degrade 95.5-100% of the HO-PCBs mixtures at a concentration of 0.1 g/l during 14 days. It is demonstrated that HO-PCBs degrading occurs following the classical bacterial pathway of transforming biphenyl/PCB. However, the HO-PCBs metabolites, which are substituted benzoic acids, are not the final products of the transformation and are subjected to further degrading by the strains. Therefore, the R. wratislaviensis KT112-7, R. wratislaviensis CH628, and R. ruber P25 strains are shown to degrade the HO-PCBs mixtures efficiently and are found to be stable to their toxic action.